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Oral drug delivery has gained a lot of popularity because of patient compliance and the simplicity of administration. It only provides a small number of benefits for medications with poor bioavailability because of inadequate digestion and absorption in the latter stages of the GI tract. In this scenario, GRDDS have emerged as a preferred choice for drug administration with unique qualities such as a narrow absorption window, avoiding metabolism, instability in high alkaline pH, and improved solubility in low pH. In this present review, we discuss the Merits and demerits, the physiology of the stomach, and factors affecting the grdds. Various gastrointestinal technologies, including floating, non-floating, expandable, superporous hydrogel; Bioadhesive, magnetic, and raft system, as well as their applications, is outlined. In addition, potential future developments on this technology to minimise stomach emptying rate in both fasting and fed stages are highlighted. In the end, this review might assist formulation scientists and researchers in designing the GRDDS.
The primary purpose of developing mechanism for delivering controlled-release medicines to the mouth is to hold on the medication as long as feasible in the body. The research and development of innovative medication systems of delivery has progressed scientifically and technologically in recent years. Tablets, capsules, pills, laminated films, floating microspheres, granules, and powders are examples of gastro-retentive dose forms. The homogeneous distribution of these dosage forms within the stomach, resulting in more consistent drug absorption and a lower risks of local discomfort, has made floating microballoons increasingly popular. So far, various approaches have been discovered for modification of these microballoons such as Floating system, System with high density, ion exchange resin, system with osmotic control, .expandable or swelling system and many more. These approaches play an important role as Compared to single-unit dose forms and such systems offer more advantages. Microballoons promote patient compliance by increasing medicine bioavailability, decreasing drug excretion, regulation of drug delivery. Micro-balloons are free-flowing spherical powders with a diameter of 1-1000 µm. Proteins or synthetic polymers are used to create it. The current pharmaceutical foundation of their design, advantages, limitations method of Formulation, classification, assessment procedure, factors affecting their formulation, and in vitro parameters are summarised in this review study.
Oral route has been the most suitable and accepted route of drug delivery. But oral control release dosage forms face several physiological restrictions like inability to retain and locate the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non-uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) is novel drug delivery systems which are more advantages due to its ability of prolonged retaining ability in the stomach and thereby increase gastric residence time of drugs and also increase bioavailability of drugs. This present review covers the advantages, disadvantages, factors affecting on GRDDS, Recent approaches, floating and non-floating drug delivery system and also highlights the other effective approaches who increases gastric residence time of drug such as bio-adhesive systems, floating systems (low density systems), non-floating systems (high density systems) , floating muco-adhesive drug delivery system, magnetic systems, swelling systems, un-foldable and expandable systems, raft forming systems and super porous systems, biodegradable hydro-gel systems. Marketed preparation and some patents of gastro-retentive drug delivery system, excipient used in formulation of GRDDS, recent work done on GRDDS.
