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![Solar energy intensity in Egypt [23], [24].](profile/Noha-El-Amary/publication/318243522/figure/fig1/AS:513226224750592@1499374075749/Solar-energy-intensity-in-Egypt-23-24.png)
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![Figure 1: Working principle and integration in a biomass plant [21], [22].](profile/Noha-El-Amary/publication/318243522/figure/fig2/AS:667626376290310@1536185940246/Working-principle-and-integration-in-a-biomass-plant-21-22_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2: Solar energy intensity in Egypt [23], [24].](profile/Noha-El-Amary/publication/318243522/figure/fig1/AS:513226224750592@1499374075749/Solar-energy-intensity-in-Egypt-23-24_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4: Damietta Port plan [30].](profile/Noha-El-Amary/publication/318243522/figure/fig3/AS:667626376265735@1536185940417/Damietta-Port-plan-30_Q320.jpg)
Having a sustainable, clean, efficient and economic environment is one of the main requirements of humanity. The seaport is such an environment, which needs care to be maintained as a sustainable green environment. This research provides a model for attaining a sustainable green port with the utilization of two mutual sequential renewable energies,...
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... generated from the solar energy. Its generation rate varies due to many different factors, such as the cell material, solar irradiance, incident angle, surrounded temperature, etc. The average photovoltaic power generation in Egypt is around 6 Kwh/m 2 per day. The distribution of the solar energy intensity (in kWh/m 2 /day) over Egypt is shown in Fig. 2 [23], ...
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... Port of Damietta, Egypt: It has implemented a comprehensive sustainability plan that includes renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power [32]; • Port of Gijón, Spain: It focuses on economic and social sustainability and has implemented various initiatives to support local businesses and engage the community. For example, the port has developed a business incubation program to support local startups and has established a community engagement program to foster dialogue and collaboration with residents [33]; • Port of Bar, Montenegro: This port focuses on the development of an inventory of existing equipment that includes detailed data on energy consumption and the compilation of a prioritized list of feasible and promising energy sustainability measures for the port as a whole, but also for specific areas/facilities (e.g., buildings, warehouses, storages, etc.) and operations/equipment (e.g., ship loading/unloading equipment, yard operations equipment, terminal vehicles) [34]. ...
Ports are under increased pressure to reduce their negative climate and environmental impacts. Their roles and functions in transportation systems and the economy make them a key industry in promoting sustainability. In particular, small-and medium-sized ports (SMSPs) should serve as lighthouses or flagships of environmental and digital transformation, allowing access to remote locations and integrating peripheral regions. Their sustainability planning faces significant challenges in this context, such as limited resources, access to technical expertise, and stakeholder involvement. Sustainable planning strives for long-term viability, while balancing economic, social, and environmental goals. Ports can ensure that they are cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and capable of satisfying local people's and companies' long-term demands by applying sustainable planning methods. This research aims to assist stakeholders in designing and implementing activities that will optimize the sustainability of SMSPs, promote the sustainable development of the neighboring communities, and encourage the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources.
... Moreover, Balbaa et al. [187] suggested statistical techniques for combining solar-based farms and biomass energy, with the aim of satisfying electricity requirements in port locations. The effect of such integration was found to have 50% power consumption optimisation with local renewable energy production [188]. ...
Recently, because of serious global challenges including the consumption of energy and climate change, there has been an increase in interest in the environmental effect of port operations and expansion. More interestingly, a strategic tendency in seaport advancement has been to manage the seaport system using a model which balances environmental volatility and economic development demands. An energy efficient management system is regarded as being vital for meeting the strict rules aimed at reducing the environmental pollution caused by port facility activities. Moreover, the enhanced supervision of port system operating methods and technical resolutions for energy utilisation also raise significant issues. In addition, low-carbon ports, as well as green port models, are becoming increasingly popular in seafaring nations. This study comprises a comprehensive assessment of operational methods, cutting-edge technologies for sustainable generation, storage, and transformation of energy, as well as systems of smart grid management, to develop a green seaport system, obtaining optimum operational efficiency and environmental protection. It is thought that using a holistic method and adaptive management, based on a framework of sustainable and green energy, could stimulate creative thinking, consensus building, and cooperation, as well as streamline the regulatory demands associated with port energy management. Although several aspects of sustainability and green energy could increase initial expenditure, they might result in significant life cycle savings due to decreased consumption of energy and output of emissions, as well as reduced operational and maintenance expenses.
... In another example, Manolis et al. (2017) provided a detailed analysis of implementing a distributed demand response strategy for voltage enhancement in port energy distribution networks via multi-agent systems. Other studies have also suggested the use of different statistical methods in optimizing solar and biomass energy supply among different port locations (Balbaa and El-Amary, 2017). According to these reviews, up to 50% of power demand optimization can be met by the integration of generation capabilities from local renewable energy sources. ...
The maritime sector has been searching for efficient solutions to change energy consumptions patterns of ports and ships to ensure sustainable operation and to reduce CO2 emissions to support sustainable transport in line with International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy guidelines. Therefore, pursuing smart strategies by utilizing renewable energy sources, clean fuels, smart grid, as well as measures of efficient-energy use are beneficial towards attaining the core goals of the IMO, specifically CO2 emission reduction in the future. In this review work, the main methods and criteria for monitoring CO2 emission from ports and ships are meticulously presented. Advanced renewable energy technologies connected with sources such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, and alternative fuels and their application in ports to reduce CO2 are thoroughly examined. In addition, energy-saving techniques and strategies for alternative power and fuels in ships are comprehensively evaluated. The key finding is that port-to-ship interactions such as using zero-emission energy sources or nearly zero-emission approaches could offer significant benefits for CO2 emission reduction. Finally, it is recommended that smart approaches associated with efficient and clean energy use for the port-to-ship pathways to generate net zero-CO2 emissions for the maritime shipping sector need further urgent investigation.
... air quality mitigation) and regional regulations (e.g. EU, energy efficiency directive/2012) to improve environmental credibility [5], [6]. In this regard, different mitigation solutions are proposed, such as switching to cleaner fuel, replacing the older equipment with a new version, and restricting trucks' idle hours [7]. ...
Recently, the application of renewable energy sources (RESs) for power distribution systems is growing immensely. This advancement brings several advantages, such as energy sustainability and reliability, easier maintenance, cost-effective energy sources, and ecofriendly. The application of RESs in maritime systems such as port microgrids massively improves energy efficiency and reduces the utilization of fossil fuels, which is a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, ports are receiving several initiatives to improve their energy efficiency by deploying different types of RESs based on the power electronic converters. This paper conducts a systematic review to provide cutting-edge state-of-the-art on the modern electrification and infrastructure of seaports taking into account some challenges such as the environmental aspects, energy efficiency enhancement, renewable energy integration, and legislative and regulatory requirements. Moreover, the technological methods, including electrifications, digitalization, onshore power supply applications, and energy storage systems of ports, are addressed. Furthermore, details of some operational strategies such as energy-aware operations and peak-shaving are delivered. Besides, the infrastructure scheme to enhance the energy efficiency of modern ports, including port microgrids and seaport smart microgrids are delivered. Finally, the applications of nascent technologies in seaports are presented.
... Teerawattana and Yang [12] presented several indicators for assessing port environmental performance by the entropy method. After evaluating biomass and photovoltaic renewable energy, Balbaa and El-Amary [13] constructed a sustainable port model for the Damietta seaport. ...
For years, China has adopted environmental regulations in developing ports to improve their sustainability. Based on the data of Chinese ports from 2009 to 2018, this paper presents a data envelopment analysis model with subdividing input-output indicator weights and develops it further in two stages with the weight preference and the slacks-based measure, respectively. After assessing the sustainable development capability (SDC) of Chinese ports and their spatial correlation, it revealed that Chinese ports are clustered in several regions and their SDC has spilled over into their neighbors. Further study revealed the SDC is affected by environmental regulations in different ways: as a key measure among regulations to improve the SDC, voluntary regulation has a spatial spillover effect, but neither the mandatory regulation nor public media regulation can significantly improve the SDC. This suggests that the port authority should enact environmental regulations based on the port spatial difference and the port should expand its operation scale and market size and recruit more top talent, which is good for improving its productivity and reducing its carbon emissions.
... Manolis, et al. [31] demonstrates the impact of a distributed demand response strategy using multi-agent systems for improving voltage in energy distribution networks for ports. Similarly, other authors [39] propose statistical methods for integrating solar farms and biomass energy to meet power demand in port sites. The impact of such integration identifies 50% of power demand optimization with the local power generation from renewable energy. ...
Air quality and energy consumption are among the top ten environmental priorities in seaports as stated by the European Sea Ports Organization. Globally, it is estimated that 15% of energy consumption can be attributed to refrigeration and air conditioning systems in fishing activities. There is a real need to understand energy usage in fishery ports to help identify areas of improvements, with a view to optimize energy usage and minimize carbon emissions. In this study, we elaborate on ways in which a simulation capability can be developed at the community level with a fishery port, using a real-world case study seaport in Milford Heaven (Wales, UK). This simulation-based strategy is used to investigate the potential of renewable energy, including local solar farms, to meet the local power demand. This has informed the development of a simulation-based optimization strategy meant to explore how smart energy communities can be formed at the port level by integrating the smart grid with the local community energy storage. The main contribution of the paper involves a co-simulation environment that leverages calibrated energy simulation models to deliver an optimization capability that (a) manages electrical storage within a district an environment, and (b) promotes the formation of energy communities in a fishery port ecosystem. This is paving the way to policy implications, not only in terms of carbon and energy reduction, but also in the formation and sustained management of energy communities.
... Eco-ports are new trend recently started to arise to decrease the emission exhausts mainly CO2 emissions [5][6][7]. Eco-ports are mainly dependent on having its electrical energy from renewable resourses. Eco-ports management is dependent on scheduling its available sources along the day. ...
... 1 in Equation 1, 2 in Equation 3, and 3 in Equation (5). To calculate the required variables ( ), for 2 and 3 , the following nonlinear power flow equations, shown in Equations 18-21, are used, in addition to ETAP load flow program. ...
The increasing daily rate of environmental pollution, due to electrical power generation from fossil fuel sources in different societies, urges the researchers to study alternative solutions. These solutions can be summarized into either finding other clean, renewable sources or managing the available sources optimally. This research represents smart electrical interconnection management between some of the Egyptian seaports for optimal operation, with a clean sustainable environment as the target. The optimum ports’ commitment operation works through certain technical constraints to attain optimal economic and environmental factors. One of the main objectives of this study is the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, which is released from the electrical power generation that covers the seaports demands. It is progressed through the green port smart commitment, by incorporating unpolluted and renewable energy resources. This study depends on the redesign of some Egyptian seaports to be green ports with eco-friendly electrical construction. According to the new electrical design, two out of the six studied seaports can be considered as renewable energy generation units consisting of Photovoltaic (PV) electrical generation resources. The new design of the seaports electrical network can be considered as a hybrid network, collecting both fossil fuel electrical power generation and PV sources. To gain benefits from the diversity in geographical behaviors, ports on the red sea and Mediterranean sea are integrated into the network cloud. Connecting ports on red and Mediterranean seas construct a network cloud, which supports the operation of the whole network under different conditions. Hybrid (weighted-discrete) Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (HPSOT) is an effective optimization technique which is applied to provide the optimum interconnection management between the eco-ports. It is developed based on some technical constraints which are the availability of the network buses interconnection, the voltage and frequency levels, and deviations due to the smart unit interconnection and the re-direction of the power flow. The HPSOT is targeted to minimize the economical cost and the harmful environmental impact of the seaport electrical network, while covering the overall network load. The HPSOT is programmed utilizing the Matlab program. It is tested on the six Egyptian seaports network that consists of El Dekheila, Alexandria, and Damietta on the Mediteranean and Port Said, Suez, and Sokhna port on the Suez canal and Red sea. It verifies its accurateness and efficiency in decreasing the combined cost function involving costs of CO2 emission. CO2 emission is reduced to 6% of its previous value for the same consumed electrical energy, that means it has a positive impact on retarding the greenhouse effect and climate change.
... Substitutional clean energy sources, replacing the conventional fossil fuels electrical energy resources, should be renewable to uphold the objective of sustainable development. Photovoltaic (PV) and biomass energies are clean and renewable electrical energy generation resources [5][6][7][8][9]. ...
... PV modules have the capability of expanding and transporting in certain situations. In general, minimal maintenance is required for well-designed and properly installed PV systems, and additionally, they will have long-service lifetimes [5,[7][8][9]12,13]. In 1952, the primal prototype is introduced [22]. ...
This paper studies the effect on the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission in seaports’ atmosphere of replacing a part of the fossil fuel electrical power generation by clean renewable electrical energies, through two different scheduling strategies. The increased rate of harmful greenhouse gas emissions due to conventional electrical power generation severely affects the whole global atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions are responsible for a significant share of global warming. Developing countries participate in this environmental distortion to a great percentage. Two different suggested strategies for renewable electrical energy scheduling are discussed in this paper, to attain a sustainable green port by the utilization of two mutual sequential clean renewable energies, which are biomass and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The first strategy, which is called the eco-availability mode, is a simple method. It is based on operating the renewable electrical energy sources during the available time of operation, taking into consideration the simple and basic technical issues only, without considering the sophisticated technical and economical models. The available operation time is determined by the environmental condition. This strategy is addressed to result on the maximum available Biomass and PV energy generation based on the least environmental and technical conditions (panel efficiency, minimum average daily sunshine hours per month, minimum average solar insolation per month). The second strategy, which is called the Intelligent Scheduling (IS) mode, relies on an intelligent Reconfigured Whale Optimization Technique (RWOT) based-model. In this strategy, some additional technical and economical issues are considered. The studied renewable electrical energy generation system is considered in two scenarios, which are with and without storage units. The objective (cost) function of the scheduling optimization problem, for both scenarios, are developed. Also, the boundary conditions and problem constraints are concluded. The RWOT algorithm is an updated Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). It is developed to accelerate the rate of reaching the optimal solution for the IS problem. The two strategies simulation and implementation are illustrated and applied to the seaport of Damietta, which is an Egyptian port, located 10 km to the west of the Nile River (Damietta Branch). The scheduling of PV and biomass energy generation during the different year months is examined for both strategies. The impact of renewable electrical energies generation scheduling on carbon dioxide emission and consequently global warming is discussed. The saving in carbon dioxide emission is calculated and the efficient results of the suggested models are clarified. The carbon dioxide emission is reduced to around its fifth value, during renewable energy operation. This work focuses on decreasing the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission coming from fossil fuel electrical power generation in Egypt, targeting, sustainable green seaports, through three main contributions in clean renewable electrical energies scheduling,. The contributions are; 1-presenting the eco-availability mode for minimum gifted biomass and PV energy generation, 2-developing and progressing the IRWOT scheduling strategy for both scenarios (with and without storage unit), 3-defining the scheduling optimization problem boundary conditions and constraints.
Maritime ports have become pivotal players in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While most of the existing literature has investigated specific decarbonisation measures, a comprehensive review to clarify how different decarbonisation measures could be combined remains absent. A systematic literature review was conducted by analysing 124 articles to identify the research topics concerning the decarbonisation of ports, highlighting the relationship between the different measures, thereby potentially serving as an initial step in developing decarbonisation strategies for ports. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to understand the prevailing trends within the literature selected. The measures were organised into 4 main categories: clean energy sources, operational measures, energy systems, and conservative measures. A thematic analysis was performed to identify the most studied countries, the investigation strategies used, and the decarbonisation measures considered. A cluster analysis was executed to discern the primary research topics organised into 3 main research areas: energy systems, emissions management, and clean energy sources. The review underscored the complexity and the need to combine technological innovations, regulatory frameworks, and stakeholder collaboration. Further, the cluster organisation proposed helps us to understand how ports could start a decarbonising process by combining specific measures. The main aim of this work is to highlight a path towards sustainable maritime ports. Potential opportunities for future research are proposed for each cluster.
