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The Sun is source of abundant energy. We are getting large amount of energy from the Sun out of which only a small portion is utilized. Sunlight reaching to Earth’s surface has potential to fulfill all our ever increasing energy demands. Solar Photovoltaic technology deals with conversion of incident sunlight energy into electrical energy. Solar ce...
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... In recent years, exploiting solar energy as a clean and renewable resource has drawn tremendous attention to overcome the crisis of fossil energy [1,2]. Today, owing to the silicon abundance and established industrial fabrication techniques, silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells are the leader of the energy market. ...
Exploiting Janus monolayers in constructing two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has emerged as an effective strategy for designing highly efficient optoelectronic devices. In this paper, using first-principles calculations, we explore the stability, structural, and electronic properties of Janus XMoSiP 2 /BAs (X = S, Se) heterostructures in twelve possible stackings. It is shown that all twenty-four studied heterostructures are energetically stable and twenty of them possess type-II band alignment which helps the dissociation of photo-generated carriers in solar cell devices. The electronic bandstructures reveal that some stackings of XMoSiP 2 / BAs vdW heterostructures own proper bandgaps for maximum solar light absorption. In addition, very high carrier mobilities (up to 83000 cm 2 V − 1 s − 1), as well as strong visible light absorption coefficients (up to 2 × 10 5 cm − 1) are other features that suggest XMoSiP 2 /BAs heterostructures as promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. It is also found that the-P stackings of XMoSiP 2 /BAs, the configurations in which the outer P atom of XMoSiP 2 faces the BAs monolayer, have high power conversion efficiency (PCE) owing to the minimal conduction band offset between their constituent monolayer. Finally, two stackings of XMoSiP 2 /BAs hetero-structures are predicted to have excellent PCEs beyond 23% which exceeds the PCEs of many other 2D vdW heterostructures studied previously. We believe that our findings can pave the way to accomplish high-efficiency optoelectronic devices based on 2D vdW heterostructures.
... While these PV panels have a lower efficiency, they are substantially cheaper, making them suitable for a wide range of applications [59]. Numerous research have investigated the latest specifications, industrial technologies, international market trends, and application limits for solar cells [60,61]. Table 1 presents a comprehensive summary of studies looking at the effect of climate on PV solar system performance. ...
Libya has a wide range of temperatures and topographies, making it a promising place to use wind and solar energy. This research evaluated many technologies available in the global market, including wind energy, concentrated solar power (CSP), and photovoltaic (PV) solar, with the goal of localizing the renewable
energy business. The aim was to optimize the advantages of employing locally accessible renewable resources while guaranteeing their suitability for the diverse climatic circumstances found throughout the nation. Twelve carefully chosen locations in Libya were used to assess the performance of 67 PV solar modules,
47 inverters, five different types of CPS, and 17 wind turbines using the System Advisor Model (SAM) dynamic simulation tool. The simulations employed 15-minute time series of climate data from the SolarGis platform for a 13-year timeframe (January 1, 2007–June 30, 2020). The standard used to determine which technology was best suited for each site was the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The findings showed that solar and wind energy (PV and CSP) could significantly meet the examined areas’ demand for electrical energy. In contrast to wind energy, which had an LCOE ranging from 1.5 to 5.9 ¢/kWh, PV solar technology had an LCOE between 5.2 and 6.4 ¢/kWh. On the other hand, systems utilizing concentrated solar energy
showed comparatively higher levels of life cycle costs; the heliostat field had the lowest, at 8.0 ¢/kWh. The research findings offer significant perspectives to engineers, planners, and decision-makers, enabling well informed choices on the advancement and funding of renewable energy initiatives in Libya. The analysis concludes that wind energy is the most economically advantageous investment choice in the Libyan energy market, in contrast to the industry’s predominate concentration on PV solar systems. Environmentally speaking, building a 1000 MW renewable power plant with a 40% capacity factor will reduce CO2 emissions by 3.82 million tons, saving $286.5 million in carbon taxes annually.
... Many studies have been performed to explain the potential and significance of solar energy for power generation, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh which receives abundance sunlight throughout the year [3]. Solar cells are the devices which [6]. During the production of solar cells, defects like black edges and broken corners are found most frequently. ...
... This higher sensitivity contributes to minimizing false identifications and improving overall defect detection reliability. These tables (6,7) show the statistical values of the results of the defect detection accuracy (CR) and sensitivity of detection (SD), when compared to OTSU's algorithm used by Mei-Ping Song et al. [2]. Clearly, the FCM algorithm produces better accuracy. ...
This paper presents a novel hybrid model employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Mathematical Morphology (MM) for the effective detection of defects in solar cells. Focusing on issues such as broken corners and black edges caused by environmental factors like broken glass cover, dust, and temperature variations. This study utilizes a hybrid model of ANN and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) for temperature prediction. This hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both models, potentially opening up new avenues for improved accuracy in temperature forecasting, which is critical for solar energy applications. The significance lies in the interconnectedness of temperature fluctuations and solar cell efficiency, leading to defects. The proposed model aims to predict temperatures accurately, providing insights into potential solar cell efficiency problems. Subsequently, this work studies the transitions to defect detection using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering and MM techniques. The hybrid model demonstrates accurate temperature prediction with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values of 0.92 %, 0.72 %, and 1.3 % for average, maximum, and minimum temperatures, respectively. The defect detection process yields a detection accuracy (CR) of 96 % and sensitivity of detection (SD) of 89 %. This work is validated compared to the literature work done and by using K-fold cross validation technique. The proposed work emphasizes the improvement in defect detection accuracy and the overall quality enhancement of solar cells.
... The technologies from this generation are capable of high power-conversion efficiency while being cost-efficient. 20,21 The rapid development of this generation could become a groundbreaker in photovoltaic technology, potentially making solar energy more affordable and accessible in the future. 22 Third-generation solar cells, DSSCs have garnered a lot of interest lately as a possible replacement for conventional amorphous silicon solar cells. ...
... One of the primary drawbacks of conventional solar cells lies in their relatively low efficiency. Consequently, researchers have been exploring various techniques to enhance the efficiency of these devices [1]. ...
Quantum dot (QD)-based solar cells have been the focus of extensive research. One of the critical challenges in this field is optimizing the size and placement of QDs within the cells to enhance light absorption and overall efficiency. This paper theoretically investigates InAs/GaAs QD intermediate band solar cells (QD-IBSC) employing cylindrical QDs. The goal is to explore factors affecting light absorption and efficiency in QD-IBSC, such as the positioning of QDs, their dimensions, and the spacing (pitch) between the centers of adjacent dots. Achieving optimal values to enhance cell efficiency involves modifying and optimizing these QD parameters. This study involves an analysis of more than 500 frequency points to optimize parameters and evaluate efficiency under three distinct conditions: output power optimization, short-circuit current optimization, and generation rate optimization. The results indicate that optimizing the short-circuit current leads to the highest efficiency compared to the other conditions. Under optimized conditions, the efficiency and current density increase to 34.3% and 38.42 mA/cm², respectively, representing a remarkable improvement of 15% and 22% compared to the reference cell.
... The various types of solar cells are divided into four generations according to their technological evolution [51]. First-generation solar cells represent more than 80% of the actual PV market, divided into two types: polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon cells, where the latter have higher nominal generation efficiency [52]. Solar cells of the second generation, such as amorphous silicon cells, copper indium gallium selenide cells and cadmium telluride ones, are based on thin films, with associated lower efficiencies than the ones of the first generation and a smaller and decreasing presence in the PV market [53]. ...
Renewable Energy Communities (REC) can play a crucial role in enhancing citizen participation in the energy transition. Current European Union legislation enshrines energy communities and mandates Member States to encourage these organizations, promoting adequate conditions for their establishment. Nevertheless, uptake has been slow, and more research is needed to optimize the associated energy sharing. Using a Portuguese case study (REC Telheiras, Lisbon), this research aims to match local generation through four photovoltaic systems (totalizing 156.5 kWp of installed capacity) with household electricity consumption while cross evaluating the Portuguese legislation for energy sharing. The latter aim compares two scenarios: (a) current legislation (generated energy must be locally self-consumed before shared) and (b) equal share for members with a fixed coefficient. The evaluation is performed according to two indexes of self-consumption (SCI) and self-sufficiency (SSI), related to the simulation of four photovoltaic systems in public buildings, their associated consumption profiles, and an average household consumption profile of community members. The results show that, while maximizing self-consumption for the same values of generation and consumption, the number of participants is considerably lower for Scenario A (SCI = 100% is achieved with at least 491 residential members in Scenario A and 583 in Scenario B), implying that legislative changes enabling energy communities to better tailor sharing schemes may be necessary for them to become more attractive. The methods and results of this research can also be applied to other types of facilities, e.g., industrial and commercial consumers, if they are members of a REC and have smart meters in their installations.
... Three generations are known in photovoltaic technology, the first is based on crystalline silicon wafers, the second uses thin films deposited on low-cost substrates like glass or polymers, and the third generation includes organic cells, dye sensitized solar cells and emergent solar cells like those based on quantum dots or perovskites [3]. Although thin film solar cells based on CdTe or Cu(In,Ga)Se2 have efficiencies comparable with those of c-Si, these cells still present problems such as high-cost production and the use of scarce, strategic or toxic raw materials [4], thus, abundant, non-toxic and avaliable materials are required for thin film solar cells with competitive efficiencies [5]. ...
In this work, copper (I) oxide films were prepared by pulsed electrodeposition onto copper substrates. Graphene oxide was deposited on the Cu₂O/Cu films by cathodic electrophoresis. The films were studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, optical reflectance and atomic force microscopy. The bandgap of the Cu₂O/Cu films is close to 1.8 eV due to the presence of defects and decreases to close to 1.1 eV with GO deposition due to the oxidation of Cu₂O to CuO on the surface. When GO was deposited, a reduction in the mean height was observed, indicating coverage of the entire surface. A topographic transformation of the surface was also observed, consisting of an increase in grain size and homogenization of the grain shape after GO deposition, possibly due to phase transformation. This work is the first step to prepare fully wet deposited thin film ZnO/GO/Cu₂O/Cu solar cells
... wear and tear, traffic load, road construction works, etc.). Similarly, the study does not consider specific solar panel types; instead, a Perovskite Solar Cell is presumed [15] for an overall estimation of solar road energy in the UK. The perovskite Solar cell was selected for the study because it is one of the latest solar cell technology, with one of the highest conversion efficiencies [16]. ...
... Although theoretically, it reaches 46%. However, a most likely value of 20% efficiency for perovskite solar cells has been selected for this study [15], representing the solar yield (r) in the equation above. This is rather a low figure on the conservative side from the standpoint of the current development, but it is the standard for solar panels to be within this range of efficiencies [15]. ...
... However, a most likely value of 20% efficiency for perovskite solar cells has been selected for this study [15], representing the solar yield (r) in the equation above. This is rather a low figure on the conservative side from the standpoint of the current development, but it is the standard for solar panels to be within this range of efficiencies [15]. These irradiance figures are considered in kWh/m 2 /day. ...
Global warming has become a much more realised issue and an immediate threat, accelerating due to the anthropogenic carbon release associated with escalating energy demand. Consequently, pressures are building up to reduce anthropogenic carbon footprint by employing renewable energy resources, among which solar energy is the main. Solar roads are a new and innovative concept as they do not require land to be specifically allocated. This is because the road infrastructure already exists. Therefore, this emerging technique of embedding solar panels into pavements and roadways is becoming a more attractive proposition. However, a hurdle to its successful application is the lack of knowledge regarding its feasibility and viability. This study aims to evaluate the potential of solar roads to inform future feasibility and viability studies in varying contexts and implications. Within the scope of this study, the case of Great Britain is considered to evaluate the potential of how much energy can be generated via the solar roads technology that can be embedded in the country's road infrastructure. A mathematical exercise is performed in which calculations are executed to develop a basic numerical model of the potential. Therefore, the study is quantitative, and the factors considered include seasonal changes, average daily traffic covering roads, tree and building shades, road types and sizes, solar irradiance, solar panel types, and alike. It is estimated that solar roads may supply up to 96.42% of the UK's total electricity, which is a substantially promising potential.
... In the second generation of solar panels, using thin films with thin layers serves to save costs and make it more flexible. However, efficiency should still be considered, and the third generation is still developing to produce environmentally friendly solar panels, namely Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) [4]- [6]. ...
... 1.1 Solar Photovoltaic Material Solar photovoltaic materials are crucial components in the generation of solar power [2]. These materials are used to convert sunlight into electricity, making them essential in the development of sustainable [1] energy solutions. ...
Solar photovoltaic technology has experienced significant growth and development in recent years, making it a significant figure in the field of renewable energy. The basic principle of solar PV technology involves the conversion of sunlight into electricity using semiconductor materials. Silicon has consistently been the predominant material used in solar PV cells, but there is ongoing research and development into alternative materials. The choice of material for solar PV cells is crucial as it directly impacts the efficiency, cost, and environmental impact of the technology. Silicon-based solar cells have achieved high levels of efficiency and reliability, but they can be expensive to produce. On the other hand, emerging materials such as perovskites show great promise in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency, but they still face challenges related to stability and scalability. In addition to the semiconductor material, other components such as conductive metals, transparent conductive oxides, and encapsulation materials also play a crucial role in the performance and longevity of solar PV systems. Understanding the material properties, fabrication processes, and environmental impact of solar PV materials is essential for making informed decisions in the design and implementation of solar PV systems.
