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The systematic analysis between 15 different species and one species with two accessions in Solanum has been carried out and need all over revisions and investigations. In continuation to our previous morphometric analysis, currently stomatal variation is analyzed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition to classical ano...
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... Leaf parts were then selected for observation with an electron microscope. The micromorphological terms used here follow those of the publications of Barthlott et al. (1998), Akçin et al. (2013), and Anil Kumar and Murugan (2015). ...
This electron microscope study investigated the micromorphological characteristics of the leaf epidermis of 5 species (10 populations) of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) in Iran: R. biebersteinii , R. uva‐crispa , R. orientale , R. aureum , and R. khorasanicum . Samples were collected and identified, and the similarities between the species were evaluated using information from micromorphological traits of leaf epidermis and multivariate analysis (cluster analysis and principal component analysis). The traits useful for discriminating the species were presence or absence of hairs and glandular trichomes, presence or absence of granular with verrucae on hair surface, position of hairs on epidermal surface, hair location on the leaf (lamina, leaf margin, midrib), stomata shape, wax distribution on stomata, prominence and shape of anticlinal walls and outer periclinal layer, and epicuticular wax sculpturing. An identification key based on these leaf micromorphological characters is provided for Ribes species in Iran. The multivariate analysis of micromorphological traits was efficient for inter‐ and intra‐specific delimitation. The present findings correspond to a large extent with existing classifications.
... The terminology of leaf micromorphological characteristics followed those of Barthlott et al. (1998), Wilkinson (1979), Ergen Akin et al. (2013, and Kumar & Murugan (2015). The leaf surfaces of all samples were examined and evaluated prior to stereomicroscopy with electron microscope. ...
In the present survey, leaf micromorphological characters of 14 species belonging to three genera viz. Lythrum, Ammannia, and Rotala (Lythraceae) were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed two types of trichomes, three types of the papilla, nine types and five sub-types of epicuticular wax ornamentation, three types of anticlinal wall and outer periclinal layer, four types of outer stomatal rim/peristomatal rim pattern on both sides of the leaf surfaces. These characteristics are quite useful from taxonomic point of view. Based on the micromorphological characteristics of the leaves, an identification key is also provided for the studied species. Numerical analyses (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages and principal components analysis) was used to find out the similarities and micromorphological correlations among the studied taxa. The present study revealed the alliance of eight Lythrum species, while some traits overlap between Ammannia, Rotala, and three Lythrum. The results also showed that, numerical analyses of leaf micmorphological traits is unable to determine the delimitation of the studied genera.
... . Thus, comparative studies of micromorphological features can provide significant insights into physiological properties and ecological responses of plants to environmental constraints and aid in systematic and evolutionary questions in extant and fossil plants, as highlighted by a vast existing literature (e.g.Stace 1965;, Jones 1986; Kessler & al. 2007; Ickert-Bond & Rydin 2010;Albert & Sharma 2013;Anil Kumar & Murugan 2015;Arabi & al. 2017;Ickert-Bond & al. 2018;, Sur & al. 2018;Scoppola & Magrini 2019). ...
In the last decades, with the increase of molecular studies, the study of plant forms has gone through a steady decline in interest, and researches on this topic are often neglected and underestimated. Notwithstanding, comparative morphology as integrative discipline still assumes a pivotal role in modern sciences, remaining fundamentally relevant to nearly all fields of plant biology, such as systematics, evolutionary biology, ecology, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, not to mention also agriculture, bioengineering, and forensic botany. Contrary to common belief, plant morphology is not a conservative finished science, but, like other sciences, it is open to constant innovations involving both concepts and methods. This contribution aims to promote a reflective discourse on the role of plant morphology in modern sciences and provides some examples of significant supports from plant morphology to different botanical issues. Introduction Despite the increasing societal awareness and sensitivity about the knowledge of biological diversity and ecosystem functioning as pivotal matters for nature conservation on which human health and well-being fundamentally depend, studies in morphology-based classical taxonomy have increasingly become marginalized and considered less significant than other scientific methods in plant biology. This has led to a progressive decline in attention both at research institutions and funding allocation, and nowadays most scientists and academic students think of plant morphology as just a classical and largely outdated field of research. Plant morphology is a biological discipline that aims at understanding the biology of plant organisms on the basis of their structural appearance, so it essentially consists in the scientific investigation on the plant forms and/or structures.
... Solanaceae is a particularly interesting angiosperm family, has about 98 genera and 3000 species, and makes the members of this family having morphological and ecological characteristics diversified and cosmopolitan distribution, being that many of which are used in food, in ornamentation, and as a medicinal resource. [1,2] The genus Solanum L. is the largest of the Solanaceae family with approximately 1500 species, found in tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. In Brazil, they are found especially in the south and southeast region. ...
... [30] The group of the alkaloids was observed in the leaves of all the species, already in stem and bark of the root the only species that possess it are S. palinacanthum and S. agrarium; nevertheless, this last one was the only species in which it was not observed this group of metabolites in the pericarp. The S. agrarium species was the only one in which no saponins or anthraquinones were observed in all analyzed structures (root bark, stem, leaf, and pericarp) [Tables [1][2][3][4]. ...
Background: The genus Solanum L. is the largest of the family Solanaceae; it has used in food, ornamentation, and medicinal. Objective: This work had as objective to perform the phytochemical screening secondary metabolites: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones by means of colorimetric and precipitation analyzes of root bark, stem, leaf, and epicarp of the following species of Solanum genus: Solanum agrarium, Solanum lycocarpum, Solanum palinacanthum, Solanum paniculatum, and Solanum stipulaceum. The species are found in areas of the Cerrado Biome of Northern Minas Gerais state for initial evaluation of the possibility of cultivation for medicinal use.
Materials and Methods: The following qualitative tests were performed: Liebermann–Burchard reaction for steroids/triterpenoids; foam persistence test for saponins; Bertrand and Dragendorff reagents for alkaloids; reactions with lead neutral acetate at 10% and ferric chloride at 2% for tannins; reactions with ferric chloride at 2% and Shinoda reaction for flavonoids; reaction of Bornträeger and reaction with sodium hydroxide at 0.5% for anthraquinones.
Results: Plants of the Solanum L. genus, occurring in Cerrado areas in the city of Montes Claros, have considerable amounts of secondary metabolites, varying between the different species and in different structures analyzed.
Conclusion: It is important to continue the study evaluating whether in species from planting occurs production of the secondary metabolites identified in wild plants.
Key words: Solanum agrarium, Solanum lycocarpum, Solanum
palinacanthum, Solanum paniculatum, Solanum stipulaceum
... Al-Quran (2004) reported the size range 19-31.5 × 19-32 μm for S. nigrum. Hussain (2004) reported the size range 21 (26) 30 μm for S. pseudocapsicum, which is much close to the present findings for the same species, whileKumar and Murugan (2015) also reported size ranges (11-11.71 × 11.2-11.43 ...
In this study, plants belonging to family Solanaceae growing in Western Himalaya region have been observed palynologically under Light Microscope and Scanning electron microscope. Present investigation comprises of 10 genera and 23 species, namely, Atropa acuminata, Capsicum decoraticus, Capsicum frutescens, Cestrum aurantiacum, Cestrum diurnum, Cestrum nocturnum, Datura alba, Datura innoxia, Datura stramonium, Hyoscymus niger, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia alba, Petunia hybrida, Solanum erianthum, Solanum melongena, Solanum miniatum, Solanum pseudocapsicum, Solanum surratense, Solanum tuberosum, Withania coagulans, Withania somnifera. Solanaceae is a eurypalynous family. Grains are usually Tricolporate and Tetracolporate, radially symmetrical, isopolar, prolate‐spheroidal to oblate‐spheroidal to oblate‐spheroidal to subprolate to per prolate or suboblate to oblate, size range: 8.55–72 μm, amb circular, semi‐angular or subangular, aperture drop‐type, labrum common‐type, exine usually 2 μm thick, nexine 1–1.5 μm thick. Tectum usually psilate, sexine reticulate, granulate or striato‐reticulate, with obscure pattern, sexine 1–2 μm thick, nexine 1–1.5 μm thick, and intine 0.5–1 μm thick. Most striking variation has been found in the shape class, aperture‐type, and tectal surface. Based on these characters, taxonomic keys have been made for correct identification of members in Solanaceae. However, the grains of this family are usually tricolporate and have direct relationship with certain members of the family Scrophulariaceae.
Palyno‐morphological characters of family Solanaceae have been studied for the first time in Western Himalayan region of Pakistan. These palyno‐morphological characters are significant for identification of the members of family Solanaceae.
... (Fig.2, A, B, C, D, F, G).There is no subsidiary cell sharing in A. pungens (Fig.2, E). Foliar stomatal characteristics have been considered as valuable taxonomic tools in Solanum species of Southern Western Ghats of Kerala (Anil Kumar &Murugan, 2015). The study also explains the occurrence of more than one type of stomata in Solanum species. ...
... We used a digital microscope (Microware mmol-100x microscope3) and applied related software for the measurements. Dorsal features of leaf blade along with stomatal structure was obtained with the help of compound microscope (Olympus Ch20i) and compiled with the help of standard technique followed after Kumar and Murugan (2015). Comparative morphological characters of leaf epidermal structures were used in biosystematics aspects as represented by Inyma et al. (2015). ...
... The present study distinguished S. thaipingensis form rest of two species based on the yellow color of perianth. Based on stomatal character, Kumar and Murugan (2015) differentiated fifteen species of Solanum. Present study results Fig. 2. Ternary plot showing the distribution of character states of three species of Saraca; S. indica, S. declinata and S. thaipingensis. ...
The genus Saraca L. (Fabaceae s.l.) has 11 species among which three are distributed in India. This study is done for these three species as S. indica L., S. declinata (Jack) Miq., and S. thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain which are taxonomically recognized and identified by morphological characters, both of vegetative and reproductive. As a common trend of taxonomic study key to the identification of taxa is based on contrast pairs of lead characters considering as good characters to the taxonomic work when these characters are different in different taxa. The present study is emphasized here again to find out the marker characters for identity with the approach of preparation of ternary plot considering 82 characters through statistical method. Morphological characters like the texture of ovary, the presence of hood on anther and distribution of hairs on anther, bract and stigma morphology, shape and size of the seed, pollen surface etc. are found to be potent morphological markers for these three species of Saraca. The marker character to prepare a better key of identity is also established by this method. Earlier works on taxonomy also support this finding. The results show the relationship and character correlation amongst the species as S. declinata is more close to S. thaipingensis than S. indica. This work approaches a basis to strengthen a part of classical taxonomy. Keywords: Statistical method, Morphological-markers, Ternary plot, Saraca
... In the flora of Iran, Khatamsaz (1993) Ritsma, 1966, Hebda et al. 1988, Morgan et al. 1994, Eriksson et al. 1998, Eriksson et al. 2003, Naseri & Tantawy 2003. However, the most outstanding works as the representatives of tribe Agrimonieae, were based on morphological (Bitter 1911, Weimarck 1934, Simpson 1979, Kessler 1995, cytological (Kaliyera et al. 2014, Kumar et al. 2015), molecular (Mishima et al. 2002), and seed micromorphological studies (Chung et al. 2012). ...
... In the current study, both dried and freshly collected specimens were used. The herbarium specimens ( Yurtsev (1999), and Kumar & Murugan (2015). ...
The current study, devoted to leaf micromorphology of tribe Agrimonieae in Iran including three genera (Agrimonia, Aremonia, and Sanguisorba), four species (Agrimonia eupatoria, Aremonia agrimonioides, S. minor, and S. officinalis), and six subspecies (A. eupatoria subsp. eupatoria, A. eupatoria subsp. grandis, A. eupatoria subsp. asiatica, S. minor subsp. minor, S. minor subsp. lasiocarpa, and S. minor subsp. muricata). At first, plant materials were collected and identified and then leaf segments were washed and prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result of micromorphological analysis revealed three types of trichomes (curved, flexuous and straight), four types of hair surface ornamentations (echinate, transversely elongated papilla, verucate and granulate), and two types of glandular hairs (round to cylindrical head cell with pisilate to echinate surfaces). In all the examined species, epicuticulare wax types were either of film (smooth layers and crust), and crystalloids (granule and platelets), and wax sculpturing which comprises four types of syntupism. In addition, stomata traits were identified especially three types of outer stomatal rim/peristomatal rim, four types of inner stomata rim, and three types of wax distribution on the stomata rim/pore/epidermal cell. Based on author's achievements, micromorphological characters of studied species of tribe Agrimonieae, possess diagnostic value and were capable of separating different taxonomic ranks (subtribes, genera, species, and subspecies). Based on these characters, an identification key is also prepared and presented herewith.
... In the flora of Iran, Khatamsaz (1993) Ritsma, 1966, Hebda et al. 1988, Morgan et al. 1994, Eriksson et al. 1998, Eriksson et al. 2003, Naseri & Tantawy 2003. However, the most outstanding works as the representatives of tribe Agrimonieae, were based on morphological (Bitter 1911, Weimarck 1934, Simpson 1979, Kessler 1995, cytological (Kaliyera et al. 2014, Kumar et al. 2015), molecular (Mishima et al. 2002), and seed micromorphological studies (Chung et al. 2012). ...
... In the current study, both dried and freshly collected specimens were used. The herbarium specimens ( Yurtsev (1999), and Kumar & Murugan (2015). ...
The current study, devoted to leaf micromorphology of tribe Agrimonieae in Iran including three genera (Agrimonia, Aremonia, and Sanguisorba), four species (Agrimonia eupatoria, Aremonia agrimonioides, S. minor, and S. officinalis), and six subspecies (A. eupatoria subsp. eupatoria, A. eupatoria subsp. grandis, A. eupatoria subsp. asiatica, S. minor subsp. minor, S. minor subsp. lasiocarpa, and S. minor subsp. muricata). At first, plant materials were collected and identified and then leaf segments were washed and prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result of micromorphological analysis revealed three types of trichomes (curved, flexuous and straight), four types of hair surface ornamentations (echinate, transversely elongated papilla, verucate and granulate), and two types of glandular hairs (round to cylindrical head cell with pisilate to echinate surfaces). In all the examined species, epicuticulare wax types were either of film (smooth layers and crust), and crystalloids (granule and platelets), and wax sculpturing which comprises four types of syntupism. In addition, stomata traits were identified especially three types of outer stomatal rim/peristomatal rim, four types of inner stomata rim, and three types of wax distribution on the stomata rim/pore/epidermal cell. Based on author's achievements, micromorphological characters of studied species of tribe Agrimonieae, possess diagnostic value and were capable of separating different taxonomic ranks (subtribes, genera, species, and subspecies). Based on these characters, an identification key is also prepared and presented herewith.
The macro-and micromorphological variation of the leaf, anthers and pollen grains characteristics in five cultivated species of Solanaceae was examined using light microscope (LM) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These species are: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena and Solanum tuberosum. The leaves are either simple or odd-pinnate. The other leaf macromorphological features presented variation. Leaf venation is pinnate brochidodromous. Apart from the epidermal cell shape, on the adaxial leaf surface, is exclusively polygonal in Solanum melongena the epidermal cells are irregular on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. The anticlinal walls are either straight or sinuous to various degrees. The leaves are amphistomatic. The stomata, on both the epidermal layers, are paracytic-anisocytic in Capsicum annuum and Solanum melongena but commonly anomocytic-anisocytic in the remaining species. Foliar trichomes are glandular and non-glandular; with the stellate type is unique in Solanum melongena. Some of the foliar micromorphological characters as viewed under SEM were beneficial in species identification. The anthers are dehiscing either by longitudinal slits in Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens or by both apical pores and longitudinal slits in the remaining species. The anthers surface sculpturing is diagnostic for some species. The pollen grains are tricolporate, subprolate to prolate and with psilate, granulate or granulate-microperforate exine sculpturing. A key to the species was provided.
