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Soil bulk density, soil C content and soil C density in boreal and temperate forest soils (mean ±1SD) in northeastern China.
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The northeastern forest region of China is an important component of total temperate and boreal forests in the northern hemisphere. But how carbon (C) pool size and distribution varies among tree, understory, forest floor and soil components, and across stand ages remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we selected three major temperate and...
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... In northeast China, a comparatively tiny fraction of the total carbon stored in the forest is made up of the carbon stored in the forest's understory, which stores less than 13%, and its surface, which stores less than 5%. Notably, the primary distribution of carbon storage in forests remains in the soil [54]. In line with Dong et al., thinning enhanced soil and tree carbon storage of the total carbon storage [55]. ...
Forest ecosystems are essential to the global carbon cycle because they are the biggest terrestrial carbon reserves. In the management of forests, thinning is a commonly employed strategy, impacting the respiration and biomass loss of trees, thereby modifying forest carbon dynamics. However, there is a lack of scientific research to confirm the impacts of thinning intensities on carbon storage in trees, soil layers, shrubs, and ground vegetation layers as well as its impact on wood production and growth rate. The goal of this study was to find the optimal thinning levels for increasing carbon sequestration during the growth stage of the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) middle-aged plantations in Northeast China. In this study, thinning intensity (0, 10, 11, 16, 18, and 22%) affected the carbon storage of trees, tree growth, volume, and, we suspected, soil layer, shrubs, and vegetation (herbs, litter, and grass) also. Specifically, after four years of thinning, the 18% treatment significantly increased total carbon storage, individual organ storage, growth, and tree volume (p < 0.05). These results give us abundant information about how thinning affects the dynamics of carbon storage, wood production, and the interactions between soil and plants in P. koraiensis plantations, contributing to multi-objective management strategies for optimizing carbon sequestration, wood production, and ecosystem health.
... According to various workers [81][82][83], these differences are due to the distribution of shallow root systems along hilly ecosystems. Previous researchers have also reported an increasing trend in soil carbon density at increasing altitudes [83][84][85][86]. Less soil carbon was reported at lower elevations than at higher elevations in both forest and agroforestry land-use systems. ...
... Increasing tree diameters also indicate increased competition between tree species. As a result, there is increased natural shedding of lower branches, leaving more deadwood material on the forest floor and, consequently, more carbon [84][85][86][87]. The SOC density decreased with an increase in soil depth in all the elevations at both forest and agroforestry land-use systems (Table 8). ...
... This may also be due to the higher rate of mineralization in forest and agroforestry land-use systems at low altitudes than at high altitudes, where the rate of mineralization is low due to cool temperatures and high rainfall. Similar results have also been reported by others [81,83,84,86,90,94,95] in temperate forests. ...
Forests face a variety of threats in the modern era. Agroforestry systems, both traditional and introduced, have a tremendous capacity for providing sustainable resources and combating the impact of global climate change. Indigenous agroforestry and forest land-use systems are important reservoirs for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, providing a potential contribution to livelihood security for rural communities. This study aimed to assess the tree diversity and carbon stock of agroforestry and adjoining forests along altitudinal gradients, ranging between 700 and 2200 masl (i.e., lower, middle, and upper altitudes) by laying sample plots randomly of a size of 20 × 20 m2. In the forest land-use system, the maximum Importance Value Index (IVI) included Dalbergia sissoo (71.10), Pyrus pashia (76.78), and Pinus roxburghii (79.69) at the upper, middle, and lower elevations, respectively, whereas, in the agroforestry land-use system, the IVI reported for Ficus semicordata was 43.05 at the upper, while for Grewia optiva it was at 53.82 at the middle and 59.33 at the lower altitudes. The below-ground biomass density (AGBD) was recorded as 1023.48 t ha−1 (lower), 242.92 t ha−1 (middle), and 1099.35 t ha−1(upper), while in the agroforestry land-use system, the AGBD was 353.48 t ha−1 (lower), 404.32 t ha−1 (middle), and 373.23 t ha−1 (upper). The total carbon density (TCD) values recorded were 630.57, 167.32, and 784.00 t ha−1 in forest land-use systems, and 227.46, 343.23, and 252.47 in agroforestry land-use systems for lower, middle, and upper altitudes, respectively. The Margalef’s Index values for agroforestry and forests ranged from 2.39 to 2.85 and 1.12 to 1.30, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock recorded 45.32, 58.92, and 51.13 Mg C ha−1 for agroforestry and 61.73, 42.65, and 71.08 Mg C ha−1 for forest in lower, middle and upper elevations, respectively. The study suggests that selecting land use patterns can be an effective management system for tree species at different elevations for carbon storage, helping to mitigate climate change and aiding in sustainable management of ecosystems in the Garhwal Himalayas.
... Overstory treatments also had a negative effect on total ecosystem C stocks in a boreal forest in Canada, removing between 17% and 12% of total ecosystem C with less C (4%) stored in clear-cuts compared to partial-cuts (Lee et al. 2002). The complete or partial harvest of the standing tree biomass, which is a major C pool in forested systems (Wei et al. 2013), also has repercussions on other C pools such as litter and the soil F-horizon (Lee et al. 2002), which were absent in the clear-cut. Interestingly, understory treatments had no effect on total ecosystem C stocks, likely because the sapling and shrub C pool is of limited importance for total ecosystem C stocks (Peichel and Arain, 2006). ...
Despite the need for climate change mitigation and altered forest management practices, little is known about the impacts of silvicultural practices such as partial-cuts and clear-cuts on forest ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. Specifically, the effect of these two overstory treatments on C pools other than the aboveground biomass of trees remains poorly understood. Here, C stocks were estimated for a northern temperate mixed forest located in eastern Québec, Canada, five years after clear-cutting and partial-cutting, either with or without a brushing treatment to control the competing vegetation. The biomass of the aboveground vegetation (trees, saplings, understory), litter and woody debris (coarse, small, fine), as well as the roots (diameter ≤ 1.5 cm) was evaluated. Additionally, soil C pools up to a depth of 35 cm of the mineral soil were assessed. Total ecosystem C stocks were influenced by the overstory treatments reflecting harvest intensities. Although the belowground C pools were major contributors to total ecosystem C stocks, silvicultural treatments only influenced forest floor and above-ground C stocks. However, assessments like the one presented here capture contemporary C stocks, which highlights the need for monitoring to build suitable forest ecosystem C models and to understand long-term C dynamics.
... The C storage in forests is likely to be variable because variations in forest C storage are attributed to biotic and abiotic factors and forest management practices (Jandl et al., 2007;Pragasan, 2022). Thus, accurately estimating the forest C storage is difficult since multiple temporal and spatial scales due to the complexity of physical, chemical, and biological processes influence C cycling in the forests (Jandl et al., 2007;Wei et al., 2013;. ...
The quantification of carbon (C) storage of different stand types is a key component for understanding forest C cycles and potential climate change. This study evaluated the effects of stand types on litterfall, litter decomposition, and forest C storage in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. and Quercus variabilis Blume stands in southern Korea. The aboveground C storage by tree biomass was not affected ( P > 0.05) by stand types ( P. densiflora : 79.49 Mg C ha –1 ; Q. variabilis : 96.37 Mg C ha –1 ). However, total C inputs by litterfall were significantly higher for the P. densiflora (4,473 kg C ha–1 year–1) than for the Q. variabilis (2,633 kg C ha–1 year –1 ) stands. Organic C over litter decomposition processes was more rapidly mineralized in the leaf litter of Q. variabilis than in needle litter of P. densiflora , but C storage on the forest floor was not affected by different stand types. Total soil C storage was not significantly different between the Q. variabilis (55.71 Mg C ha –1 ) and P. densiflora (80.49 Mg C ha–1), whereas the C concentrations at each soil depth were significantly higher in the P. densiflora than in the Q. variabilis stands, except for the subsurface depth (30–50 cm). These results indicate that the distribution of C storage in P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands is less susceptible to interspecific differences, such as litterfall inputs and decomposition rates.
... Mg C/ha) in different forests. The reported range of biomass C stock at a global scale varied from 506-627 Mg C/ha in the USA (Smithwick et al., 2002), 58.9-386.5 Mg C/ha in NE China (Wei et al., 2013), and 12.96-856.50 Mg C/ha in Panama (Ruiz-Jaen and Potvin, 2011) across temperate and tropical forests, respectively. ...
The assessment of tree biomass and its carbon (C) stock at the local and regional level is considered a crucial criterion for understanding the impact of changing environments on the global carbon cycle. In this context, we selected three sites in the western Himalayas, covering parts of Himachal Pradesh and north-eastern Haryana. Each study site experiences distinct climatic conditions, vegetation types, and elevations. We seek to elucidate the determinants of tree biomass and carbon stock across different forest types in the Western Himalayas. We found that temperate forests contributed the most biomass and carbon stock, with Cedrus deodara attaining the highest values of 782.6 ± 107.9 Mg/ha and 360 ± 49.7 Mg C/ha. In contrast, Quercus leucotrichophora mixed temperate had the lowest 286.6 ± 57.2 and 128.9 ± 25.7 Mg/C ha, respectively. Only a few species, such as Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Quercus floribunda, and Quercus semecarpifolia, accounted for significant biomass and carbon stock. The lower elevation subtropical forests had the highest species richness (8–12 species) and stem density (558.3 ± 62.9 to 866.6 ± 57.7 trees/ha). Furthermore, tree diameter, total basal cover, and height emerged as the strongest predictors of biomass and C stock. The remaining variables showed no significant associations, including species diversity, climatic attributes and elevation. Thus, our study extended the assertion that vegetation composition and structural attributes, apart from climatic and topographic factors, are equally important in determining biomass and C stock in forest ecosystems. Our study indicated that the temperate forests in the western Himalayas possess significant carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential.
... Predictors for calculating the stem volume of a single tree on the sample plot were tree species, dbh, height, and tree crown height or diameter at one-third of the tree height. Generally, the carbon storage in living biomass increases with the age of forest stands (Wei et al. 2013). In the methodology used, the growing stock volume of tree species was divided Filipchuk et al. / Cent. ...
... Similar average values of carbon stock in living biomass to ours were obtained for boreal larch-and birchdominated forests in north-eastern China. The carbon stock in larch trees was assessed as 49.3 t C per unit area and in birch trees as 42.4 t C ha -1 (Wei et al. 2013). Once completed, it is possible to estimate the increment and drain of merchantable stocks in a country's forests. ...
The carbon stock in living forest biomass was quantified based on first-cycle State Forest Inventory (SFI) measurements in permanent sample plots. The total carbon stock in above- and below-ground living biomass was assessed to be 46.9 ±0.4 × 10 ⁹ tons C and average carbon stock at 52.1 ±0.5 t C ha–1 as of 2020. The State Forest Register (SFR), the primary source of consolidated information on Russia’s forests, estimates the forest growing stock to be 83.1 × 10 ⁹ m ³ . The total growing stock volume in the forests, according to the SFI amounted to 113.1 × 10 ⁹ m3. Owing to the updated and significantly higher growing stock volume, the estimate of carbon stock in living bio-mass is approximately 35% higher than previously reported. The uncertainty of the total and average carbon stocks based on SFI data was substantially lower (approximately ±1%) than that reported in previous studies (±15–30%). Methods of accounting for the carbon stock in living biomass, the results of calculations for forest lands throughout the country, units of the administrative division, and forest zoning were considered. Assessment of living biomass based on representative sampling can substantially improve the relevance and reliability of national forest reporting.
... Fonte: Autores (2022) As florestas da China somam um importante parcela do total de florestas boreais e temperadas no hemisfério norte, resultados obtidos por Wei et al (2013), confirmam uma grande capacidade de armazenamento de biomassa nesses tipos de florestas (Wei et al., 2013). ...
... Fonte: Autores (2022) As florestas da China somam um importante parcela do total de florestas boreais e temperadas no hemisfério norte, resultados obtidos por Wei et al (2013), confirmam uma grande capacidade de armazenamento de biomassa nesses tipos de florestas (Wei et al., 2013). ...
O objetivo central deste trabalho é avaliar a disponibilidade de informações sobre a quantificação de carbono na restauração florestal. Especificamente, buscamos responder: (i) Com que frequência a quantificação de carbono em áreas de restauração florestal têm sido alvo de estudos nos últimos anos?; (ii) Quais são os países que mais publicam?; (iii) Quais são as revistas e áreas de pesquisa mais frequentes?; (iv) Qual é o método de restauração mais utilizado e a vegetação mais frequente?; (v) Qual é o software mais usado?; (vi) Qual é o satélite e a metodologia mais predominante? Após a triagem dos dados, apenas 38 estudos foram considerados nas análises deste trabalho. A maioria dos trabalhos (n=15) foram publicados por autores da China, Alemanha (n=4) e USA (n=4). O ano com mais publicações sobre o tema foi 2021 (n=8). As revistas que obtiveram maior número de publicações foram Environmental Research Letters, Forest Ecology and Management e Remote Sensing, com 6 artigos publicados cada uma. No que se refere às áreas de pesquisa, Environmental Sciences (n=16), Biodiversity Conservation, Ecology e Forestry (n=4) obtiveram maior frequência nos resultados de pesquisa. A metodologia de restauração mais citada foi a de Reflorestamento (n=17). O ArcGIS (n=8) e o satélite Landsat (n-17), respectivamente, foram os softwares e os satélites mais utilizados nos artigos. A floresta subtropical (n=7) e a floresta boreal (n=7) apareceram com maior frequência nos trabalhos. A metodologia mais usada foi modelagem (n=13), seguida por classificação supervisionada (n=5). O continente asiático (n=24) foi o lugar mais estudado pelos pesquisadores. Os trabalhos acerca do mapeamento de estudos que abordam a quantificação de carbono em áreas de restauração na base de dados Web of Science foram relativamente poucos. Olhando especificamente para a temática da técnica de restauração florestal por semeadura direta, não foi encontrado nenhum artigo que abordasse essa questão. É necessário testar a quantificação de carbono em diversos métodos de restauração florestal.
... Changes in the forest areal extent and interannual variations in forest biomass dominate the long-term net carbon flux between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere (Houghton 2005;Pugh et al. 2019). The biomass OC of the forest increases with the growing forest age, and the carbon sink function differs substantially among various forest types (Wei et al. 2013;Hu et al. 2015a;Hu et al. 2015b). ...
The degradation of Xing’an permafrost affects the stability of carbon pool and carbon emissions of the hemiboreal ecosystem in Northeast China. Due to the lack of long-term monitoring and detailed research, changes in carbon stock in terrestrial ecosystems in the Xing’an permafrost regions in Northeast China remain little known. In this study, we conducted more accurate simulations for the aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), dead organic carbon (DOC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 0–30 cm in permafrost regions in Northeast China using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The model was applied using multi-period land use/land cover (LULC) and carbon density data from the late 1980s, 2000, 2010, and 2020. In Northeast China, the permafrost extent shrank rapidly by 108,600 km² from 365,300 km² in the 1980s to 256,700 km² in the 2010s. The total carbon stock in permafrost regions in Northeast China was estimated at 4293.04 Tg C in the 1980s and at 4049.56 Tg C in the 2010s. Based on the permafrost extent of the 1980s, it was estimated that from the late 1980s to 2020, the LULC transformation resulted in the reduction of carbon stock by 33.53 Tg C, while the carbon fixation of vegetation growth increased by 1205.18 Tg C, i.e. a net carbon accumulation of 1149.15 Tg C. However, this estimate of the increasing carbon pool still awaits more systematic studies on the carbon budgets at larger soil depths of the top 2–3 m soils. This estimate can provide a timely preliminary estimate of the carbon pool as the baseline in the permafrost region of Northeast China for national and regional initiatives of carbon neutralization.
... (1) Carbon storage Based on land covers and their respective carbon storage [45][46][47][48][49], a regional multiecosystem above-ground carbon stock calculation model was established. The model assumed that the average age of forests in 1988 was 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 years, respectively, and then calculated the ecosystem carbon storage; subsequently, the data of multiple starting years (six layers per year) were averaged to obtain the ecosystem carbon sequestration from 1988-2019. ...
Ecosystem services (ES) are directly affected by land use and land cover changes (LUCC); however, the impacts of extended period LUCC on ES are poorly explored. Here, we mapped the 1998–2019 annual land use and land cover in the Dongting Lake Region (China) and explored the spatiotemporal evolution of LUCC and landscape patterns (i.e., composition, shape, and aggregation) and their relationship with ES, including carbon storage, gross primary production (GPP), water conservation capacity, and crop yield in the region. The results showed a significant increase in forest areas and impervious surfaces and a decrease in croplands and bare lands with spatial heterogeneity. Carbon storage was strongly correlated with forest, cropland, waterbody, impervious surface, and bare land, and there was a nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES. The trade-offs and synergies (correlations) among ES varied considerably, with crop yield being significantly synergistic with carbon stocks, GPP, or GPP with carbon stocks. This study revealed the nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES, and the mechanism of landscape characteristics on ES. The findings can provide scientific support for regional land use planning, ES regulation, and landscape optimization in the lake region.
... India's carbon stock is estimated to be 7,204 million tonnes (FSI, 2021). The carbon pool of a forest ecosystem varies with the age structure (Clark et al., 2004), forest type (Wei et al., 2013) and dominant tree species (Gogoi et al., 2020). The change in the climatic behaviour over the years, results in the changes in structure, composition and function of forest ecosystems (Chakraborty et al., 2018). ...
The present study deals with the assessment of species composition, biomass, carbon stock and carbon
sequestration potential of sub-tropical forests of Darjeeling, eastern Himalaya. Tree density, basal area, index
and diameter class were used to assess the structural attributes of forest trees. The importance value score for
the tree varied from 1.803 to 2.665. The Shannon diversity index, concentration of dominance, evenness index
and Menhinick richness index were, 3.588, 0.032, 0.948 and 2.566, respectively. The assessment of biomass
was based on diameter at breast height, tree height and wood density. Biomass was estimated using
generalized allometric equation which was later converted to the carbon stock. The study site stored 33.53 Mg
C ha-1 total carbon stock and 123.048 Mg CO2 ha-1 carbon dioxide equivalent. Schima wallichii was the
dominant species in terms of carbon storage. The correlation between aboveground biomass with height and
diameter squared height (D2H) showed significant positive correlation whereas, moderate correlation was
observed with diameter. Nevertheless, the findings from this study will provide baseline information for
carbon pool accounting and climate change mitigation in Himalayan forests.
