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Soil bulk density, organic carbon and carbon stock in one meter depth in each soil order in Sumatra derived from the legacy data.
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Indonesian soil data collection has been carried out for more than a hundred years. However, a digital soil database management (SDBM) system of ICALRD was just started around the 80's. Since then, a large number of digital data in spatial, tabular and metadata formats have been collected and generated. There are some application softwares of soil...
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... is presented as andic, therefore a further group of soils with similar properties with Dystrandepts is Hapludands ( Uehara and Ikawa H, 2000;Parfitt andClayden, 1991, Dahlgren et al., 2004). Data required for estimating Soil Carbon stock derived from Sumatra database (LREP I) shown in Table 2. ...
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Citations
... The soils under rubber production had significantly less C (1.3%) than the palm sites (2.0-3.3%). The C concentrations for the soils of the four palm sites presented in Table 3 were comparable to the mean C concentration of 2.1% reported for tropical Oxisols [58]. The significantly lower C concentration under the rubber plantation may be a result of soil type, as tropical Ultisols typically have a lower mean C (1.9%) [58]. ...
... The C concentrations for the soils of the four palm sites presented in Table 3 were comparable to the mean C concentration of 2.1% reported for tropical Oxisols [58]. The significantly lower C concentration under the rubber plantation may be a result of soil type, as tropical Ultisols typically have a lower mean C (1.9%) [58]. The C concentrations at Sites A-D were similar to C concentrations of Indonesian oil palm soils in Gunung Leuser National Park area reported in the literature: Asnur [37] reported the majority of soils in a palm production area within Leuser were within the range of 1-2%, while Wasis [38] reported a mean organic C concentration of 0.57%, decreased from 7.7% following conversion from forest to oil palm. ...
Palm oil production in Southeast Asia often occurs on nutrient-poor, acidic soils converted from primary forest. Both the agricultural conversion and the production of oil palm are subsidised in Indonesia. As well as depleting soil organic C and plant nutrients, agricultural production on these soils can result in the accumulation of trace elements (TEs)—including micronutrients and non-essential trace elements—from the use of TE-containing agrichemicals including phosphate fertilisers and Cu fungicides. We tested the hypothesis that palm soils will have lower C concentrations than forest soils, as well as accumulation of TEs including Cu, Zn and Cd. Soil samples from active and abandoned oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, were analysed for general soil properties as well as TE concentrations. Soils were acidic and low in key nutrients, with production likely to be limited by deficiencies of N, P, K, Mg and Mo, present at some sites in mean concentrations as low as 0.021%, 118 mg kg−1, 778 mg kg−1, 1023 mg kg−1 and 0.095 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean organic C was lower (2.0–3.3%) than reported values in nearby forest soils (7.7%). Soils under palm production contained elevated levels of Cu, Zn, As and Pb up to 38, 91, 9.0 and 28 mg kg−1, respectively, likely due to agrichemical use. The correction of nutrient deficiencies in palm production would require significant fertiliser inputs, which would exacerbate TE accumulation and reduce the net economic revenue from oil production. Our data have shown that in the plantations we have sampled, soils have become degraded. These tropical, weathered, and naturally nutrient-poor soils are ill suited to intensive production that requires high ongoing nutrient inputs. These findings have implications for the sustainability of a regionally significant production system across Southeast Asia.
... Although soil carbon-organic content declined with depth, the total carbon storage capacity of the deeper soil layers was larger than that of the surface soil layers, due to increased soil bulk density with depth. Carbon stocks in the top 30 cm of soil at our sites were in the range of the soil-carbon stock of mineral soils in Indonesia, ranging from 42.21 Mg C ha −1 to 167.64 Mg C ha −1 [48]. The soil organic C in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) is, mostly, determined by the intensity and duration of the fire [49]. ...
Understanding the recovery rate of forest carbon stocks and biodiversity after disturbance, including fire, is vital for developing effective climate-change-mitigation policies and actions. In this study, live and dead carbon stocks aboveground, belowground, and in the soil to a 30 cm depth, as well as tree and shrub species diversity, were measured in a tropical lowland dry forest, 23 years after a fire in 1998, for comparison with adjacent unburned reference forests. The results showed that 23 years since the fire was insufficient, in this case, to recover live forest carbon and plant species diversity, to the level of the reference forests. The total carbon stock, in the recovering 23-year-old forest, was 199 Mg C ha-1 or about 90% of the unburned forest (220 Mg C ha-1), mainly due to the contribution of coarse woody debris and an increase in the 5–10 cm soil horizon’s organic carbon, in the burned forest. The carbon held in the live biomass of the recovering forest (79 Mg C ha-1) was just over half the 146 Mg C ha-1 of the reference forest. Based on a biomass mean annual increment of 6.24±1.59 Mg ha-1 yr-1, about 46 ± 17 years would be required for the aboveground live biomass to recover to equivalence with the reference forest. In total, 176 plant species were recorded in the 23-year post-fire forest, compared with 216 in the unburned reference forest. The pioneer species Macaranga gigantea dominated in the 23-year post-fire forest, which was yet to regain the similar stand structural and compositional elements as those found in the adjacent unburned reference forest.
... Penelitian Shofiyati, dkk dan C. Weiss, dkk menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove di wilayah lahan basah Indonesia secara luas memiliki potensi besar untuk sekuestrasi karbon organik tanah. Komposisi vegetasi yang beragam diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan kemampuan serapan karbon yang disimpan dalam tanah [14][15]. ...
... The soil in the forest area within Kalikungkuk micro watershed is characterized by low soil bulk density (0.6-0.9 g cm -3 ) and high silt content at 0 -50 cm depth of soil (49.65 -74.83 % of silt), which are mainly found in andic soil. This result is comparable to the soil bulk density value from Andisol in Indonesia (0.80 ± 0.05 g cm -3 ) which was reported by Shofiyati et al. (2010). Within the forest area, the ridge position has a higher silt content at 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm depth of soil and sand content at 30-50 cm depth of soil as compared to those in the sloped and valley positions ( Figure 3). ...
Degradation of soil functions in storing and cycling nutrients may be related to topography and land-use change. The research aimed to analyze the impact of land-use changes and slope positions on soil function in nutrient stock within Kalikungkuk micro watershed of East Java, Indonesia. Four different land-uses such as vegetable crops, agroforestry, shrub and forest were selected with three slope positions (e.g. ridge, slope, and valley), and three replications of each. Soil samples were collected at 0-10, 10-30, 30-50, and 50-100 cm depth of soil. Variables measured included soil properties (e.g. bulk density, soil texture, pH, CEC, soil nutrients). Slope positions impact on differences in soil physical (i.e. soil bulk density, soil texture) and chemical (i.e. total N, exchangeable K) properties. In addition, forest conversion to other land-uses (i.e. agroforestry, shrub, vegetable crops) decreased soil nutrient concentration (i.e. total C, total N, Ca, Mg, Na), and consequently resulted in degradation of soil nutrient stocks of especially C and N. The strong positive correlation between soil nutrient stock (e.g. C and N) and vegetation cover such as canopy cover, basal area, and litter (r = 0.63 – 0.78, r table 1% = 0.39) showed the benefit of biodiversity in maintaining soil function on the nutrient stock.
... While soil bulk density was not significantly different among treatments and depths, a single mean bulk density value averaged over all treatments and soil depths was used in this study (1.07 Mg m -3 with standard deviation of ±0.11 Mg m -3 ) for SOC calculation. Soil organic carbon stock was calculated according to Shofiyati et al. (2010), which is given below: ...
Maintenance of organic carbon in soil (SOC) is critically important for sustained agricultural productivity and environmental quality. This paper presents SOC resulting from differences in tillage types and demonstrates how mulch and nitrogen (N) application can mediate the tillage functions on SOC and crop productivities. The results are derived from a 4-year field-scale study carried out in a low-land under sub-tropical hot and humid environment of Nepal. It compared eight treatment combinations, viz., tillage (no-tillage and conventional tillage), mulch (no-mulch and 12 Mg ha−1 year−1 of mulch), and N application (recommended versus leaf color chart method) under rice–wheat cropping system. Seasonal grain and biomass yields of these crops were recorded and at the end of the 4-year study, quantified the organic carbon stock of soil; Within 15 cm of surface soil, SOC stock (Mg C ha−1) was statistically (p < 0.05) higher on no-tillage plots (11.2–11.8) than on conventional tillage plots (9.2–10.5). The treatment effect was more pronounced on winter wheat productivity where conventional tillage combined with straw-mulch exceled the performance of no-tillage. Clearly, no-tillage had the environmental benefit, and conventional tillage had the crop productivity benefit. © 2015 The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer Japan
... Peat profiles can be several meters deep, so their carbon storage can be an order of magnitude more than any forest. For example, the carbon stock in 1 m of peat (200-864 t C ha −1 m −1 ; Shofiyati et al. 2010;Agus et al. 2011) is one to three times that of aboveground biomass in an old-growth rainforest. Although the aboveground biomass of forests on peat is less than that on mineral soils, converting natural forest on peat leads to much higher carbon emissions, for two reasons: 1) if fire is used in land clearing, or escapes in the landscape owing to clearing elsewhere, several decimetres of peat can burn; 2) in drained peat, soil microbes can decompose the substrate and lead to a subsidence rate of initially several centimetres per year, with additional subsidence owing to compaction of the peat; subsidence influences water management and is used as indicator of carbon emissions, after correction for compaction (see below). ...
Tropical peatlands are known not only for their high, area-based, carbon emissions in response to land-use change but also as hot spots of debate about associated data uncertainties. Perspectives are still evolving on factors underlying the variability and uncertainty. Debate includes the ways of reducing emissions through rewetting, reforestation and agroforestry. A knowledge value-chain that is long and complex links (a) fundamental understanding of peat and peatland processes leading to sciencebased quantification and default values, (b) willingness and (c) ability to act towards emission reduction, and ultimately (d) to local, national and global actions that effectively provide rules, incentives and motivation to conserve peat and reduce emissions. We discuss this value chain, its stakeholders and issues that still remain partially unresolved. We conclude that, to shorten the denial and conspiracy-theory stages of debate that otherwise slow down steps B and C, networks of international and national scientists have to be involved at the early stage of identifying policysensitive environmental issues. Models span part of the knowledge value-chain but transition of analysis units requires specific attention, from soil volumes through area and commodity flows to opportunities for reductions. While drainage of peatlands triggers landscape-scale increases in emissions, factors beyond drainage depth, including nutrient supply, may have a major influence on decomposition rates. Attempts to disentangle the contributions of plant and peat-based respiration in surface flux measurements involve assumptions that cannot be easily verified in comparisons between land uses. With progress on A leading to new internationally accepted defaults and with resistance on step B reduced, the reality of C and lack of working solutions for D is currently constraining further progress.
... Inceptisols (7), Alfisols (2), Ultisols (9), Spodosols (2), Oxisols (2), Histosols (4), Entisols (10), Mollisols (5), and Vertisols (3). As of 2010, 72% of Indonesian soil is covered by a 1:250 000 map and 21% by semi detailed maps (≤ 1:100 000) ( Shofiyati et al., 2010). In addition, a land system map at the scale of 1:250,000 is available in the whole country (RePPProt, 1985). ...
... The second source of legacy data is soil map, which includes histor- ical soil maps with legends and soil observations. The status of soil survey mapping has been discussed by some authors (inter alia Hidayat, 2009;Hikmatullah and Hidayat, 2007;Shofiyati et al., 2010). Although, these authors have presented the overall mapped coverage, there is no information regarding the meta data of Indonesian legacy soil maps including information content, detail, and terminology. ...
Soil legacy data are basic input data for digital soil mapping. Any monitoring of global soil change cannot be successful unless soil data availability and characterization at the national level are well understood. Spatial data infrastructure frequently hampers many developing countries to take advantage of their soil legacy data for digital soil mapping at the national and regional level. While the initial purpose for developing a soil database is to store survey data, it cannot be efficiently used to support quantitative, digital soil mapping and assessment. This paper aims to develop a prototype soil observation database for global soil mapping in Indonesia. We will outline the steps needed to prepare legacy data for digital soil mapping, and describe the challenges and the Indonesian responses. The steps cover (i) legacy data identification and collection, (ii) data selection, (iii) database development and population, (iv) data harmonization and display, and (v) dataset integration. Because of uncoordinated and poorly-defined soil databases, we have to resort to a pragmatic approach to build a new and simpler database to support mapping activities. Historical soil survey reports and soil maps were collected, scanned, and summarized. After various considerations, we decided to only use soil profile observations which have clear geographical coordinates. We designed a database for soil profile observations and implemented it at two levels: spatial site data and horizon data. Spatial site data includes site geographical coordinates and attributes, while horizon data includes soil physical and chemical properties. The depths of soil profile database entries were standardized using the equal-area spline. Soil legacy data management for supporting digital soil mapping and GlobalSoilMap.net project are then discussed. These steps and data management are found helpful in Indonesia and this experience may be useful for other countries having similar impediment.
... However, a digi- tal soil database management (SDBM) system of Indo- nesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Re- search and Development (ICALRD) was just started around the 80's. Since then, a large amount of digital data in spatial, tabular and metadata formats have been collected and generated [1]. The large number of soil data can be utilized to support agricultural development planning. ...
Biodiversity and climate change are interrelated, so a coordinated approach is needed to cover it by focusing on how landscapes provide many benefits. The Mbeliling landscape, Flores is the smallest management unit in an ecological perspective, essential for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity, especially for the endemic birds of Flores. Efforts to preserve biodiversity are also expected to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The study aims to produce data and information on biodiversity and potential carbon stocks at the land cover of the Mbeliling landscape. Desk study and field survey were used to answer research questions. The Mbeliling landscape has eight types of tree vegetation land cover that can serve as carbon sinks and the habitat for four species of Flores endemic birds. Approximately 139 species of vegetation with the total carbon stocks could potentially absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of ± 103.63 Mt CO 2 -e. The type of land cover significantly influences carbon stocks. The land cover with forest category in the Mbeliling landscape has the most extensive carbon stock among other land cover types. This result can be used as a reference in managing the Mbeliling landscape in integrating efforts to conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change through the REDD+ scheme.
Tidal peatlands in Numfor and Supiori Island, Papua are unique because it accumulates above coral limestone on the tidal environment. The substratum layer is solid coral limestone (lithic contact). The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and carbon stocks in these areas. The soil samples were collected from each horizon for chemical and physical analysis. Carbon stocks estimation was calculated by multiplying peat
thickness, area, bulk density, and organic C content in each soil map unit. The results showed that tidal peat soil reaction was acid to neutral (pH H2O 4.9 to 7.3), while soil salinity was very high (8.32 to 22.3 dS m-1). The cation content is very high in the order of dominance of Na> Ca> Mg> K. Peat thickness varied from shallow to deep (50 to <300 cm). Soil organic C content ranged from 23.03 to 46.99% and bulk density ranged from 0.12 to 0.36 g cm-3. The average of carbon stock in each peat soil map unit was 1.151 to 1.314 t ha-1. Peat soils deposited on coral limestone in this region should be preserved as conservation areas due to its functions as a carbon sink and part of a tidal hydrological unit.
