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The impact of sports events on the promotion of physical activity, healthy lifestyles and sports participation is debatable, and most of the literature is on mega-events. This begs the question if more evidence of this type of impact can be found for non-mega events. Research on sports legacy often refers to the tangible effects such as infrastruct...
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... total, the survey involved 510 fans, of which 256 were residents of Poznan and the closest neighborhoods, and the remaining 254 fans (sports tourists) were people who declared a different place of residence than Poznan, but the main purpose of their travel was to cheer during the half marathon. The socio-demographic characteristics of respondents are presented below (Table 1). A sample of 510 fans: 180 men respondents and 330 women participated in the research voluntarily. ...Context 2
... between two groups of respondents were not found (p > 0.05). Table 10 presents the study of the level of intensity of the motivation to participate in the Poznan Half Marathon in the future-depending on the place of the residence-were on the average level between locals-50.56% and 56.30% between tourists. ...Context 3
... 56.30% between tourists. The level of intensity of the motivation to participate in the Poznan Half Marathon in the future-depending on the place of the residence (Table 11)-was at the average level 7.5 for sports tourists and 7.45 for residents of Poznan. Differences between two groups of respondents were not found (p > 0.05). ...Context 4
... and older surveyed fans were also asked if the cheering in the surveyed event have the influence on the level of intensity of the motivation to undertake PA due to cheering in the 6th Poznan Half Marathon. They were divided (Table 12) according to age. Almost 71.08% people at the age up to 25 years old, and 75% of people aged over 50 years old answered yes. ...Context 5
... between two groups of respondents were not found (p > 0.05). Young and older surveyed fans were asked if the cheering in the surveyed event have the influence on the level of intensity of the motivation to participate in the Poznan Half Marathon in the future (Table 14). "Yes" said 56.63% people at the age up to 25 years old, and 37.50% people at the age over 50 years old. ...Context 6
... level of intensity of the motivation to participate in the Poznan Half Marathon in the future-depending on age (according to Likert scale)-was on the high level of 7.50 for respondents at the age up to 25 years old and 7.72 for respondents at the age over 50 years old (Table 15). Differences between two groups of respondents were not found (p > 0.05). ...Citations
... T he concepts of health promotion have gained traction and are being used worldwide [1]. Around the globe, various interventions are implemented to support wellness and a healthy lifestyle [1]. ...
... T he concepts of health promotion have gained traction and are being used worldwide [1]. Around the globe, various interventions are implemented to support wellness and a healthy lifestyle [1]. Recreational running, considered a healthy lifestyle, has become a popular and widespread physical activity (PA) to improve and maintain health and physical fitness [2]. ...
... It is therefore urgent to define this concept in context, so that researchers can unify criteria, allowing them to compare their analyses. This review mainly found research that focused on sport impacts (Chen and Henry, 2016;Frawley and Van den Hoven, 2015;Malchrowicz-Mosko, et al., 2019), secondly, on economic impacts (Jerkunica et al., 2017;Parra et al., 2018;Salgado et al., 2018) and, thirdly, on urban/infrastructure impacts (Añó et al., 2012;Butel-Ribeiro and Schor, 2017;Parra et al., 2018). Two of the three mentioned (sport and urban/infrastructure) are not found in Preuss and Solberg's (2006) classification. ...
Researchers recognise the importance of the legacies and impacts generated by sport events, both in the host city and globally. In turn, there are many actors who participate in them, both directly and indirectly, and who are affected, both positively and negatively, by them. This research aims to identify and compile the existing scientific literature on the legacy, heritage, and related concepts, such as impact and/or leverage, of sport events. To this end, a systematic literature review was carried out, focusing the search on Web of Science, Scopus, Pub Med, and Sport Discus, where 35 articles were finally collected, in which the sum of 44 sport events were studied. It was identified that the most studied types of events were the Olympic Games and World Championships. In relation to the types of legacies, sport stands out, while in the types of impacts, sport and economic impacts stand out. It can be deduced from this research that, although there is a great deal of interest in the subject, there is still a need to go deeper into the concepts to reach a consensus on them, thus being able to achieve more solid results.
... For their part, Storm and Holum (2020) did not find any direct positive effects from local sporting success on mass sport participation (Storm and Holum, 2020). Some studies show that observing a mass event has a positive impact on the willingness to engage in regular physical activity as well as the willingness to take part in a sporting event in the future, but such studies have tended to be declarative in nature (Malchrowicz-Mośko et al., 2019b). However, Taks et al. (2018) argued in favor of other positive effects that may translate into increased interest in sport in the future (so-called long-term effects), including increasing alliances between sports organizations, event organizers, and non-sport stakeholders (to strengthen the link between events for viewers/spectators and participation in sport). ...
The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between attitudes toward physical activity and participation in water sports events and to recognize the main motives for involvement in these kinds of events. A written paper–pencil diagnostic survey was conducted among 394 participants in two traditional and two modern sports events on water held in Poland to ascertain whether innovative (modern) events are needed in society, and whether they cause an increase in interest in physical activity (more than traditional events). The research results showed that modern sports events on water did not have any more power to attract physically inactive people than traditional water events, did not produce a greater desire to lead an active lifestyle, and did not encourage people to more regularly practice water sports. Moreover, modern events, compared to traditional events, were only a one-time experience and the people who completed survey often wanted to return to traditional sports events which provided participants with greater positive emotions than a modern event. In the case of socio-demographical variables, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender and choice of modern or traditional event, but older people were more likely to choose a traditional event than younger people; modern water events were an attractive option primarily for young people under 30 years of age, furthermore, modern events more often attracted people who had completed higher education. However, it turned out that a modern event on water often attracted more people who had had no experience in this sport discipline rather than people who chose traditional water events. In a sense, modern events are therefore effective in promoting water sports in Polish society. We also distinguished five main groups of participants: healthy lifestyle managers, lovers of sports emotions, water sports malcontents, water sports enthusiasts, and neutrals to water sports. Additionally, we looked into gender-related motives for participation in modern and traditional water events: social and health-related motives proved to be more important for women and men who participated in modern water events. The research results presented in the article expand on the current state of knowledge about mass participation in sport, the impact of sporting events on the promotion of physical activity, and show the motivation behind participation in modern and traditional water sporting events.
... The scenes visible at the event are carefully designed, and numerous auxiliary features are offered, such as food vendors, accessory booths, concerts, and raffle counters [34]. The magnificent scene of a crowd running together encourages runners to run fast [35]. ...
... [ The race offers the spectacular view of many runners advancing together. [35] ...
This study established a new assessment framework to explore the mutual influences of the international marathon tourism indices. A hybrid multiple-criteria decision-making model was used to determine solutions. The surveyed expert team revealed that satisfaction with the Kaohsiung International marathon indices requires improvement, especially in the age of pandemic crisis. To make marathon tourism sustainable, we propose the following systematic improvement procedures: Decision-makers should improve the manager’s professional capabilities and ability to use a comprehensive thinking model to solve problems. Next, managers should invite tourism practitioners from neighboring areas to provide more diverse food and performances along the marathon route. Citizens should be invited to join the cheerleaders to create a lively atmosphere. In addition to the full marathon and half marathon, a completion certificate and a better gift should be provided to participants of races of other distances to increase their sense of self-worth and to encourage more runners to participate, thereby ensuring a more robust crowd of runners at the starting line.
... Several studies suggest that live spectating facilitates the occurrence of TDE (e.g., [10,58,59,72,[79][80][81]. Specifically, [10] hypothesized that what people think about, and what they feel while immersed in a spectator experience, can have a profound influence on post-event decisions to participate. ...
... Moreover, live spectating was found to yield different types of increases in sport participation behavior, i.e., initial, sustained, and lagged effects [70]. In addition, spectating at a half marathon in Poland had a positive effect on people's willingness to participate in sport and running after the event [79]. Likewise, inspiration from spectating at the 2002 Football World Cup was found to have a positive effect on immediate football participation [58]. ...
Policy makers often legitimize bids for major sport events and public funding of elite sports by trickle-down effects, suggesting that hosting events, sporting success, and athlete role models inspire the population to participate themselves in sport and physical activity. According to previous review articles, empirical evidence of trickle-down effects are mixed, with several studies citing marginal or no effect. The purpose of this study is to apply a realist synthesis approach to evaluate under which conditions trickle-down effects occur (i.e., what works for whom under which circumstances?). Using rapid evidence assessment methodology, 58 empirical articles were identified in the search process and critically analyzed through the lens of realist synthesis evaluation. The analysis identified six conditions under which trickle-down effects have occurred: Event leveraging initiatives, capacity of community sport to cater for new participants, live spectating experiences, consumption possibilities on television or other media, and communities housing event venues. The findings have implications for the sustainability of sport policy decisions and public finance, as the likelihood of trickle-down effects increases with integrated planning and sustainable spending related to the above six conditions.
... The analyzed small scale events are mainly perceived by researchers as a stimulator of tourism development and a chance for the general development of cities and regions [88,89]. Many studies are primarily concerned with identifying motivations and benefits for active or inactive participants of events (and less often for residents) [90][91][92][93][94][95] but in the context of impact on destinations, the authors write about protected areas [96]. Recently, there have also been publications in which attention is devoted not only to modern sporting events but also to historical sporting events in the field of impact on the local society [97,98]. ...
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of non-mega sporting events on the perception of negative externalities of host residents. The detailed aim of the study was to examine whether the inhabitants of the city feel the negative effects of organizing sporting events (communication problems or inappropriate behavior of supporters) and do they believe that these events increase the level of crime in the city or, despite these inconveniences, they are satisfied with the organization of sporting events in their place of residence. The case study is the city of Poznan and two, well-known events in this agglomeration. The first one is the Poznan Half Marathon—medium scale mass event, the second one is Cavaliada—elite international equestrian event. The theoretical part of this article presents the meaning of sporting events organization for tourism industry and indicates the positive and negative effects this kind of tourism brings to host cities. The whole refers to the theoretical foundations of the term of “overtourism”. The second part of the manuscript presents empirical research results, between 774 active and passive participants, which was conducted by the method of diagnostic survey. The results of this research show that both athletes as well as fans of the Half Marathon said that the Poznan Half Marathon event causes bothersome communication problems in the city and some other social problems. The inhabitants only experience minor inconveniences that felt as a result of organizing sporting events in the city. The negative impact of Cavaliada was very low. For checking the differences between the two examined groups of respondents: Half Marathon fans and Cavaliada fans, Chi-square test and U Mann Whitney’s test was used. The participants feel bothersome communication problems that cause the Half Marathon and have an average level of dissatisfaction higher than the average level of dissatisfaction of Cavaliada participants. Moreover, the participants in the Half Marathon have an average level of satisfaction with the organization of sports events in Poznan significantly lower than the average level of satisfaction of Cavaliada participants. Therefore, an elite equestrian sporting event is less burdensome for its residents and gives them more satisfaction.
... The authorities of the city of Poznan should follow such guidelines when developing sports and recreation facilities and promoting a healthy, active lifestyle of residents. However, it should be remembered that the size and condition of the sports and recreation infrastructure depends primarily on the level of the country's economic development and pro-health awareness of its citizens [78][79][80][81]. Nobody has studied the difficulties limiting the access to sports and recreation facilities in the city of Poznan. ...
The range of sports and recreation facilities’ offer should be very wide in order for all social groups of the examined environment to have access to sports and recreation facilities. Therefore, Poznan City Hall should take into account all difficulties that limit the access to these facilities when preparing management policy of sports and recreation infrastructure and its functioning. That is why the main goal of this study is to recognize difficulties limiting the access to sports and recreation facilities in this city. The research carried out at indoor tennis courts (16 facilities), indoor swimming polls (12 facilities) and fitness clubs (11 facilities) in Poznan covered 1159 service recipients (using the services of a given sports and recreation facility). The author-constructed questionnaire addressed to the service recipients (residents of the city of Poznan who use the services offered at the examined sports and recreation facilities). Furthermore, the service recipients were divided into a group of people doing sports competitively and a group of recipients who have never practiced sports as professional athletes. The validated questionnaire sent to the examined service recipients included suggestions of difficulties that may limit the access to sports and recreation facilities in the city of Poznan. Further analysis of the importance of difficulties that limit the access to sports and recreation facilities may allow indicating the reason why recreational activity of residents is limited. A lower level of satisfaction and thus a lower rating of the respondents was obtained by a set of features constituting, according to the respondents, difficulties limiting the access to the use of sports and recreation facilities (high prices and too great of a distance of the sports and recreation facility from the place of residence).
... They have been analysed as a stimulator of touristic development [46]. Not only motivations of runners [47], but also running supporters have been examined [48], as has the impact of running events on the local community [49]. Malchrowicz-Mośko et al., (2018) also determined what impact achieving a self-set sports goal had on the level of satisfaction with running in a half-marathon. ...
The aim of the study was to investigate if years of running experience influence the motivations of marathon athletes. An empirical study was conducted during the last (20th) PKO Poznan Marathon, one of the largest and most popular mass running events in Poland, which was held in Poznan (Poland) in October 2019. A total of 493 marathon runners (29% of whom were female, and 71% of whom were male) took part in the cross-sectional study, which used the diagnostic survey method. The questionnaire employed the division of motives from the motivation of marathoners scale (MOMS) by Masters et al., adapted to the Polish language by Dybala. Running motivations have already been analysed for variables such as age, gender and place of residence, but there is a research gap regarding existing research, as the relationship between motivations and running experience has not yet been studied. One-way analysis of variance for independent samples was used to verify statistical hypotheses. Prior to making the relevant calculations, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was checked via Levene’s test. Variances were assessed with an F-test, and if they were unequal, Welch’s correction was applied. Eta squared (η2) was used as a measure of effect size. The calculations carried out showed that running experience was not a statistically significant factor in the motivations of runners taking part in a marathon.
... Staying in such a specific sports microworld, in return, offers runners a deepening of personal identity, enabling authentic rooting in the community of other running enthusiasts, and on the other hand, broad social recognition, especially for those who do not lose hope that they may someday join them. Previous studies show that a running event has the potential to encourage for running people who have not been physically active before the event (e.g., inactive supporters) [46]. ...
Despite the growing interest in extreme sports around the world, researchers have rarely investigated the complex factors that have led to a developed commitment to extreme sports in recent years. Precisely, the social identity of ultramarathoners remains a research niche. The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of a sports event on shaping social identity of ultramarathon runners on the example of Karkonosze Winter Ultramarathon (held in Poland). The qualitative method used in the article—interviews with runners—made it possible to examine the factors that create social identity, among which the motives for participation, sports subculture, and the authenticity of the experience play a key role. The first part of the article describes the theoretical aspects of social identity in sport. The second, empirical part presents the research results supplemented by the statements of the contestants. In this case, the subject of analysis is the motives for participation in a winter ultramarathon and their characteristics. Lastly, the article analyzes the subculture of ultramarathoners and the experience of contestants’ authenticity. The investigated winter ultramarathon created the perfect space for creation, deepening and celebrating the social identity of ultramarathoners assessed as a value in itself. The article enriches the present knowledge about the motivation of ultramarathoners because, unlike the results of quantitative research, it presents in-depth responses of runners who were not always concerned by existing research questionnaires.
... Teixeira et al. (2012) highlight the importance of autonomous and intrinsic motivations in long-term PA [22]. In addition, participation in sports is closely linked with intrinsic motivations such as enjoyment and achievement [23,24]. Some studies found that a significant number of the participants were not sufficiently active before preparing for the MPSE and became more active both before and after the MPSEs [13,23,25,26]. ...
Mass participation sporting events (MPSEs) are increasing in popularity. However, little research exists into the potential value of these events for improving public health by enhancing physical activity (PA). The aim of this study is to estimate the health impact of increased physical activity as a result of preparing for an MPSE. Participants of a mass participation women-only running event were asked if they performed additional PA in preparation of the event, including the length (weeks) and intensity (min per week). Additionally, self-reported change in health status was evaluated. Based on these results, we have developed a framework for estimating the cumulatively gained quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and monetary value thereof. Of the respondents (N = 468; mean age 42.3 ± 11.9 years), 32% performed additional vigorous PA in preparation of the event, with an average of 63 min per week over 8.8 weeks. Performing additional vigorous PA significantly improved the odds of self-rated health. The estimated total health impact of participants preparing for the Marikenloop was 6.6 QALYs gained with a corresponding monetary value between EUR 133,000 and EUR 532,000. We believe our health impact framework helps to understand that MPSEs can be a notable part of the public health domain.
