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A theory describing the forces governing the self-assembly of nanoparticles at the solid-liquid interface is developed. In the process, new theoretical results are derived to describe the effect that the field penetration of a point-like particle, into an electrode, has on the image potential energy, and pair interaction energy profiles at the elec...
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... The use of MMs as high-frequency sensors has also been considered [11]. The performance of MM sensors is discussed in [12], and the findings indicated that MMs can significantly improve the sensitivity and resolution of the sensors. These provide for additional levels of freedom in the sensor model, which promises to increase sensitivity and simplify readout [13][14][15]. ...
One of the fastest-expanding study areas in optics over the past decade has been metasur-faces (MSs). These subwavelength meta-atom-based ultrathin arrays have been developed for a broad range of functions, including lenses, polarization control, holography, coloring, spectroscopy, sensors, and many more. They allow exact control of the many properties of electromagnetic waves. The performance of MSs has dramatically improved because of recent developments in nanofabrication methods, and this concept has developed to the point that it may be used in commercial applications. In this review, a vital topic of sensing has been considered and an up-to-date study has been carried out. Three different kinds of MS absorber sensor formations, all-dielectric, all-metallic, and hybrid configurations, are presented for biochemical sensing applications. We believe that this review paper will provide current knowledge on state-of-the-art sensing devices based on MSs.
... In recent years, there have been significant improvements in the development of devices for the generation and detection of microwave signals motivated by the telecommunications sector(Shafi et al., 2017; Neil et al., 2017; Remley et al., 2017), which has allowed the development of equipment with precision, accuracy, and miniaturization superior to previous generations of equipment. Consequently, microwave dielectric spectroscopy has also benefited from this evolution, employing these new devices(Nehring et al., 2016; Nasr et al., 2014) together with new methods and techniques(Zhao et al., 2010; Stumper et al., 2014) for new applications previously limited by the barriers of the technologies used(Li et al., 2013; Hörberg et al., 2017; Azizi et al., 2013).Recently, a new and alternative sensing platform using metamaterials has been introduced(Chen et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2011). Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificially engineered materials made of subwavelength resonators that can manipulate electromagnetic waves, causing changes in electromagnetic properties that do not occur or may not be readily available in nature(Ziolkowski et al., 2006).SMART SYSTEMS: THEORY AND ADVANCESCHAPTER VIII 141Metamaterials are being investigated for use in material sensing over a very broad spectral range, through microwave(Holloway et al., 2018;Salim et al., 2018), terahertz(Chowdhury et al., 2013;Al-Naib et al., 2017), and optical(Luk'yanchuk et al., 2010) wavelengths. ...
This book aims to highlight the strength and state-of-art of some techniques and methods applied to intelligent systems. Rather to cover the variety of techniques and methods available in the literature, which is out of scope of this book, it focuses on those consolidated and applied and on those with high potential of implementation to smart systems. This book has fourteen chapters covering abroad range of topics in communications. The first three chapters are devoted to state-of-art and review papers on planar filters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), negative group delay, nanoclusters, and tunable lights, while the remain chapters cover specific topics such as smart monitoring, V2I, high-speed links, RF and Optical sensors, composite material, metamaterial, energy harvesting, radar, SWIPT, and electromagnetic sources.
... In recent years, there have been significant improvements in the development of devices for the generation and detection of microwave signals motivated by the telecommunications sector(Shafi et al., 2017; Neil et al., 2017; Remley et al., 2017), which has allowed the development of equipment with precision, accuracy, and miniaturization superior to previous generations of equipment. Consequently, microwave dielectric spectroscopy has also benefited from this evolution, employing these new devices(Nehring et al., 2016; Nasr et al., 2014) together with new methods and techniques(Zhao et al., 2010; Stumper et al., 2014) for new applications previously limited by the barriers of the technologies used(Li et al., 2013; Hörberg et al., 2017; Azizi et al., 2013).Recently, a new and alternative sensing platform using metamaterials has been introduced(Chen et al., 2012;Huang et al., 2011). Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificially engineered materials made of subwavelength resonators that can manipulate electromagnetic waves, causing changes in electromagnetic properties that do not occur or may not be readily available in nature(Ziolkowski et al., 2006).SMART SYSTEMS: THEORY AND ADVANCESCHAPTER VIII 141Metamaterials are being investigated for use in material sensing over a very broad spectral range, through microwave(Holloway et al., 2018;Salim et al., 2018), terahertz(Chowdhury et al., 2013;Al-Naib et al., 2017), and optical(Luk'yanchuk et al., 2010) wavelengths. ...
This book aims to highlight the strength and state-of-art of some techniques and methods applied to intelligent systems. Rather to cover the variety of techniques and methods available in the literature, which is out of scope of this book, it focuses on those consolidated and applied and on those with high potential of implementation to smart systems. This book has fourteen chapters covering abroad range of topics in communications. The first three chapters are devoted to state-of-art and review papers on planar filters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), negative group delay, nanoclusters, and tunable lights, while the remain chapters cover specific topics such as smart monitoring, V2I, high-speed links, RF and Optical sensors, composite material, metamaterial, energy harvesting, radar, SWIPT, and electromagnetic sources.
... He et al. [19] studied different modes of a 2D subwavelength resonator at which it resonates, and they found that it was appropriate for biosensing. Huang et al. [20] investigated the performance of metamaterial sensor which revealed that metamaterials may considerably advance the sensitivity and resolution of the sensors. Zheludev [21] examined the future trends in metamaterial research and stated that sensor applications are another rapidly growing area of metamaterial study. ...
Nowadays, the demand for low-cost, compact, and interference rejected antennas with ultrawideband capability has been increased. Metamaterial-inspired loaded structures have capability of providing exceptional solutions for narrow range wireless communication and low consuming power while transmitting and receiving the signal. It is a difficult task to construct ideal metamaterial-inspired antennas with a variety of features such as extremely large bandwidth, notching out undesirable bands, and frequency. Metamaterial-inspired structures such as SRR and CSRR, and triangle-shaped TCSRR are most commonly used structures to achieve optimized characteristics in ultrawideband antennas. In this paper, an extensive literature survey is accomplished to get conception about metamaterial-inspired patch antennas. This review paper elucidates variants of metamaterial-inspired structures/resonators utilized in order to acquire sundry applications such as WiMAX, WLAN, satellite communication, and radar. Various researchers have used different methodology to design, stimulate, and analyze the metamaterial-inspired structure loaded antennas. Also, the results of different metamaterial-inspired antennas such as bandwidth, gain, return loss, and resonant frequency have been also represented in this paper. This manuscript also gives brief introduction about the metamaterial, its types, and then its application in microstrip patch antenna over the last decade. This manuscript throws light over the various studies conducted in the field of metamaterial-inspired antenna in the past. It has been seen that with the inclusion of metamaterial in conventional antenna, various characteristics such as impedance bandwidth, reflection coefficient, gain, and directivity have been improved. Also, frequency rejection of narrow bands which exits in ultrawideband frequency range can be done by embedding metamaterial-inspired structures such as SRR and CSRR.
... The results revealed that the 50 mm thickness has the least value of transmission coefficient of 0.1485 at 12 GHz while the highest value for the transmission coefficient at the same frequency was obtained for the 20 mm thickness with a value of 0.5682. The overlapping behavior for the 10, 15 and 20 mm thicknesses between 10 to 11 GHz was similar to the findings in [17,18]. This overlapping may be due to impedance mismatch at the interface of the sample surface and signal during simulation [8]. ...
Transmission coefficient, Rice husks, Electric field visualization, FEM, Rectangular waveguide. Material thickness is one factor that is considered in the selection of materials for usage in microwave applications. The demand for microwaves technology is widely needed in modern applications such as cellular telephone, satellite communication, radar system, global positioning system, and microwave remote sensing systems. Experiments and results abound for microwave properties determination for inorganic materials. Focus has recently been shifted to agricultural waste composite for microwave application. It is on this basis that this work primarily focuses on investigates microwave transmission coefficients and electric field visualization of different rice husk/PCL sizes placed inside a rectangular waveguide using the finite element method (FEM). Determination of the transmission coefficient for different thickness of rice husk/PCL composites were performed at X-band frequency using FEM. The thicknesses for the rice husk/PCL composites simulated were 10, 15, 20, 30, and 50 mm. The results of the simulation for the transmission coefficient revealed that the 50 mm composites had the lowest value of 0.148468 for the transmission coefficient at 12 GHz while the electric field visualization showed that the 50 mm composites have the least value of electric field intensity. The results confirms that the 50 mm thick sample absorbs the highest radiation. Based on the results obtained, all sample thickness can be used for microwave dummies.
... This research intends to make a tri circle split ring resonator-shaped metamaterial sensor for detecting various oil samples with high sensitivity. In the field of microwave sensors, the design of the MTM based sensor has gained enormous attention to the researcher [13]. Emerging technology allows us to create a new material with exceptional EM properties. ...
In this research paper, the sensing capabilities of a tri circle split ring resonator shaped metamaterial is shown within the X-band frequency range for detection of various oil samples both theoretically and experimentally. Mathematical modelling was used to analyze the sensor efficiency for the various oil samples. A new sample holder has been made for the proposed sensor structure, and it showed significant performance. The simulated and measured transmission coefficient has been revealed in this study and monitoring the shift of resonance frequency and sensitivity of the metamaterial sensor for different oil samples. Since the dielectric constants of the oil samples differ, hence the resonance frequency is shifted. The obtained result revealed that the proposed sensor can detect a wide range of liquids, including (i) coconut and extra virgin coconut oils, (ii) olive and extra virgin olive oils, (iii) clean and waste engine oils, (iv) sunflower and canola oils. The resonance frequency has shifted to about 210, 230, 170, and 200 MHz for the above-mentioned oil samples, respectively. The sensitivity of the proposed MTM sensor is -83 dB (mg/L) which is a new analysis and quite significant as a potential sensor structure. Surface current and electric field distributions were used to deduce the sensing process. Since the recommended sensor is cheap and highly sensitive; so, it can be used in a variety of fields, such as detection of various liquids, microfluidic sensing, and industrial applications.
... In recent years, a new microwave sensing platform using the concept of metamaterials has been introduced [19,20]. Metamaterials are artificially engineered materials that can manipulate electromagnetic waves, causing the materials to have electromagnetic properties that do not occur or are not readily available in nature [21]. ...
... In the recent past, several metamaterial-based wireless strain gauges were proposed by designing sensing units based on split ring resonators (SRRs) [41,42], where the sensing units mostly need physical contact with the engineering structure and are intended mostly for in-plane strain monitoring. The principle involves the measurement of resonance frequency shifts caused due to the geometrical variation of the resonator [41][42][43]. ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13349-019-00339-6
The electromagnetic metamaterials are the recent entrants, into the classification of smart materials for structural health monitoring (SHM). Their applications in SHM have raised the curiosity due to their rapid executable speeds in wide-frequency domains. The speed of obtaining health output signals for engineering structures is about 1/100th of the time taken by existing smart material-based frequency domain techniques such as piezoelectric material-based techniques. Recently, we developed an ultra-sensitive near-field sensing technique using metamaterial localized surface plasmon (LSP) ‘sensor’ which produced diagnosable ‘confined surface electromagnetic waves’ for SHM. This paper presents the same near-field sensing technique in the frequency domain but using metamaterial ‘waveguides’ based on propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)/surface waves. For the experiments, a novel robust metamaterial waveguide coupling zone was designed and applied for monitoring longitudinal and lateral displacements in civil engineering prototype structures such as channels and pipelines. In the context of SHM, coupling zone and metamaterial waveguide resemble fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and optical fiber waveguide, respectively. Thus, if properly realized, these metamaterials can co-exist with the existing FBG/optical fiber techniques for applications in civil engineering.
... 37 In addition to these studies, some review studies based on metamaterial microwave and microfluidic sensors are presented in the literature. 38,39 In this study, metamaterial based sensor structure is investigated by using transmission line method. Labyrinth resonator integrated transmission line sensor structure is designed both numerically and experimentally. ...
In this study, the labyrinth resonator based chemical liquid and transformer oil condition sensor are presented in a microwave frequency range both numerically and experimentally. The transmission coefficient is observed by the magnetic coupling between the transmission line and resonator which also contain a sensing layer. The sensor structure is tested with the ethanol-water mixtures, methanol-water mixtures and different kind of pure chemical fluidics. In addition, the proposed sensor is used for distinguishing the waste and clean transformer oil sensitively. In the chemical liquids sensing study, linear response characteristics of the sensor have been investigated by the resonance frequency shifts for ethanol-water and methanol-water mixtures. The frequency shifts for each 10% steps of ethanol and methanol content have been monitored as about 25 MHz and 15 MHz, respectively. In the transformer oil condition sensing study, non-destructive methods have been used for providing the long term stability of the sensor structure. In addition, the measured response time between the signal applied from the input port and observation of the transmitted signal from the output port is around 5ns. This value is consistent with the period of the applied signal and the length of the receiver/transmitter cables and the sensor circuit.
... As pointed out by Zheludev [8], sensor applications will be a growth area in metamaterials research, since metamaterials are characterized by narrow resonances, which are well suited to detect low-concentration analytes. The sensitivity and resolution of metamaterials-inspired sensors can be dramatically enhanced [9][10][11][12]. Recently, there have been a few studies on metamaterial-based microfluidic characterization [13][14][15][16]. ...
In this paper, we propose a microfluidic chemical sensor based on quarter-mode spoof plasmonic resonators with more compact overall size and higher sensitivity. First, a microfluidic channel engraved on polydimethylsiloxane is aligned to the upper part of the spoof plasmonic metal-insulator-metal (MIM) ring resonator where the strongest electric fields are observed at resonance. Although a resonant frequency shift of 270 MHz has been observed when the microfluidic channel is filled with pure ethanol, there is no resonant frequency shift when the ethanol concentration is changed from 40% to 60%. Then the spoof localized surface plasmons modes on the quarter corrugated MIM ring are analyzed, and a microfluidic sensor based on the quarter-mode spoof plasmonic resonator has been proposed. The proposed microfluidic sensor requires a very small amount (3.9 μL) of liquid for testing. After infilling the microfluidic channel with pure ethanol, the resonant frequency shift of 940 MHz has been observed on account of the dielectric changes. It is observed that the resonant frequency of the proposed sensor shifts from 5.07 to 6.62 GHz when the ethanol concentration is varied from 10% to 90%. It has been demonstrated that such quarter-mode spoof plasmonic resonator is well suited to a highly sensitive and compact microfluidic chemical sensor.
