Fig 4 - uploaded by Myung-Seok Kim
Content may be subject to copyright.
Snapshots of atmospheric disturbances at 12:00, 18:00, and 20:00 KST on March 4, 2018. (a) Predicted air pressure (E -09 h). The dashed circles enclose the area with air pressure disturbances. (b) Calculated air pressure disturbance using the LDAPS prediction (E -09 h). The black empty squares indicate the tide gauges where strong meteotsunamis were detected. The dashed box encloses the shared area between the LDAPS domain and radar coverage along the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. (c) Observed rain rate in radar images. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Source publication
A traveling air pressure disturbance of several hPa over a short period (5–10 min) can generate tsunami-like waves in coastal areas owing to a multi-resonant mechanism. Pressure-forced meteotsunamis have been reported over the Korean Peninsula on a regular basis in recent years. However, the Korean meteotsunami early warning system does not always...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... be estimated by following the traveling air pressure disturbances for an early warning of the meteotsunamis ( ˇ Sepi´cSepi´c and Vilibi´cVilibi´c, 2011;Vilibi´cVilibi´c et al., 2016). We analyzed the horizontal distribution of the surface pressure field of a recent prediction (E -09 h) to examine LDAPS performance based on simulated propagation (Fig. 4a). In the surface pressure field, a low-pressure system (1,000-1,005 hPa at the center) with a discontinuous pattern located at its edge (dashed circles in Fig. 4a) landed on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula from China across the Yellow Sea. Eq. (1) was used for each grid to filter out the spatial and temporal evolution of air ...
Context 2
... et al., 2016). We analyzed the horizontal distribution of the surface pressure field of a recent prediction (E -09 h) to examine LDAPS performance based on simulated propagation (Fig. 4a). In the surface pressure field, a low-pressure system (1,000-1,005 hPa at the center) with a discontinuous pattern located at its edge (dashed circles in Fig. 4a) landed on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula from China across the Yellow Sea. Eq. (1) was used for each grid to filter out the spatial and temporal evolution of air pressure disturbances (i.e., discontinuous patterns) before and after the onset of the event (E). Consequently, the low-pressure system was removed from the simulated ...
Context 3
... temporal evolution of air pressure disturbances (i.e., discontinuous patterns) before and after the onset of the event (E). Consequently, the low-pressure system was removed from the simulated pressure field. A cluster of air pressure jumps propagated in the same order as the observed order of meteotsunamis at the DH, WD, YG, and GS tide gauges (Fig. 4b). In addition, we found similar spatial scales and propagation patterns between the clusters of air pressure jumps (Fig. 4b) and rain rates above 5 mm/h (Fig. 4c) based on the correlation between the intensity of rain and air pressure anomalies, as mentioned above. Overall, the cluster of air pressure jumps from the LDAPS prediction ...
Context 4
... Consequently, the low-pressure system was removed from the simulated pressure field. A cluster of air pressure jumps propagated in the same order as the observed order of meteotsunamis at the DH, WD, YG, and GS tide gauges (Fig. 4b). In addition, we found similar spatial scales and propagation patterns between the clusters of air pressure jumps (Fig. 4b) and rain rates above 5 mm/h (Fig. 4c) based on the correlation between the intensity of rain and air pressure anomalies, as mentioned above. Overall, the cluster of air pressure jumps from the LDAPS prediction arrived more slowly than the observed rain rate on the radar; nevertheless, the simulated spatiotemporal propagation pattern ...
Context 5
... was removed from the simulated pressure field. A cluster of air pressure jumps propagated in the same order as the observed order of meteotsunamis at the DH, WD, YG, and GS tide gauges (Fig. 4b). In addition, we found similar spatial scales and propagation patterns between the clusters of air pressure jumps (Fig. 4b) and rain rates above 5 mm/h (Fig. 4c) based on the correlation between the intensity of rain and air pressure anomalies, as mentioned above. Overall, the cluster of air pressure jumps from the LDAPS prediction arrived more slowly than the observed rain rate on the radar; nevertheless, the simulated spatiotemporal propagation pattern was ...
Context 6
... that increased up to several hPa in a few minutes. The long-term trends of the predicted air pressures were overestimated with deviations of 1-4 hPa. The peaks of the shorter-lasting disturbances (i.e., air pressure disturbances) were underestimated and had a time lag of approximately 1-2 h (Fig. 5a), similar to the previous propagation pattern (Fig. 4). In addition, we found that the time resolution (output time interval of 10 min) was insufficient to reproduce the disturbance details. These details play an essential role in the final magnitude of the meteotsunamis. For meteotsunami simulations, atmospheric forcing should be applied every minute to capture the intensity of ...
Context 7
... warning by tracking the propagation pattern (propagation path and speed range) of the simulated air pressure jumps beyond the observation coverage (Fig. 8). From noon on March 4, 2018, clusters of air pressure disturbances below the limit of the air pressure jump propagated toward the open Yellow Sea from the source location in eastern China (Fig. 4b). The evolution of the air pressure jump that developed in a y-shaped structure from 15:00 to 20:00 KST was tracked based on hourly monitoring (red scatters in Fig. 8). The meteotsunami hazard area derived from the simulated propagation path was consistent with that determined by observation points where air pressure jumps, and ...
Context 8
... atmospheric model should capture wavelength of box-like air pressure oscillations (Fig. 2a) to predict pressure-forced meteotsunamis. As the LDAPS domain (inner grid) covers most of the Yellow Sea area with a horizontal resolution of 1.5 km, the cluster of air pressure disturbances can be found in the simulated surface pressure field ( Fig. 4a and b). To examine the number of LDAPS grid points included within the wavelength of the air pressure oscillations more quantitatively, we roughly estimated the wavelength. The estimation of the wavelength was based on the wave period (30 min), assumed as the time difference between the two air pressure jumps at the DH (15) AWS (red circles ...
Similar publications
COVID-19 pandemic created a “New Normal (NN)” concept including a new paradigm aspect of health concerns for travel and mode choices. Analyzing changes in intercity mobility characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey based on online survey conducted by the General Directorate of Turkish Highways, 1012 participants were investigated revealin...
Citations
... 10-min meteorological data around Japan were available from JMA (https:// www.data.jma.go.jp/stats/etrn/index.php) since 2009. Radar reflectivity images from South Korea and Japan during the time span of maximum events were obtained from four articles (Kim et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2021a;Kim et al., 2021b;Kim et al., 2022) and the Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere of Kyoto University (https:// d a t a b a s e . r i s h . ...
This study presents the meteotsunami behavior in response to different storm types in the coasts of southern Asia-Pacific Ocean from 16 years water level records. Through the size- frequency analysis, the dangerous meteotsunami, wave height exceeding 0.3 m, can occur up to 44 events per year. Notably, during the extreme waves of the 2007 event, wave heights reached approximately 0.9-1.5 m in the Taiwan Strait and the western coastal areas of Taiwan. We have classified storms into six types by radar reflectivity images and satellite-derived precipitation. Findings indicate that predicted wave heights caused by bows and typhoons could reach hazardous magnitude of exceeding 2 m in a 100-yr interval. Spatial and temporal analysis reveals that meteotsunami occurrences are most frequent in the western regions during the winter to early spring months (December to April). Of all meteotsunami occurrences, cluster storms are identified as the most prevalent atmospheric forcing, accounting for 60% of meteostunamis. Typhoons have a 20% association with meteotsunamis along the east coasts of Taiwan during late summer to autumn. On the east coasts, typhoon type-induced events may be attributed to the combination effect of meteotsunamis and infra-gravity waves. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive examination of meteotsunami-storm characteristics and their associated hazard risks in the coastal areas of the southern Asia-Pacific Ocean.
... This system can detect atmospheric gravity waves and predict the probabilistic distribution of MT amplitude in various points of interest along Croatia, depicted using bar graphs. Cheng et al. (2022) and Kim et al. (2022) represented the bathymetry of the sea floor using the corresponding wave celerity, thus helping visualize the effect of Proudman resonance better. Linares et al. (2016) simulated different cases using various atmospheric perturbation speeds and directions. ...
In recent years, there has been an increase in awareness and research on meteotsunamis (MT) caused by atmospheric disturbances (AD), such as widespread and long-lived cold fronts, squalls, and storms. In this work, an AD model that was developed previously has been used along with depth-integrated Navier Stokes equations to conduct 34,560 numerical experiments in the Gulf of Mexico using High-Performance Computing. The data generated is visualized with a newly developed characterization tool—the meteotsunami rose chart, described in detail. For a given location, MT rose charts provide a detailed relationship between the expected maximum MT amplitude and the AD’s path, direction, and forward speed. Another new tool, the severe MT rose charts, complements these by summarizing the case scenarios with an amplitude of more than 0.3 m. An interactive online implementation has also been introduced. A sensitivity study conducted on the various constant parameters associated with it gives an idea of the factors to account for when using MT rose charts. The newly developed visualization tools are used to study the meteotsunami hazard for Clearwater Beach, FL; some critical scenarios were identified, and observations were made. These tools were then applied to 7 other places along the Gulf of Mexico to draw some broad conclusions on how the bathymetry of the region relates to severe MT hazard scenarios. It was observed that relatively slower-moving ADs produce the most severe MTs along coasts with broad continental shelves. In comparison, narrower continental shelves cause the most severe MTs for fast-moving ADs.
... For this study, the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and a 10-m wind field (U10, V10) were used. For more information on the LDAPS, refer to Kim et al. (2022). ...
... In the last decade, numerical modelling and forecast of meteotsunami events has been a pressing issue for the development of meteotsunami early warning systems (Vilibicé t al., 2016). Despite the many challenges posed by accurately simulating both the localized mesoscale atmospheric processes and the nearshore amplifications driving the meteotsunami events, more and more early warning systems and high-resolution modelling suites are nowadays capable to capture these processes (e.g., Renault et al., 2011;Anderson and Mann, 2021;Angove et al., 2021;Sun and Niu, 2021;Tojcǐćet al., 2021;Kim et al., 2022;Rahimian et al., 2022). Historically, three complementary avenues have been explored: (1) synoptic indices, (2) high-resolution numerical models and (3) ensemble or stochastic approaches. ...
... This hypothesis addresses question 2 of Sillmann et al. (2017) and is based on the fact that simulations of meteotsunami events mostly rely on favourable initial states and the presence of largescale drivers, which are both seen at the synoptic scale by GCMs, as well as positive feedbacks and mesoscale processes which are wellreproduced by kilometre-scale short-term simulations. Short-term forecasts of meteotsunami events (e.g., Renault et al., 2011;Denamiel et al., 2019a;Denamiel et al., 2019b;Mourre et al., 2021;Kim et al., 2022) have demonstrated that kilometre-scale coupled atmosphere-ocean models used in 3 day-long simulations forced by global or regional model outputs realistically represent processes which are too small to be reproduced by coarser longterm simulations and are capable to simulate meteotsunami hazards (i.e., maximum coastal sea levels or meteotsunami surges, and maximum meteotsunami wave heights). ...
... For meteotsunami events, we propose to downscale the atmosphere-ocean conditions to 1-km resolution from ensembles of climate projections such as CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, Eyring et al., 2016). Kilometre-scale models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005) model in the atmosphere and the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS, Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 2005;Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 2009) in the ocean, that have been successfully applied in the reproduction of meteotsunami events (Renault et al., 2011;Denamiel et al., 2019a;Mourre et al., 2021;Kim et al., 2022), can be used in this module. ...
Global climate models, indispensable for projecting the human-driven climate change, have been improving for decades and are nowadays capable of reproducing multiple processes (e.g., aerosols, sea-ice, carbon cycle) at up to 25 km horizontal resolution. Meteotsunami events – tsunami waves generated by mesoscale atmospheric processes – are properly captured only by sub-kilometre-scale downscaling of these models. However, the computational cost of long-term high-resolution climate simulations providing accurate meteotsunami hazard assessments would be prohibitive. In this article, to overcome this deficiency, we present a new methodology allowing to project sub-kilometre-scale meteotsunami hazards and their climate uncertainties at any location in the world. Practically, the methodology uses (1) synoptic indices to preselect a substantial number of short-term meteotsunami episodes and (2) a suite of atmospheric and oceanic models to downscale them from an ensemble of global models to the sub-kilometre-scale. Such approach, using hundreds of events to build robust statistics, could allow for an objective assessment of the meteotsunami hazards at the climate scale which, on top of sea level rise and storm surge hazards, is crucial for building adaptation plans to protect coastal communities worldwide.
