Figure 5
Snap shot of the program window. The first text field shows the phrase to enter and the second field shows the text that the user has entered so far. The software recorded all key presses and the times when they took place. Furthermore, the software did statistical calculations such as time to enter a phrase, error rate, average WPM speed for the phrase, key repeat time and so on and displayed these values at the bottom of window for control purposes. The buttons that don’t have letters on them were assigned the following actions: ‘*’ – backspace, ‘1’ – end of phrase, ‘0’ and ‘#’ – both space. The timer started with the first typed key for each phrase and stopped with ‘1’ so that the participants could rest between the phrases at their discretion. They were informed about this feature of the system.
Source publication
A new technique to enter text using a mobile phone keypad, Less-Tap, is described. The traditional touch- tone phone keypad is ambiguous for text input because each button encodes 3 or 4 letters. As in Multitap, our method requires the user to press buttons repeatedly to get a required letter. However, in Less-Tap, letters are rearranged within eac...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... we added the option to use either Multitap or Less-tap (referred to as Alternative Text Entry Method during the experiment). Figure 5 shows the user interface. The first text field shows the phrase to enter and the second field shows the text that the user has entered so far. ...
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Citations
... Unfortunately, the set of keys available for motor-impaired people is usually strongly limited. For this reason among motorimpaired people are popular ambiguous keyboards, as MultiTap [13] or T9 [8]. In these keyboards, the set of characters is divided into several groups and each group is assigned to one key. ...
This article describes methods for text input using head mounted devices. The efficiency of six different virtual keyboards in a 3D environment were evaluated during experiments. Some of used techniques were already known earlier (dwell time, multimodality, swipes), while others are new (control of virtual cursor arrows, 8-button layout, half-star layout). Although the obtained results are not groundbreaking, the obtained results allow a good prognosis for head-based methods using VR goggles.
... A very common arrangement groups the characters into three or four and assigns them in alphabetical order. Other arrangements, such as Less-tap [18] and the QWERTY-like keypad [19] tried to provide users with more familiar layouts. ...
The results of an experimental study on handwriting on smartwatches are described in this study. This study aims to gain knowledge on the current practice and possible future developments on smartwatches. This includes two experiments: the first experiment aims to compare a state-of-the-art commercial handwriting system to other competing text entry methods based on soft keyboards, whereas the other experiment allows us to gather some useful information regarding users’ performance and preference in an ideal setting (without character recognition), so as to direct the design of future handwriting applications on small devices. In the first experiment, we obtained an initial entry speed of 7.5 wpm, lower than that of the other compared methods. The performance obtained in the second experiment, in the range of 15–19 wpm, suggests that by appropriately changing some settings (e.g., improved recognition and feedback, preferred writing style, and spare of space characters), the entry speed can be significantly increased. The results also showed that users prefer to enter uppercase characters and that, although this style of writing requires a significantly greater number of gestures per character, it does not adversely affect the writing speed.
... An example of a possible mapping is depicted in Fig. 2. Letters ''a'' and ''b'' are entered by single keys (K1 and K2, respectively) though the letter ''c'' is entered by pressing K1 and K2 simultaneously. Ambiguous keyboards [65], such as T9 [32] or Multitap [72,99], are very popular among motor-impaired people. In these keyboards, the alphabet is divided into several groups of characters and each group is assigned to one key (see Fig. 3). ...
... The difference between static and dynamic distributions can be demonstrated on two methods for mobile text input on a nine-button keypad. Both methods are controlled similarly as MultiTap method (e.g., [72,99]) commonly available on mobile phones, in which each key is assigned to three or four characters and a character is entered by repeatedly pressing the same key until the desired character appears. ...
... The Less-Tap [99] method uses a static distribution, where the sequences of letters on the keys are sorted according to their probability in English. LetterWise [72] uses dynamic distribution. ...
This paper provides an overview of 150 publications regarding text input for motor-impaired people and describes current state of the art. It focuses on common techniques of text entry including selection of keys, approaches to character layouts, use of language models, and interaction modalities. These aspects of text entry methods are further analyzed, and examples are given. The paper also focuses on an overview of reported evaluations by describing experiments, which can be conducted, to assess the performance of a text entry method. Following this overview, a summary of 61 text entry methods for motor-impaired people found in the related literature is presented, classifying those methods according to the aforementioned aspects and reported evaluation. This overview was assembled with the aim to provide a starting point to the new researchers in the field of accessible text entry. The text entry methods are also categorized according to the suitability for various conditions of the users.
... For example, Foulds et al. (1987) simply switched the positions of three characters from the alphabetic keypad (t, o, and c) to produce their TOC layout. Pavlovych and Stuerzlinger (2003) developed an ambiguous keyboard based on the alphabet, namely, Less-Tap. In that case, the order of letters accessed by each button was altered according to frequency that could reduce the keystrokes-per-character (KSPC) effectively. ...
... According to MacKenzie et al. [9] the KSPC measure (keystrokes per character) is 2.2. There were several modifications reducing the KSPC: Less-Tap (=1.6) [12], where the sequence of letters on the keyboard was no longer alphabetical, or LetterWise (=1.15) [10] where the layout of keys dynamically shifted according to the previously entered text, which was on the expense of the clarity of the layout. ...
... The TwiceTap keyboard can be further optimized by shuffling the position of characters on each key according to the layout of Less-Tap [12]. Other interesting extension would be dynamic n-gram suggestion based on the already written text. ...
This paper describes a study with 18 participants on two text input methods for use with interactive television, The Numpad Typer (TNT) and TwiceTap. Both methods were designed for use with a common infra-red remote control. Each character is entered using two keystrokes. After one hour and forty minutes of practice, split into 5 sessions, the participants were able to type faster than 9 words per minute. While the performance of both methods was similar, the TwiceTap required a smaller number of keystrokes per character, was less prone to errors, and was found to be more comfortable by the participants. Over time, the use of frequent n-grams in TwiceTap was reinforced while the use of infrequent n-grams was suppressed.
... Many articles discussed the importance of the input scheme in a mobile phone. A study of Mittal and Sengupta [8] proposed an optimized layout for keypad entry system in multitap mode [9] that can compete with the less -tap mode [10]. The keypad layout was developed with the assumptions that no errors are committed during the encoding, no ambiguity and all words used are from the dictionary. ...
Filipino language is an Austronesian language based on numerous native languages with influences from other major languages such as English and Spanish. The Filipino alphabet is consists of 26 English alphabets, with the addition of two letters, "\tilde{n}" and "ng", a total of 28 letters. Filipino language expressions and sentences are still incomparable to English and Spanish even though there are numerous borrowed words from these languages. This study aims to discover the uniqueness in the Filipino language by identifying the frequencies of the letters in common words used and be able to introduce a revolutionary keypad for the Filipinos which is scientifically efficient. To compare the efficiency of the revised and the original keypad, computations using Fitts` Law, Hick-Hyman Law and KSPC were done. Results showed that the new keypad layout was more effective than the original keypad. Introducing a improvised keypad to the Filipinos is one step closer in achieving customized services and features to Filipinos in mobile computing.
... 2002). These include differently organized alphanumeric keypad layouts (Pavlovych and Stuerzlinger, 2003), and touch-screen based input (Isokoski and Raisamo, 2004). ...
A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. At large sporting events (LSEs), e.g. football matches and athletics events, the user experience has been shown to be highly variable (Nilsson, 2004; Nilsson et al. 2004). Reported problems include a lack of social interaction with fellow spectators, and insufficient relevant information on the events or the sporting action taking place (Nilsson, 2004; Nilsson et al. 2004; Esbjornsson et al. 2006; Jacucci et al. 2005). A possible solution is personalisation, making the mobile application adapt to the user, ensuring that only relevant information is retrieved and presented in a way that is suitable. This thesis is devoted to studying the user experience related to mobile personalization at LSEs. It aims to investigate how personalized mobile applications at LSEs can render the user experience more active and engaging in a contextually, socially and culturally relevant way. The thesis reviews different theoretical approaches to help to understand the concepts of interest e.g. personalization and user experience (Chapter 2). Research methods are also discussed including the challenge of adapting user-centred methods into the Chinese culture (Chapter 3). This thesis investigates the user experience of mobile personalization at LSEs by following the circle of user-centred research: It starts to consider user requirements and user experience at LSEs and derives the usage patterns that personalized mobile applications could usefully support (Chapter 4). Then it explores the relevant contextual factors at LSEs which could be used to prescribe the behaviour of a personalizable mobile application (Chapter 5). Next, it describes the user-centred process used to design personalizable interfaces for mobile applications used at LSEs. Four key elements of design are considered: content, conceptual, interaction and presentation design (Chapter 6). The final outputs of the design process were two personalized mobile prototypes for Chinese users at LSEs. These included versions based on either (1) user-initiated or (2) system-initiated personalisation. Finally it investigates the impact on user experience of mobile personalization at LSEs in two empirical studies (a field experiment and a lab-based experiment) with these prototypes (Chapters 7 and 8). Mobile personalization is shown to result in an enriched user experience across a range of activities that a spectator would undertake at a large sporting event. The thesis discusses primarily the effective design of mobile personalization, the design implications at LSEs, user experience design, and research methods for Chinese users (Chapter 9). In conclusion (Chapter 10), specific contributions and avenues for future work are highlighted.
... Multi-tap had several shortcomings including the fact that frequently used characters are not assigned the shortest keystroke sequence. Multi-tap subsequently evolved into Less-tap [2] in which lesser keystrokes were reserved for the most commonly occurring characters in the input language. Simkeys [3] attempts to extend this concept by utilizing '⁎' and '#' keys analogous to the Shift key. ...
In this paper, we present a critical review of the current layout of alphabets on a mobile keypad and seek to improvise it for optimized text entry to facilitate user interaction with or without the use of predictive text input techniques. Currently, most mobile phones use multi-press as the preferred method of text entry though they also offer word-based disambiguation schemes. However, keypad layouts are not optimized for text entry using word based disambiguation schemes as several matches exist for the same numeric combination, some of which are frequently used words. This scheme effectively slows down text entry speeds, requiring more tapping for disambiguating matches. The proposed model seeks to reduce the number of matches for any possible numeric combinations, by optimization of keypad layout by repositioning alphabets on the keypad. For users not using dictionary, our model requires lesser tapping for commonly used alphabets and groups commonly used key combinations together such as in a computer keyboard.The proposed model was derived by simulation of the mobile phone keypad on a computer system and it uses cognitive agents to derive the most optimum keypad layout. Our model uses frequently used English words from a dictionary and attempts to minimize the number of matches for any given numeric key combinations, though the same could easily be duplicated for other languages. The model is expected to cause a significant rise in the text input speeds of mobile phones and other embedded devices with limited text entry capabilities, leading to better usability and customer satisfaction.
... Degree of efficiency can be measured using Keystroke per Character (KSPC) metric. KSPC is a useful metric which measures the number of average key press required to enter a character [7] [8]. Additionally, entry speed benchmark and error rate can also be used to measure efficiency of an input method. ...
... It takes approximately 1-1.5 seconds for a key to time out [12]. Multi-Tap has KSPC of 2.0342 [5] [6] [7], which means that it requires 2.0342 key presses to enter a character. ...
... However, this technique is proved to be effective. Dictionary-based disambiguation method has KSPC of 1.0072 [5] [6] [7]. This means that it has only 0.0072 more key presses than QWERTY keyboard. ...
... This rearrangement is obtained from the letter frequencies for certain language. This way, the most frequent letter (from each group associated with the key) requires only one key press [3]. Two-key Input requires exactly two key presses for each letter. ...
We present a new mobile text-entry method that relies on alphabet navigation and dismisses memorizing, offering visually impaired individuals an easy writing mechanism. Current mobile text-entry interfaces are not suitable for blind users and special braille devices are too heavy, large and cumbersome to be used in a mobile context. With the enormous growth of mobile communications and applications it was urgent to offer visually impaired individuals the ability to operate this kind of devices. Evaluation studies were carried and validated the navigation method as a new mobile text-entry interface for the target population.
