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Uma análise sobre o Relatório 'Learning and Teaching Reimagined: a New Dawn for Higher Education', publicado em 2020 pela Associação Universities UK. Disponível em https://youtu.be/X-6_SMLnqp8, pelo Portal Educação do Futuro.
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... Security: Blockchain provides security and privacy for data transferred among peers in the network (Awaji et al., 2020). In the blockchain, each block consists of a group of transactions, its hash key, and the hash key of the previous block. ...
... Smart contract: Smart contracts contain a set of rules embedded in computer codes that are automatically executed after a transaction triggers the action (Awaji et al., 2020;Yumna et al., 2019). Smart contract algorithms function on a distributed peerto-peer network and as a result, eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries (Sherimon et al., 2020). ...
... Blockchain is one of the most disruptive technologies in today's world (Rahardja et al., 2021). The constantly rising popularity of Bitcoin as the first real-world application of blockchain (Awaji et al., 2020) has attracted researchers' and practitioners' attention to examining blockchain's application for various business purposes (Li et al., 2021). In the blockchain, each new block in the chain is added to the previous block. ...
Blockchain is a recent technological innovation that has undergone significant growth with numerous business applications. One of the most promising applications of blockchain technology lies within the domains of higher education and recruitment. Despite its potential, academic literature on these topics remains limited. In this study, the researchers conducted a systematic literature review to unravel blockchain’s potential applications in higher education and recruitment. This paper identifies the current benefits and challenges of blockchain in these fields and delineates key steps in higher education and recruitment processes to determine blockchain practical applications. To analyze the potential benefits and challenges of blockchain for higher education and recruitment, we integrate the resource-based view (RBV) and transaction cost theory (TCT). The RBV is employed to underscore blockchain’s potential as a strategic resource that can provide competitive advantages in higher education, while the TCT is utilized to focus on its efficacy in reducing transaction costs related to recruitment. The study concludes by highlighting directions for future research, emphasizing the imperative for empirical investigations into real-world blockchain applications. It also encourages theoretical advancements to deepen our understanding of the impact of blockchain technology on higher education and recruitment
... The application of block chain technology is in business, digital crypto currency and it is now used in the upliftment of educational sector [3]. It is a distributed record of digital events, a distributed consensus approach to agreeing that a new block is legal, smart automated contracts, and the data structure associated with each block [4]. ...
In the Educational Data Mining scenario, the academic institutions want to securely collect and store student data records for knowledge discovery in educational databases. Blockchain technology is a distributed technology that can securely store and exchange digital information. It can be used effectively for the safe storage of educational data. By securely storing personal and educational student information on a distributed database system, we can prevent data fraud and data misuse. Then by analyzing the data educational institutions can classify students based on their learning outcomes and can reduce the rate of failure and dropout. The ability to predict students who fail academically can be used effectively to advise the student and to guide academics to make the necessary interventions in everyday subject matters. The proposed system introduces a two-phase model that combines Blockchain technology with predictive statistics. Blockchain technology is used here to securely store and share student data records. These records are provided in the Predictive analytics model. The predictive analytics model incorporates statistical analysis methods and classification methods. The statistical analysis is based on Multiple Linear Regression which is used to identify many influential factors that affect a student's final grade. Student moral, physical, and psychological qualifications are provided with a predictive analytics module to identify students at high risk of failure. Here we have used four distinct classifiers to predict future student performance. Among these, we have identified the most effective classifier-Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which performs better than other classifiers with an accuracy rate of 93%. By using the proposed system, we can improve the quality and security of education by getting better results.
... Khoula Et al. noted in their paper the visible usage of the Blockchain technology in higher education based on different research papers (Awaji et al., 2020). The following points highlight some of the fields in which Blockchain technology was used: ...
Academic credentials play an immensely significant role in the career of a person and in the progress of society. The system in place currently used for the issuance, storage & sharing of academic credentials is quite inefficient in its operations, due to being paper based in large. There is also widespread fraud committed every year in terms of academic credentials, ranging from diploma mills to plain forgery. There presents a need for a total digital transformation in this field, which ensures complete independent authenticity of credentials that could be proven in a fool-proof manner. Blockchain technology promises to alleviate the above identified problems by ensuring complete transparency & verifiable proofs of ownership using decentralized storage of credentials & Public Key Cryptography (PKC) in the form of Digital Signatures. This project implements the proposed solution by using the ECDSA algorithm to (i) sign the accreditation of institute by governing body, such as The Ministry of Education (MOE) (ii) sign the academic credentials by the issuing party (iii) sign the issued credentials by the learner to claim iv) sign the credentials by some governing body like the MOE. The learner can share the signed credential with any third party, such as a potential employer. The ECDSA algorithm can then authenticate the credential by programmatically verifying the signature proof by any party using the corresponding Public Key without going through tedious channels.
... can be used to continuously repeat the information in any sequence and at any speed for the learner to suit their style of learning (Awaji et al., 2020). ...
Blockchain Technologies have been known to markets in the last two decades however popular in the Bitcoin, tokenization application only. Tokenization is just a feature of Blockchain, and it has many other important features that can be used in Higher education applications especially in Business Schools of UAE, which is vastly developing as a smart country. Blockchain has the potential as a Disruptive technology to transform business enterprises, governments, and smart cities.
The United Nations Sustainability Goals defines Education as an important component to mitigate the poverty of underdeveloped and developing countries. Hence the social, economic, and educational goals of the UN can be attained through quality education spread to major parts of the globe.
The Research study has identified specific independent variables as the impact of BCT on Education especially the UAE Business Schools. A gap and findings analysis from a literature survey of around 362 articles (mostly from 2018–2022) helped to identify the core research problem: how the BCT can be utilized to enhance the performance of UAE Business Schools? This led to the further research question of: what are important factors that influence BCT implementation in UAE Business Schools, to achieve their objectives? From the literature review, there were five independent variables identified that may influence BCT in UAE Business Schools: System Integration, Organization Readiness, Scalability, Regulations and Security & Privacy. The impact of these independent variables on BCT in UAE Business Schools was measured in the form of research outcomes identified through the literature survey.
The hypothetico-deductive research approach was chosen for the study. This approach was chosen because adequate literature existed to direct the research, cause–effect relationships seemed to exist between the main variables relevant to the study, and there was a definite gap in the knowledge base. A mixed, non-experimental study design that was cross sectional in nature was used to analyze the influence of these variables on Implementation of Blockchain technology in UAE Business Schools. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire containing 35 non-demographic questions was sent to the target population. The survey saw responses from 442 participants (response rate of 23%) in UAE, including Education industry and technology experts. A representative conceptual model on the constructs mentioned above and the responses was developed to map the independent variables’ impact on Implementation of BCT in UAE business Schools. A software package for variance-based structural equation modelling, ADANCO 2.3, was used to investigate the model and test the hypotheses. The model passed all tests for both measurement and structural models. The four of the Six hypotheses that were envisaged were explained and seem to be well supported and influence the Implementation of the BCT in UAE Business Schools. Even though the System Integration and Organization Readiness do not have direct influence on the Implementation of Blockchain in UAE business schools, they do have indirect influence on the outcome through Scalability and System Integration respectively.
The study empirically indicates that while Regulation (RF -> IBC) has the strongest influence on the Implementation of Blockchain in UAE business schools, what is concerning is that System Integration is not significantly influencing this Implementation. This reflects the slow responsiveness of UAE Business Schools to the needs of business and the failure of business schools to fully match up to Industry Stakeholders expectations, aligning the current system to the future implementation system and collaboration of the other users. Future researchers can plunge deeper into this subject and present solutions to bring this situation into alignment for a more complete Implementation of the Blockchain. Security and Privacy, Individual, Scalability, and followed by Reliability (in that order) make the Implementation of BCT in UAE Business Schools possible.
This thesis makes a notable contribution to the theory, the Multilevel Process Integration from the Individual to the National level, and the factors of the Theory of Technology (System Integration, Security &Privacy), Organization (Organization Readiness), and Environment (Regulation, Scalability. This thesis suggests implications for university actors and decision-makers education technology strategists and developers while addressing the limitations of this study and suggesting future research directions, in the context of emerging technology for business schools in particular.
Ethical considerations were of utmost importance throughout the entirety of the research process, and even after its completion. Privacy and confidentiality of the data have been strictly safeguarded.
... Education is no exception to it. Blockchain technology shows tremendous promise for students and teachers in its extensive use for designing and implementing learning activities, conducting formative evaluations, and tracking the entire learning process [4]. Moreover, the students, teachers, parents, and institutions of higher learning share the learning process and its results. ...
The use of technology in education has been over a century, yet blockchain is in its nascent stage in education. Over the years, technology has enhanced the teaching-learning method, and blockchain can improve even in the administrative section of education. The states of North East, India, in general, lag behind the rest of Indian states in almost all sectors, and the lack of transparency in the administrative sector significantly contributed to it. If blockchain is incorporated into the education department at the administrative level, it could pave the way for a faster, more transparent, and smoother administration. Given the harsh reality that transportation is hard and expensive, a standardised blockchain can alleviate the need to be physically present for any academic-related activity. The attempt of this study would be to show how blockchain can be beneficially used even at the institutional level, where unabated printing could be reduced and adopting to e-paper be maximised. Besides the educational institutions, the administrative sector in education could profitably use them in offices, thereby avoiding red tape for the common people. The chapter points out how blockchain can be a trailblazer in reshaping the education sector in Manipur. Educational institutions must take the lead towards a sustainable future, and blockchain can aid in bringing some visible change in the educational sector. This chapter uses an interdisciplinary approach to substantiate the importance and need for blockchain in the context of Manipur to change for a sustainable future.
... Challenges identified by previous research on Blockchain, point out mainly its technical limits (Awaji, Solaiman, & Albshri, 2020) with focus mainly on the need to develop new algorithms and frameworks for implementing Blockchain in higher education. Moreover, Blockchain technology usability is a main limitation in higher education. ...
Blockchain has emerged as an important concept at the interface of ICT and higher education. Blockchain is perceived as a revolutionary technology offering a considerable impact of vast magnitude on various sectors since it enables the creation of decentralized applications programmed to run on networks and records sets of data that can be shared securely without third-party mediation. The Blockchain's emphasis on variety in terms of applications may be due to its capacity to build a trusted and decentralized contract environment. The higher education sector is, therefore, a potential user of blockchain technology due to its capacity in allowing stakeholders to validate learning records and identity management. On the other hand, higher education may be understood as a system that includes, among others, two major stakeholders, higher education institutions, (HEIs) and students. Adopting a systematic literature review and thematic content analysis, this chapter aims to understand the blockchain implications and utility in higher education.
... Regarding the application of smart contract in higher education institutions, they are used in digital certificates, for the process of storing, verification and validation of certificates, as a supporting tool for many processes such as online learning, various online trainings for students and academic staff, the management of the bookstore in the institution of higher education, student payments, students' knowledge evaluate, student evidence, registration process [8]. Among the many challenges that we have mentioned in [9], there is also the challenge of standardizing smart contracts and their automatic generation on the Ethereum platform, since for higher education institutions, such a phenomenon is limited. ...
The management of data and their storage in the database for an indefinite time, whether in a centralized or decentralized form, is of great importance for the operation of the system and its efficiency. One of the challenges that decentralized systems are facing is the lack of decentralized management of databases, because they have limitations in terms of inserting, updating, and deleting data. The generation of diplomas is a more sensitive issue and one of the reasons why it has not been digitized to date is the fact that centralized systems do not offer sufficient security for the generation of such documents, since the same systems must be controlled by third people or administrators of the system, where there is also the suspicion of data misuse. Through the paper, we will compare centralized and decentralized databases, the operation of decentralized databases and finally present a scheme of our visio
... Blockchain technology promises to be a potential tool to achieve the SSI goal Grech & Camilleri, 2017) by creating a decentralized and distributed environment making the digital credentials immutable and portable. Extant research on blockchain technologies in the HEI context has mainly focused on the technology's application areas and potential in general (Awaji et al., 2020;Grech & Camilleri, 2017). There is limited research available on constraints and issues with blockchain protocol level (Rossi et al., 2019) and on the barriers and challenges of using blockchain in higher education (Kamišalić et al., 2019;Park, 2021;Steiu, 2020). ...
Self-sovereign identity deals with the way individuals can manage their identity in the digital world. This is high in priority for European Blockchain Infrastructure (EBSI) that is leveraging blockchain technology and offers a decentralized solution that enables higher education institutions (HEI) to manage sensitive digital data that shouldn't be forged, such as digital credentials (e.g., diplomas and proofs of studying). This simplifies the way digital credentials can be issued and verified by HEIs while giving the ownership of them to the learner. However, there is an absence of empirical research using EBSI ecosystem for cross-border verification of digital credentials. To address this gap, we used design science research method and developed an artefact. A study between two HEIs was conducted, and the artefact was evaluated through qualitative analysis by interviewing 19 administrators from HEIs. As a contribution, our study identifies 14 considerations that might affect the implementation of such a system in practice. However, we conclude that institutional and national strategies towards digital credentials play a bigger role than technical considerations for implementation.
... However, their work was able to identify a very limited amount of primary studies (i.e., 11) and, as a consequence, the resulting discussion is limited to listing and describing which protocols were chosen for each individual study analyzed and does not suggest any guidelines to facilitate the choice of one protocol over another. Additional literature reviews were more recently proposed [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]: while they surveyed a larger amount of resources, they had similar goals and conclusions as those discussed above. ...
In the era of social distancing, distance learning represents a crucial educational challenge. Several 2D information technologies have been provided, yet these share multiple limitations and have negative social, educational, and psychological implications for learners. Metaverse promises to revolutionize education as we know it: this is a persistent, virtual, three-dimensional environment that is supposed to address most of the limitations of 2D information technologies. Nonetheless, there are still software engineering challenges to face to enable such a metaverse, especially when turning to software security and privacy. In this paper, we aim at performing the first steps toward an improved understanding of the security perspective of educational metaverse, by analyzing how blockchain can be employed within educational environments and how applications may be designed. Our ultimate goal is to provide insights into how blockchain can be further tailored in the context of educational metaverse. We conduct a systematic literature review, which targets 21 primary studies. The key findings of the study showcase the use of blockchain in 3 educational tasks, other than describing the blockchain design approaches, which protocol they commonly use and the associated limitations. We conclude by developing a conceptualization of a blockchain-based educational metaverse.
... In the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in interest regarding blockchain applications in higher education [6,7]. The range of benefits that blockchain offers is wide, from immutable credentials to academic fraud detection and novel education platforms [8][9][10]. However, the literature on blockchain applications in education remains predominantly focused on reviews of cases and models for blockchain implementation [6,9]. ...
... The range of benefits that blockchain offers is wide, from immutable credentials to academic fraud detection and novel education platforms [8][9][10]. However, the literature on blockchain applications in education remains predominantly focused on reviews of cases and models for blockchain implementation [6,9]. Empirical studies are rare, and there is little clarity regarding the underlying mechanisms of blockchain adoption in higher education [11,12]. ...
Given the lack of empirical research on blockchain adoption in higher education, this study aims to partially fill this gap in the knowledge by focusing on the technology factors that could play a role in the process. Using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory, five technology factors were considered: relative advantage, compatibility, observability, complexity, and trialability. The data analysis was based on ten semi-structured interviews with university mid- and senior-level administrators and IT personnel. Relative advantage emerged as the strongest perceived factor. The effect of compatibility and complexity was observed to a lesser extent. The influence of observability and trialability was unclear. The uncovered underlying mechanisms for these effects are discussed and implications for theory, practice, and future research are explored.
