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Increasingly, blockchain technology is attracting significant attentions in various agricultural applications. These applications could satisfy the diverse needs in the ecosystem of agricultural products, e.g., increasing transparency of food safety and IoT based food quality control, provenance traceability, improvement of contract exchanges, and...
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... contract refers to a computerized program which is consisted of states, values, addresses and logical functions that are required at the business model layer in a system [83]. The idea was initialized by Nick Szabo in [84] to automatically execute contracts to improve efficiency of business models involved. As illustrated in Fig. 4, smart contract plays a key role in a blockchain system implementation. In specific, once it takes the transaction requests as input to trigger the business logic, it uses defined policy to get the endorsement from peers in the blockchain network. After receiving all the endorsements, it calls the ordering services to verify the ...
Context 2
... contract refers to a computerized program which is consisted of states, values, addresses and logical functions that are required at the business model layer in a system [83]. The idea was initialized by Nick Szabo in [84] to automatically execute contracts to improve efficiency of business models involved. As illustrated in Fig. 4, smart contract plays a key role in a blockchain system implementation. In specific, once it takes the transaction requests as input to trigger the business logic, it uses defined policy to get the endorsement from peers in the blockchain network. After receiving all the endorsements, it calls the ordering services to verify the ...
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Citations
... , for example, used CiteSpace to trace the origin of the development of the system and show the latest research topics and the knowledge map of the application of blockchain technology in agricultural product supply chains . Lin et al (2020) used the information visualization software CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis and display the knowledge structure and hot spots in the application research of blockchain technology in agricultural product supply chains in the form of a knowledge map (Lin et al., 2020). used the visualization tool CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric research analysis to quantify and visualize the pattern and development of research on the combination of blockchain and agricultural product supply chain . ...
... , for example, used CiteSpace to trace the origin of the development of the system and show the latest research topics and the knowledge map of the application of blockchain technology in agricultural product supply chains . Lin et al (2020) used the information visualization software CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis and display the knowledge structure and hot spots in the application research of blockchain technology in agricultural product supply chains in the form of a knowledge map (Lin et al., 2020). used the visualization tool CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric research analysis to quantify and visualize the pattern and development of research on the combination of blockchain and agricultural product supply chain . ...
... From the related scientific literature, we can observe that this approach is at a very early development stage, though. A good comprehensive study on blockchainbased agricultural applications and current innovations to promote this type of techniques can be found in Ref. [21]. Specifically for the agri-food supply chain, the work introduced in Ref. [19] studies how to employ blockchain and Ethereum smart contracts to track, efficiently follow, and enable seamless integration of business transactions and workflows for the case of soybeans. ...
Agritech uses advanced technologies to boost the efficiency, sustainability, and productivity of farming. The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture has brought sensors and networked technology to gather and analyse environmental and crop data, enabling precision farming that optimises resource usage and increases yields. Yet, current agricultural methods suffer from unsecured and decentralised data management, causing inefficiencies and complicating traceability across the supply chain. The integration of IoT with blockchain technology is seen as a promising solution to enhance data‐driven agriculture. Blockchain provides a secure, decentralised, and transparent ledger that enhances data integrity, reduces fraud, and improves traceability, which complements IoT applications. The authors detail the development of an innovative system that orchestrates IoT and blockchain technologies to facilitate the adoption of new technologies in agriculture and overcomes the lacked of comprehensive data connectivity. It outlines a conceptual framework and its preliminary empirical implementation. The system consists of three integrated layers: the IoT layer, which creates digital twins of field crops; the blockchain layer, which secures and manages data from the field and external stakeholders for dynamic applications such as track and tracing; and the orchestration layer, which fuses physical and digital data to optimise business models, enhance supply chain productivity, and support governmental policy‐making, thereby improving field productivity and food sector innovation.
... From the reform and opening up to the second two decades of the twenty-first century, three major changes have occurred in China's agricultural production methods and production structure [4][5][6]. As far as the land system is concerned, since the reform of the land system, farmers' enthusiasm for production has greatly increased, resulting in a leapfrog growth in the efficiency of Chinese agricultural production [7][8][9]. In terms of the level of agricultural science and technology innovation, China's agricultural technology innovation level has made great progress, which has enabled the level of agricultural output to be substantially increased [10][11][12]. ...
The construction of agricultural composite teaching and research bases plays an important role in promoting rural revitalization and strengthening agricultural education. This paper emphasizes the role of agricultural information technology innovation in rural revitalization and proposes the impact of agricultural technology innovation on the development of rural revitalization. The variables of agricultural technology innovation as well as rural revitalization are selected, the benchmark regression model is set, the local impact model is set for the seven secondary indicators under agricultural technology innovation, and the evaluation index model is constructed. Through the empirical analysis method, the model is sequentially subjected to preliminary analysis and nonlinear characterization. Benchmark regression test using the fixed-effects model, model (7) shows that agricultural technological innovation at the 1% significant level of β =2.6548, P < 0.01, indicating that agricultural technological innovation has a positive and positive impact on rural revitalization. The threshold test shows that when the level of financial activity is lower than the threshold effect of 0.0965, the coefficient of the impact of agricultural technological innovation on rural revitalization is 0.0458. The effect of agricultural technological innovation on rural revitalization is affected by the intensity of financial activity, and there is a moderating effect of economic activity on both.
... The use of blockchain technology for traceability, transparency and visibility in the food industry has been associated with increased safety by identifying risks in the supply chain (Prashar et al., 2020). This technology is gaining attention in agriculture applications for increasing transparency and food quality control, improving contact exchange, transaction efficiency and traceability of origin (Lin et al., 2020). Strongly connected to the red cluster, which presents blockchain as a driver for sustainability development (Mukherjee et al., 2022) and achieving the SDGs. ...
... Lack of government regulation is one of the most significant barriers to blockchain adoption in the agricultural supply chain (Yadav et al., 2020). Improving regulation on data and protocols could achieve supply chain transparency and traceabilitylinked to the blue and orange clusters, respectively- (Montecchi et al., 2021), while preventing fraud and ensuring product safety and quality (Lin et al., 2020) -addressed by the yellow and cyan clusters. Thus, the third proposal emphasises the importance of standardising blockchain to ensure food quality and safety throughout agri-food supply chains. ...
... This bibliometric overview provides a broader perspective than previous analysis, since other blockchain-related technologies conceptssuch as distributed ledger-have been considered. Attention to blockchain to improve supply chain visibility and sustainabilityin relation to blue and red clusters, respectively -has emerged to improve product safety and qualityyellow and cyan nodes (Lin et al., 2020;Sahoo et al., 2022)-. The mapping visualisation, performed by the VOSviewer software, provides an overview inter-and intra-cluster of the research trend topics, enriching as well as understanding the agri-food supply chain and blockchain literature and tracking its evolution. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to provide an overview of the application of blockchain to agri-food supply chains, including key issues and trends. It examines the state of the art and conceptual structure of the field and proposes an agenda to guide future research.
Design/methodology/approach
This article performs a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software on a sample of 205 articles from the WoS database to identify research trend topics.
Findings
The number of publications in this area has increased since 2020, which shows a growing research interest. The research hotspots are related to the integration of blockchain technology in the agri-food supply chain for traceability, coordination between all actors involved, transparency of operations and improvement of food safety. Furthermore, this is linked to sustainability and the achievement of the sustainable development gtoals (SDGs), while addressing key challenges in the implementation of blockchain-based technologies in the agri-food supply chain.
Practical implications
The application of blockchain in the agri-food supply chain may consider four key aspects. Firstly, the implementation of blockchain can improve the traceability of food products. Secondly, this technology supports sustainability issues and could avoid disruptions in the agri-food supply chain. Third, blockchain improves food quality and safety control throughout the supply chain. Fourthly, the findings show that regulation is needed to improve trust between stakeholders.
Originality/value
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the blockchain phenomenon in the agri-food supply chain by optimising the search criteria. Moreover, it serves to bridge to future research by identifying gaps in the field.
... Increasing trust between parties by creating a reliable source of truth about the state of farms, inventories, and contracts [18]. Blockchain establishes a verifiable source of truth regarding farms, inventories, and contracts, fostering trust among participants in the agricultural ecosystem [19]. This heightened transparency cultivates a more reliable and accountable environment, paving the way for collaborative and trustworthy relationships among stakeholders. ...
... Blockchain plays a pivotal role in enhancing food safety and eradicating counterfeit items by ensuring the authenticity, origin, and quality of food and crops. Through its transparent and immutable nature, blockchain provides a secure and unalterable record of each step in the production and distribution process [19], [26]. This robust traceability allows stakeholders to verify the provenance of food products, instilling confidence in consumers regarding the safety and authenticity of the items they consume. ...
This paper explores the transformative impact of blockchain technology on the agricultural sector, presenting a comprehensive analysis of its multifaceted benefits for farming practices and supply chains. The decentralized ledger system of blockchain is examined in the context of addressing challenges and unlocking new opportunities for stakeholders. Key areas of focus include increasing trust between parties through reliable information about farms, inventories, and contracts; facilitating seamless information sharing across the supply chain by enabling traceability from farm to fork; significantly reducing agricultural transaction costs through intermediary elimination and process automation; simplifying all stages of the agricultural supply chain via streamlined documentation, verification, and quality control; and improving food safety while eliminating counterfeit items through blockchain's capability to ensure authenticity, origin, and quality. This exploration underscores the potential for blockchain to enhance transparency, efficiency, and sustainability in agriculture, thereby reshaping the future of the industry.
... Current agricultural advancement and reform are calling for new techniques and innovations to create a more transparent and accountable environment in the agriculture sector [176]. The promising answer lies in blockchain, which can meet the diverse demands in the ecosystem of agricultural products. ...
... A set of literature [179][180][181] investigates the usage of consortium blockchain in the agricultural supply chain. Several works [176,182,183] also review the related techniques, security and privacy challenges and potential research directions in consortium blockchain-enabled agricultural applications. ...
Blockchain is a revolutionary technology that has reshaped the trust model among mutually distrustful peers in a distributed network. While blockchain is well-known for its initial usage in a public manner, such as the cryptocurrency of Bitcoin, consortium blockchain, which requires authentication of all involved participants, has also been widely adopted in various domains. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive study of consortium blockchain in terms of its architecture design, consensus mechanisms, comparative performance, etc. In this study, we aim to fill this gap by surveying the most popular consortium blockchain platforms and assessing their core designs in a layered fashion. Particularly, Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) is introduced to act as a basic computational model of consortium blockchain. Then the consortium blockchain is split into the hardware layer, layer-0 (network layer), layer-I (data layer, consensus layer and contract layer), layer-II protocols, and application layer. Each layer is presented with closely related discussion and analysis. Furthermore, with the extraction of the core functionalities, i.e., robust storage and guaranteed execution, that a consortium blockchain can provide, several typical consortium blockchain-empowered decentralized application scenarios are introduced. With these thorough studies and analyses, this work aims to systematize the knowledge dispersed in the consortium blockchain, highlight the unsolved challenges, and also indicate the propitious avenues of future work.
... Sustainability issues are pressuring and encouraging the agriculture sector within the worldwide economic system to evolve towards greater sustainability [63]. Consequently, the past decade has seen rapid growth in the promotion of intelligent systems and the discovery of novel solutions across all sectors [64,65]. ...
The study presents a comprehensive examination of the recent advancements in the field of wine production using the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Blockchain Technology (BCT). The paper aims to provide insights into the implementation of these technologies in the wine supply chain and to identify the potential benefits associated with their use. The study highlights the various applications of IoT, AI, and BCT in wine production, including vineyard management, wine quality control, and supply chain management. It also discusses the potential benefits of these technologies, such as improved efficiency, increased transparency, and reduced costs. The study concludes by presenting the framework proposed by the authors in order to overcome the challenges associated with the implementation of these technologies in the wine supply chain and suggests areas for future research. The proposed framework meets the challenges of lack of transparency, lack of ecosystem management in the wine industry and irresponsible spending associated with the lack of monitoring and prediction tools. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the potential of IoT, AI, and BCT in optimizing the wine supply chain and offers a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the study subject.
... However, traditional traceability systems often use a single central database [6] and traceability data are easily tampered with, allowing for criminals to forge information and conceal violations [7]. Traditional traceability systems have numerous shortcomings, such as slow information flow and insufficient transparency [8], making it difficult for consumers and regulatory agencies to obtain real-time and accurate information, which hinders the use of the system. These issues constrain the practicality of traceability systems in modern agricultural environments. ...
... Blockchain, through its distributed ledger technology, ensures the transparent sharing of information in the network and enhances the credibility and stability of agricultural product traceability systems. Studies [7][8][9][10][11][28][29][30][41][42][43][44] have been performed where a blockchain is applied to product traceability. Ibtisam et al. [41] proposed a fully decentralized traceability model based on blockchain, which provides product source verification, product transportation monitoring, and transaction documentation to ensure system in- tegrity and transparency. ...
With the development of agricultural information technology, the Internet of Things and blockchain have become important in the traceability of agricultural products. Sensors collect real-time data in agricultural production and a blockchain provides a secure and transparent storage medium for these data, which improves the transparency and credibility of agricultural product traceability. However, existing agricultural product traceability solutions are limited by the immutability of the blockchain, making it difficult to delete erroneous data and modify the scope of data sharing. This damages the credibility of traceability data and is not conducive to the exchange and sharing of information among enterprises. In this article, we propose an agricultural product traceability data management scheme based on a redactable blockchain. This scheme allows agricultural enterprises to encrypt data to protect privacy. In order to facilitate the maintenance and sharing of data, we introduce a chameleon hash function to provide data modification capabilities. Enterprises can fix erroneous data and update the access permissions of the data. To improve the efficiency of block editing, our scheme adopts a distributed block editing method. This method supports threshold editing operations, avoiding single-point-of-failure issues. We save records of data modifications on the blockchain and establish accountability mechanisms to identify malicious entities. Finally, in this paper we provide a security analysis of our proposed solution and verify its effectiveness through experiments. Compared with the existing scheme, the block generating speed is improved by 42% and the block editing speed is improved by 29.3% at 125 nodes.
... Certainly, they might become useful for agri-food policy strategies and entrepreneurs. Research on BCT can highlight that this technology optimizes the processes in the supply chain by, on the one hand, improving traceability, enhancing food safety, reducing times of transaction, food fraud, and inefficient processes; on the other hand, this can result in improving farmers' profits (Devi et al. 2023;Fernandez et al. 2020;Lin et al. 2020). From the social and inclusive perspective, the adoption of BCT in the whole agri-food system can have repercussions thanks to the creation of new business models, the reorganization of existing models, the introduction of new systems and new skills. ...
Trust, safety, and quality are among the most important factors in the agri-food supply chains. Traceability is a powerful tool to ensure them, but implementing a transparent and effective system is a complex operation. As a result, innovative systems, like blockchain, could be introduced. Although research on its impacts in the agri-food is recent, the literature appears fragmented. The objective is to investigate the studied aspects of the blockchain adoption in agri-food, with the purpose of retrieving meaningful considerations about the current state of the art about strategic high-value supply chains, such as wine and olive oil, particularly subjected to fraudulent behaviors. A productivity measurement was applied to retrieve the evolution of the number of documents through the years, the most productive countries, the sources, the research areas, and the most significant papers in terms of number of citations received. To understand the research trends, a co-occurrence analysis was employed. Results show that most of the existing studies focus on the role of blockchain in the resolution of some critical issues as food safety and frauds. While wine is currently an emerging sector in which this approach can be implemented, olive oil still needs more attention. In both cases, blockchain could potentially help to support the profitability and sustainability of the production. The research underlines the importance of focusing on the environmental and social dimension of the blockchain phenomenon and the use of technology to improve the efficiency of agri-food chains and reduce waste and resource use.
... Blockchain ensures traceability and transparency in the supply chain, offering benefits like improved food safety and reduced fraud. 5 These trends, along with ongoing innovations, emphasize the need to stay informed about precision farming for Agriculture 5.0 and its potential implications for the future of agriculture. ...
In the evolution from Agriculture 2.0 to Agriculture 5.0, the agricultural sector has witnessed transformative changes. Agriculture 5.0 represents a revolutionary phase, integrating advanced technologies to enhance efficiency and sustainability adapted to individual field and livestock needs. The integration of robotics, extended reality, and 6G technologies marks a significant leap, enabling real-time monitoring and automation in farming practices. Artificial intelligence and big data are pivotal in Agriculture 5.0, offering insights for decision making and predictive analytics. Natural language processing plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient communication and data processing. The transition to Agriculture 5.0 should also consider societal challenges, in terms of technology lock-ins and the need for behavior shifts among stakeholders for faster adoption and customization of the solutions. This article presents a comprehensive description of Agriculture 5.0, underscoring the potential and hurdles in reshaping the future of farming.
