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Sleep supports memory consolidation in the brain and the immune system. Memory processes in the brain are usually subdivided into three phases, which may also be used to categorize memory processes in the immune system. During the Encoding phase, the information to be remembered is taken up. In the immune system, this phase refers to the uptake of the pathogen by antigenpresenting cells (APCs). In the Consolidation phase, the initially labile information is transferred from the initial store to a long-term store. For memories in the brain, the information is moved from certain brain regions to others; for memories in the immune system, the information (i.e., the antigen) is transferred from APCs to T cells. During recall, the remembered information can be retrieved, which is represented in the immune system by the activation of memory T and B cells. For both the brain and the immune system, sleep and especially slow-wave sleep seem to be most important for the consolidation phase of memory processes. (Adapted from Tanja Lange.)
Source publication
Sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked. Immune system activation alters sleep, and sleep in turn affects the innate and adaptive arm of our body's defense system. Stimulation of the immune system by microbial challenges triggers an inflammatory response, which, depending on its magnitude and time course, can induce an increase in sleep durat...
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Citations
... Sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked. Immune system activation alters sleep, and sleep affects our body's defense system in turn [38]. Stimulation of the immune system by microbial challenges triggers an inflammatory response, which can not only induce an increase in sleep duration and intensity but also cause a disruption of sleep depending on its magnitude and time course. ...
... We found that increasing age was a risk factor for Hhcy, consistent with previous epidemiologic findings. A large number of investigations and studies have shown that the prevalence of Hhcy caused by population aging increases with age, the body's immunity decreases, multiple organs weaken progressively, and the number of hospitalizations and invasive procedures increase, which makes viruses and bacteria more invasive and people more susceptible to infection [38]. The induction of a hormonal constellation that supports immune functions is one likely mechanism underlying the immune-supporting effects of sleep. ...
The study aimed to discuss the association between sleep duration and the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy). This cross-sectional study included 4173 adults (≥ 20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. According to their sleep duration, participants were divided into five subgroups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis models and restrictive cubic spline regressions were used to explore the association between sleep duration and the risk of Hhcy. Compared with the participants who sleep 7 h, sleep deprivation (≤ 5 h) increased the risk of Hhcy, odds ratio (OR) 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–2.68); Excessive sleep (≥ 9 h) also increased the risk of Hhcy, OR 1.86 (95% CI 1.09–3.14) after adjusting for a series of confounding factors in the entire population. The risk of Hhcy was distributed in a U-shape with sleep duration. Similar results were demonstrated in obese populations. The association between sleep duration and the risk of Hhcy is U-shaped. Both sleep deprivation and excessive sleep can increase the risk of Hhcy.
... 31 Sleep disturbances also have been implicated in dysfunction of the immune system. Chronic sleep loss and disturbed sleep promote not only a proinflammatory state, but also affect the number and function of immune regulating cells 32,33 and prolong shedding of SARS-CoV-2 after infection. 34 Both factors may promote viral persistence in tissues which is hypothesized as a mechanism resulting in PASC. ...
Study Objectives: Insomnia, poor sleep quality and extremes of sleep duration are associated with COVID-19 infection. This study assessed whether these factors are related to Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).
Methods: Cross-sectional survey of a general population of 24,803 U.S. adults to determine the association of insomnia, poor sleep quality and sleep duration with PASC.
Results: Prevalence rates of PASC among previously COVID-19 infected participants for three definitions of PASC were COPE (21.9%), NICE (38.9%) and RECOVER PASC Score (15.3%). PASC was associated with insomnia in all 3 models in fully adjusted models with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) ranging from 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11-1.52, p≤0.05, PASC Score) to 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34-1.71, p≤0.001, (NICE). Poor sleep quality was related to PASC in all models with aORs ranging from 1.77 (95% CI: 1.60-1.97, p≤0.001, NICE) to 2.00 (95% CI: 1.77-2.26, p≤0.001, COPE). Sleep <6 hours was associated with PASC with aORs between 1.59 (95% CI: 1.40-1.80, p≤0.001, PASC Score) to 1.70 (95% CI: 1.53-1.89, p≤0.001, COPE). Sleep > 9 hours was not associated with PASC in any model. Although vaccination with COVID-19 booster decreased the likelihood of developing PASC, it did not attenuate associations between insomnia, poor sleep quality and short sleep duration with PASC in any of the models.
Conclusions: Insomnia, poor sleep quality and short sleep duration are potential risk factors for PASC. Interventions to improve sleep may decrease the development of PASC.
... Secondly, short sleep may affect the regulatory function of the nervous system, influencing the release and metabolism of pain-related neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to increased transmission of pain signals and aggravating the symptoms of TMD-related pain [52][53][54]. Thirdly, lack of sleep may lead to decreased immune function, making the patient more susceptible to inflammation and pain, thereby exacerbating TMD-related pain [26,[54][55][56]. Fourthly, sleep deprivation may be a risk factor for systemic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psychiatric disorders, which may exacerbate pain symptoms associated with TMD [43,[57][58][59][60]. ...
Objectives
The study was to explore the causal effects of sleep characteristics on temporomandibular disorder (TMD)-related pain using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
Materials and methods
Five sleep characteristics (short sleep, insomnia, chronotype, snoring, sleep apnea) were designated as exposure factors. Data were obtained from previous publicized genome-wide association studies and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with them were utilized as instrumental variables (IVs). TMD-related pain was designed as outcome variable and sourced from the FinnGens database. MR analysis was employed to explore the causal effects of the five sleep characteristics on TMD-related pain. The causal effect was analyzed using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger methods. Subsequently, sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran’s Q tests, funnel plots, leave-one-out analyses, and MR-Egger intercept tests.
Results
A causal effect of short sleep on TMD-related pain was revealed by IVW (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06–2.41, P = 0.026). No causal relationship was identified between other sleep characteristics (insomnia, chronotype, snoring, sleep apnea) and TMD-related pain.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that short sleep may increase the risk of TMD-related pain, while there was no causal relationship between other sleep characteristics and TMD-related pain. Further studies are warranted to deepen and definitively clarify their relationship.
Clinical relevance
These findings reveal that the short sleep may be a risk factor of TMD-related pain and highlight the potential therapeutical effect of extending sleep time on alleviating TMD-related pain.
... Además de lo anterior, algunos hallazgos sugieren que la mala calidad del sueño también disminuye la fuerza muscular (Knowles et al., 2018), perjudica la toma de decisiones, la velocidad y precisión en la ejecución de tareas y la recuperación posterior al ejercicio (Troynikov et al., 2018); también, altera negativamente algunos aspectos metabólicos importantes que están directamente relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo en triatletas (Besedovsky et al., 2019). Un factor que podría explicar la mala calidad del sueño en triatletas es la opción de entrenarse más, impactando así la duración y la calidad del sueño (Sargent et al., 2014). ...
La calidad del sueño es un factor determinante para el rendimiento y la salud de los deportistas en general. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la calidad del sueño en triatletas aficionados entrenados, masculinos y femeninos, entre 20 y 59 años. Se realizó una encuesta con 151 triatletas aficionados entrenados, 108 hombres (38.6 ± 8.1 años, experiencia en entrenamiento de triatlón 5.8 ± 4.3 años, frecuencia de entrenamiento 6.3 ± 0.9 días por semana) y 43 mujeres (39.3 ± 7.6 años, experiencia en entrenamiento de triatlón 4.8 ± 3.3 años, frecuencia de entrenamiento 6.5 ± 0.6 días por semana). La calidad del sueño se midió mediante el índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh-Br (PSQI-Br), los valores totales por debajo de 05 puntos indican que duermen bien y los valores iguales o superiores a 05 puntos indican que duermen mal. Los datos de las subescalas se analizaron utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los demás datos para la caracterización de la calidad del sueño se analizaron con mediana, media, desviación típica, error estándar e intervalo de confianza del 95% de la media. Los triatletas masculinos y femeninos tienen una mala calidad del sueño (valores iguales o superiores a 05 puntos), lo que puede tener efectos negativos en la salud y el rendimiento. En conclusión, todos los triatletas, sin importar el género y el grupo de edad, tienen una mala calidad del sueño.
... For instance, the number of natural killer cells (NK) and neutrophils peaks at noon and reaches its lowest point at night. Mononuclear cells, T-spiral cells (CD 4+ ), cytotoxic T cells (CD 8+ ), activated T cells (HLA-DR + ), and B cells (CD19), however, attain their maximum value late at night, then decrease during the rest of the night, and reach their minimum value in the morning [12][13][14][15]. Ruiz [16] et al. validated this hypothesis in skin transplanted from mice, showing a redistribution of immune cells during sleep to the spleen and lymph nodes, in contrast to sleep-deprived mice. ...
Background
Low immunity and sleep disorders are prevalent suboptimal health conditions in contemporary populations, which render them susceptible to the infiltration of pathogenic factors. LJC, which has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine for nourishing the Yin and blood and calming the mind, is obtained by modifying Qiyuan paste. Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo has been shown to improve the immune function in sleep-deprived mice. In this study, based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory, LJC was prepared by adding D. officinale Kimura et Migo to Qiyuan paste decoction.
Methods
Indicators of Yin deficiency syndrome, such as back temperature and grip strength, were measured in each group of mice; furthermore, behavioral tests and pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep tests were performed. An automatic biochemical analyzer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and other methods were used to determine routine blood parameters, serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM), cont (C3, C4), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the spleen, serum hemolysin, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) levels. In addition, serum levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hematoxylin–eosin staining and Nissl staining were used to assess the histological alterations in the hypothalamus tissue. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expressions of the GABA pathway proteins GABRA1, GAD, GAT1, and GABAT1 and those of CD ⁴⁺ and CD ⁸⁺ proteins in the thymus and spleen tissues.
Results
The findings indicated that LJC prolonged the sleep duration, improved the pathological changes in the hippocampus, effectively upregulated the GABA content in the serum of mice, downregulated the Glu content and Glu/GABA ratio, enhanced the expressions of GABRA1, GAT1, and GAD, and decreased the expression of GABAT1 to assuage sleep disorders. Importantly, LJC alleviated the damage to the thymus and spleen tissues in the model mice and enhanced the activities of ACP and LDH in the spleen of the immunocompromised mice. Moreover, serum hemolysin levels and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels increased after LJC administration, which manifested as increased CD ⁴⁺ content, decreased CD ⁸⁺ content, and enhanced DTH response. In addition, LJC significantly increased the levels of complement C3 and C4, increased the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes, and decreased the percentage of neutrophils in the blood.
Conclusions
LJC can lead to improvements in immunocompromised mice models with insufficient sleep. The underlying mechanism may involve regulation of the GABA/Glu content and the expression levels of GABA metabolism pathway-related proteins in the brain of mice, enhancing their specific and nonspecific immune functions.
Graphical Abstract
... Insomnia in the elderly affects daytime function and leads to deterioration of physical and mental health [6][7][8][9]. Perioperative insomnia is closely related to anxiety, depression, postoperative delirium, and decreased efficiency of wound healing, which further delays the postoperative rehabilitation process and increases the consumption of family and social resources. Therefore, strengthening the evaluation and management of perioperative insomnia has excellent clinical and social significance for improving the quality of life and prognosis in the elderly. ...
Objectives
(1) Assess the prevalence of postoperative insomnia; (2) identify the risk factors for postoperative insomnia before exposure to surgery; (3) explore the impact of postoperative insomnia on rehabilitation.
Methods
A study was conducted with 132 participants aged ≥ 65 undergoing spine interbody fusion. We collected the basic demographic data, Numeric Rating Scales (NRS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). We measured Quality of Recovery 40 (QoR-40), GDS, BAI, NRS, and PSQI on the first and third nights post-surgery, followed by QoR-40 and NRS assessments two weeks after surgery.
Results
The cases of postoperative insomnia on the first and third nights and after two weeks were 81 (61.36%), 72 (54.55%), and 64 (48.48%), respectively, and the type of insomnia was not significantly different (P = 0.138). Sleep efficiency on the first night was 49.96% ± 23.51. On the first night of postoperative insomnia, 54 (66.67%) cases were depression or anxiety, and the PSQI was higher in this group than in the group without anxiety or depression (P < 0.001). PSQI, GDS, and the time of surgery were related factors for postoperative insomnia (PPSQI < 0.001, PGDS = 0.008, and PTime = 0.040). Postoperative rehabilitation showed differences between the insomnia and non-insomnia groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The prevalence of postoperative insomnia in the elderly was high, and postoperative insomnia had a significant correlation with postoperative rehabilitation. Interventions that target risk factors may reduce the prevalence of postoperative insomnia and warrant further research.
Clinical Trial Registration
Multivariate analysis of postoperative insomnia in elderly patients with spinal surgery and its correlation with postoperative rehabilitation (https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=170201; #ChiCTR2200059827).
... This finding from our study aligns well with previous results suggesting that participants with obesity exhibit a faster decline in immunity against SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination compared to those with normal weight [12]. The association between probable long COVID and disrupted sleep, irrespective of BMI, may be significant from a therapeutic standpoint, as sleep can enhance immunity [18,19,34,37] and thus aid in the recovery from long COVID. However, given the limitations of our study, such as reliance on self-reported data and potential confounding factors, our findings should be viewed as hypothesis-generating rather than definitive conclusions. ...
Background
Preliminary data suggests that obesity might hasten the decline in mRNA vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2. However, whether this renders individuals with obesity more susceptible to long COVID symptoms post-vaccination remains uncertain. Given sleep’s critical role in immunity, exploring the associations between obesity, probable long COVID symptoms, and sleep disturbances is essential.
Methods
We analyzed data from a survey of 5919 adults aged 18 to 89, all of whom received two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations. Participants were categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups based on ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs. The probability of long COVID was evaluated using the Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) score, as our survey did not permit confirmation of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection through methods such as antibody testing. Additionally, sleep patterns were assessed through questionnaires.
Results
Participants with obesity exhibited a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having a PASC score of 12 or higher, indicative of probable long COVID in our study, compared to those with normal weight (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.28). No significant difference was observed for overweight individuals (OR: 0.92 [95% CI: 0.63, 1.33]). Both obesity and probable long COVID were associated with increased odds of experiencing a heightened sleep burden, such as the presence of obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia (P < 0.001). However, no significant interaction between BMI and probable long COVID status was found.
Conclusions
Even post-vaccination, individuals with obesity may encounter a heightened risk of experiencing prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. However, confirming our observations necessitates comprehensive studies incorporating rigorous COVID infection testing, such as antibody assays - unavailable in our anonymous survey. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the correlation between probable long COVID and sleep disturbances appears to be independent of BMI.
... Sleep, including sleep quality, is inherently intertwined with brain health, with poor sleep representing both a risk factor for and consequence of a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions that have been associated with repeat concussion and RHI. [1][2][3][4] However, despite the important health implications of dysregulated sleep, potential associations of sleep quality with RHI and cumulative concussions remain relatively unexplored (e.g., in contrast to cognition or mood-related outcomes). ...
... Sleep quality is a fundamental component of overall health, and poor sleep quality is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, including those that have been previously associated with TBI, such as major depressive disorder and neurodegenerative disease. 1,4 Directly related to concussion, poor sleep (e.g., insomnia and daytime sleepiness) has been proposed to be a significant and underappreciated indicator of future concussion risk. 33 Together, these results suggest a bidirectional relationship between concussion and sleep where prior concussion is associated with poor sleep which in turn may predispose individuals to suffering additional concussions. ...
... A possibly overlooked aspect of these studies is the potential impact of sleep, tightly linked to CTS function, on ICI efficacy and optimal ToD administration. Indeed, sleep and immunity are known to be bidirectionally linked, with relevant impact in disease response and health promotion [155]. For instance, in breast cancer patients, aberrant circadian cortisol rhythm was found to be associated with both sleep disruption and suppressed activity of NK cells, ultimately concurring to poorer overall survival [136,156]. ...
Background
Tolerability and antitumour efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy can vary largely according to their time of administration along the 24-h time scale, due to the moderation of their molecular and cellular mechanisms by circadian rhythms. Recent clinical data have highlighted a striking role of dosing time for cancer immunotherapy, thus calling for a critical evaluation.
Methods
Here, we review the clinical data and we analyse the mechanisms through which circadian rhythms can influence outcomes on ICI therapies. We examine how circadian rhythm disorders can affect tumour immune microenvironment, as a main mechanism linking the circadian clock to the 24-h cycles in ICIs antitumour efficacy.
Results
Real-life data from 18 retrospective studies have revealed that early time-of-day (ToD) infusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) could enhance progression-free and/or overall survival up to fourfold compared to late ToD dosing. The studies involved a total of 3250 patients with metastatic melanoma, lung, kidney, bladder, oesophageal, stomach or liver cancer from 9 countries. Such large and consistent differences in ToD effects on outcomes could only result from a previously ignored robust chronobiological mechanism. The circadian timing system coordinates cellular, tissue and whole-body physiology along the 24-h timescale. Circadian rhythms are generated at the cellular level by a molecular clock system that involves 15 specific clock genes. The disruption of circadian rhythms can trigger or accelerate carcinogenesis, and contribute to cancer treatment failure, possibly through tumour immune evasion resulting from immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.
Conclusions and perspective
Such emerging understanding of circadian rhythms regulation of antitumour immunity now calls for randomised clinical trials of ICIs timing to establish recommendations for personalised chrono-immunotherapies with current and forthcoming drugs.
... During sleep, the body undergoes several processes that bolster immune defense. Sleep promotes the production of cytokines, proteins that are critical in controlling the immune response [35]. These cytokines help the body combat infections and inflammation during sleep. ...
