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We focused on a comparison of karyological data for the European brown hare Lepus europaeus, from the Asian part of Turkey. In Turkish L. europaeus, the diploid number (2n), the fundamental number of chromosomal arms (FN) and the number of autosomal arms (FNa) were determined to be 2n=48, 84 and 80, respectively. The autosomes are com-posed of thre...
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... characteristics : The skull measurements of Turkish brown hares are given in Table 1. The skull of Turkish brown hare is shown in Fig. 2. Habitat: Skull Status characteristics European : In “IUCN brown Red : The List hares of skull Threatened are measurements found Species”, around of cultivated Turkish L. europaeus brown lands was hares (Kayseri, evaluated are given Nevşehir-Gülşehir) to in be Table 1. of “Least The Concern skull and of tend Turkish (LC)” to by live brown Smith in shrubberies, hare and Johnston (2008). is shown conifers in Fig. 2. and The broad-leaved population forests density (Serçeler of this species Plateau, has Ilgaz-Çankırı), gradually been and decreasing steppes and bushes (Kayseri). Status : In “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”, L. europaeus was evaluated to be of “Least Concern (LC)” by Smith and Johnston (2008). The population density of this species has gradually been decreasing because Karyology of extreme : Our hunting results confirm and habitat previous spoiling find- in Turkey. ings in regards Therefore, to diploid in the near number, future, and we the predict karyotype that it consisted will be listed of 48 as chromosomes “Vulnerable” for (2n Turkey. = 48, FN = 84, Karyology : Our results confirm previous find- ings in regards to diploid number, and the karyotype consisted of 48 chromosomes (2n = 48, FN = 84, FNa=80). The autosomal set can be divided into four groups: three pairs of metacentric (1-3); four pairs of submetacentric (4-7); ten pairs of subtelocentric (8-17) and six pairs of acrocentric (18-23). The X chromosome was a medium-large submetacentric, and the Y chromosome was a very small acrocentric (Fig. 3; Table ...
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... characteristics : The skull measurements of Turkish brown hares are given in Table 1. The skull of Turkish brown hare is shown in Fig. 2. Habitat: Skull Status characteristics European : In “IUCN brown Red : The List hares of skull Threatened are measurements found Species”, around of cultivated Turkish L. europaeus brown lands was hares (Kayseri, evaluated are given Nevşehir-Gülşehir) to in be Table 1. of “Least The Concern skull and of tend Turkish (LC)” to by live brown Smith in shrubberies, hare and Johnston (2008). is shown conifers in Fig. 2. and The broad-leaved population forests density (Serçeler of this species Plateau, has Ilgaz-Çankırı), gradually been and decreasing steppes and bushes (Kayseri). Status : In “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”, L. europaeus was evaluated to be of “Least Concern (LC)” by Smith and Johnston (2008). The population density of this species has gradually been decreasing because Karyology of extreme : Our hunting results confirm and habitat previous spoiling find- in Turkey. ings in regards Therefore, to diploid in the near number, future, and we the predict karyotype that it consisted will be listed of 48 as chromosomes “Vulnerable” for (2n Turkey. = 48, FN = 84, Karyology : Our results confirm previous find- ings in regards to diploid number, and the karyotype consisted of 48 chromosomes (2n = 48, FN = 84, FNa=80). The autosomal set can be divided into four groups: three pairs of metacentric (1-3); four pairs of submetacentric (4-7); ten pairs of subtelocentric (8-17) and six pairs of acrocentric (18-23). The X chromosome was a medium-large submetacentric, and the Y chromosome was a very small acrocentric (Fig. 3; Table ...
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Abstract
Aim: The mechanisms by which global biodiversity hotspots harbour and conserve high genetic and morphological diversity of endemic species remain unexplored. Relic species of ochotonids in the genus Ochotona are confined to alpine habitats and highly sensitive to environmental changes. We studied the genomic and ecological mechanisms under...
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... As in other members of the genus, the karyotype of Lepus europaeus is characterized by a diploid number (2n) of 48 chromosomes (Schroder et al. 1978;Arslan 2010;Tez 2012). A study in Turkey (localities İçel and Konya [south]) designated the fundamental number (FN) and the number of autosomal arms (FNa) as 90 and 86, respectively (Arslan 2010). ...
... The X chromosome was the largest submetacentric and the Y chromosome was acrocentric and the smallest in the set (Arslan 2010). Karyotypic analysis of L. europaeus in Turkey (localities Kayseri, Çankırı-Ilgaz, Nevşehir-Gülşehir [north and central]) determined the fundamental number of chromosomal arms (FN) and the number of autosomal arms (FNa) to be 84 and 80, respectively (Tez et al. 2012). Furthermore, they classified the autosomal pairs as three metacentric, four submetacentric, 10 subtelocentric, and six 52(997)-Lepus europaeus MAMMALIAN SPECIES 138 The genetic variability of L. europaeus in its native range, including European and Anatolian regions was investigated by Koutsogiannouli et al. (2014) who studied 80 L. europaeus from 16 geographically different populations, classified into four phylogeographic groups. ...
... 52(997)-Lepus europaeus acrocentric with the X chromosome as a large submetacentric chromosome, and the Y chromosome a small acrocentric chromosome. This variation in types of chromosomes and arm numbers might be a result of different classification systems, variation in techniques, or possibly geographic variation in L. europaeus (Schroder et al. 1978;Arslan 2010;Tez 2012). ...
Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778, commonly called the European hare, is one of 32 species of Lepus. It is widely distributed in Europe and Asia where it was not native but introduced by humans for sport. L. europaeus does not burrow, nor hibernate, and gives birth to precocial young (leverets). It prefers open grassland, fields, agricultural farmland, and pastures with hedgerows and bushes. Declining populations in several countries since the 1960s led to increased research to investigate the reasons; L. europaeus is considered threatened in several countries, but of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
... Karyology of L. europaeus with brown colar type in Turkey was examined by Demirbaş et al. (2010), Arslan (2010) and Tez et al. (2012). Karyotype of the genus Lepus in Turkey is quite similar to those previously recorded in Europe (Shröder et al., 1978;Zima & Kral, 1984;Azzoroli Puccetti et al., 1996) except for differences caused by various amounts of heterochromatin. ...
... Long-term exposure to low Cd concentrations is inevitable, and it may interact with products of lipid peroxidation, particularly in muscles, kidneys, liver or the brain of hares (Linšak et al., 2014), or may promote toxic effects in many organ systems through binding to biological structures (Lazarus, 2010). Physiological studies and morphometric data are important for lagomorph biology, including determining the age structure of collected hares Demirbaş et al., 2010;Tez et al., 2012;Demirbaş and Albayrak, 2014); however, the concept of using multiple organs to study bioaccumulation in hares has not been widely discussed for field research. We hypothesized that hare body size and skull parameters are affected by heavy metal accumulation. ...
To evaluate the influence of hazardous substances in the environment, studies of pollutant accumulation in wild living animals are needed. Studies dealing with heavy metal contamination in mammals usually focus on a single organ. We investigated accumulation of heavy metals as well as iron in European hare (Lepus europaeus) living in southern Poland, Małopolska Province. Hares were captured during the hunting season. We tested metal accumulation in 14 organs and tissues using 35 individuals with known body weight and sex inhabiting agricultural, industrial and other types of landscapes. To obtain deeper insight into contamination patterns, we used accumulation data from the liver since it is the most frequently investigated organ and prone to pollution accumulation. Based on the data obtained for the liver, we tested the impact of metal pollution on hare morphology, including body length and several skull cranimetric parameters.
Metals content differed between organs. Moreover, individuals from industrial areas had higher Cd content in their body. We distinguished two groups of elements: the first group, Cd, Fe and Zn, revealed the highest toxic effect in the liver and kidneys; the second group, Cr, Ni, and Pb, accumulated primarily in the brain. Hares inhabiting industrial areas had higher concentration of Cd and Pb, and lower levels of Cr and Fe in their liver in comparison with those from agricultural and forest habitats. Heavy metals had an effect on body length that was negatively associated with Cr levels. Skull diastema length was associated positively with accumulation of Cd and Pb. We showed that hare organs and tissues could be used as bioindicators of environmental pollution by heavy metals.
... Similarity between hares in Slovakia and north-west Croatia may be explained by the similar climate and habitat conditions. TEZ et al. (2012) determined craniometric features of the Lepus europaeus from the Asian part of Turkey. The observed total length in Turkey (78.76 mm) was signifi cantly smaller than the total length recorded on the island of Vir, while observed values of aboral zygomatic breadth (43.78 mm) were very similar to the recorded value for hares from the island of Vir. ...
The family of hares (Leporidae) expresses signifificant variation of morphological features under the inflfluence of environment and diet. The aim of this research was the craniometric analysis of hares from two different habitat types, in order to confifirm the presence of different ecotypes of this species in Croatia. The hares were sampled in the area of the island of Vir (Mediterranean habitat) and north-west Croatia (continental habitat). Craniometric measurements were conducted on 27 adult skulls, 12 female and 15 male skulls. 12 skulls originated from the island of Vir and 15 skulls were from north-west Croatia. 25 skull measurements were made, of which 6 were on the mandible for each skull. The results of the research showed signifificant variations in skull measurements between hares sampled on the island of Vir and in continental north-west Croatia. Of 19 cranium measurements, 10 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.01, 3 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.05, and of the 6 analysed mandible measurements, 5 indicated statistical differences at P<0.01. Cranium measurements that varied signifificantly were greater for hares from north-west Croatia by 5.11 to 12.84%, and mandible measurements also tended to be greater by 7.18 to 16.70%. Variations in craniometric measurements according to sex were not signifificant for both sites. The results indicate the presence of different ecotypes of European hare in Mediterranean and continental habitats.
... The duplicated region on the rearranged autosome was C-positive. Tez et al. (2012) reported a standard karyotype and the chromosome banding pattern in specimens examined from Kayseri, Çankırı, and Nevşehir provinces in Central Anatolia. The arrangement of chromosomes into morphological groups differs between individual papers in some details. ...
Available data on karyotypes of the mammals from Turkey and neighbouring regions (the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Middle East) were summarized and reviewed in respect of their implications to taxonomy and systematics. In this review, previously unpublished data are presented in 20 species. Terrestrial mammals were taken into consideration, both the native and introduced. Altogether, 156 species occurring in the region concerned were included. The karyotype was studied in 109 of these species in Turkey, in most other species data are available from other geographic regions, and only three species remain unstudied cytogenetically. Intraspecific chromosomal variation (polymorphism or polytypy) was reported in 22 species. A karyotype different from the findings made in other regions was reported in Turkish populations of 17 species. Possible future directions of the cytogenetic investigations of mammals in the region are proposed.
... Sert et al. (2005), Ben Slimen (2006, and Stamatis et al. (2008) examined genetic diversity of Anatolian hares by analyzing allozymes, microsatellites, and mtDNA. Demirbaş et al. (2010) and Tez et al. (2012) also studied some cytogenetical and morphological features of hares in Turkey. Initial studies of hares from Turkey suggested that there was only one species present, namely the brown hare, Lepus europaeus; however, those studies were restricted in sample sizes and geographical samples. ...
... To date, Lepus europaeus has been recorded from different parts of Turkey by Steiner and Vauk (1966), Sert et al. (2005), Sert (2006), and Tez et al. (2012). Sert et al. (2005) determined that the hares from the semiarid Şanlıurfa region, close to the Syrian border, had a distinct yellow pelage color, whereas all other Anatolian hares in their study represented more or less the European brown hare pelage type, with variably brownish colors interspersed with yellowish, black, and white elements, as well as grayish thighs. ...
This study was based on 125 specimens of hares collected from 61 different localities in Turkey between 2006 and 2010. We present diagnostic characters, pelage coloration, external, cranial and phallic measurements, skull and phallus features, hair structure, and collection localities of hares from Turkey. Additionally, we analyze morphometric variations of 5 regional populations according to the physiography/orography of the study area. Among the morphometric variables, 10 characters (weight, tail length, basal length, condylobasal length, rostral breadth, height of braincase, foramen incisiva length, occipitonasal length, profile length, and mandible length) are found to be significantly different between the populations (ANOVA, P < 0.01). Principal component analysis of 22 morphometric measurements is performed, and 71.56% of total variance is explained through 5 principle components. The Thracian specimen is distinguished from other populations on the first 2 canonical discriminant functions and the cluster dendrogram. The hair structure, as examined by scanning electron microscope, is found to be flattened and imbricate. Our Anatolian specimens are discussed at the subspecies level, comparing them to the relevant literature, and it is concluded that Lepus europaeus in Anatolia is represented by only one subspecies, Lepus europaeus syriacus.
... Temizer and Önel (2011) investigated the hares of Elazığ and Malatya in terms of morphometrical measurements. Tez et al. (2012) reported on some of the morphological characteristics of the hares from the Asian part of Turkey. However, all these studies were restricted in terms of sample size and geographical area. ...
Hares (Lepus spp.) are widely distributed across the globe and are adapted to diverse climatic conditions. In order to study the ecomorphological variations of hares from Turkey, the body and cranial measurements and body weight, as well as coat color types, of 138 hares collected from all over Turkey between 2006 and 2012, were examined. Statistically significant differences between regional samples (p <0.05, ANOVA) only in terms of body weight and hindfoot length were found; however, there were a good number of external phenotypes, particularly in terms of coat color variants of the hare specimens. Furthermore, populations had similar variations in terms of morphometric measurement, body weight and coat coloration between different geographical regions. Turkish hares did not exhibit clinal variations from south to north in body and cranial measurements depending on the mean annual temperatures and precipitation. Therefore, it was assumed that all of these variations might be a polymorphism related to the local adaptations and high level of admixture of gene pools in Anatolia.
