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Skin biopsy showing scabies mites in the epidermis (H&E, ×40).
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Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of the skin that is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered to be an important public health problem in many regions. The disease is at its most prevalent in low-resource countries where there are overcrowded living conditions coupled with poor hygiene. In some regions, mass drug administ...
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Background
Scabies is an extremely fastidious infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It causes a persistent itch that can disrupt a person’s mental health, sleep, and overall quality of life. In endemic areas, treatment by targeting symptomatic individuals and their contacts is often unsuccessful due to an asymptomatic period and high ra...
Citations
... Furthermore, in this particular case, the child also exhibited bilateral conjunctivitis, which is a less common finding in MPXV but can still occur [54]. The differential diagnosis for a rash with papular pustules on an erythematous base and scattered erythematous macules in children may include insect bites; Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox); impetigo; Molluscum Contagiosum; scabies, drug eruption and contact dermatitis [55][56][57]. ...
Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, is a rare viral disease initially discovered in Africa in 1958. Since its first identification, several outbreaks have occurred in various African nations. Recently, the global community has witnessed a resurgence in the number of Mpox cases reported worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare the ongoing multi-country outbreak a public health emergency in July 2022. This study reports on the first cases of Mpox detected in Khartoum State, Sudan, outlining the epidemiology, preparedness, and public health response to this new challenge. A total of 55 suspected cases were identified, with two confirmed cases. The clinical manifestations observed in these cases align with the classic skin rash typical of Mpox, presenting alongside symptoms like fever, headache, and joint pain. The findings underscore the need for heightened surveillance, early detection, and timely intervention to prevent the domestic spread of Mpox and its potential impact on public health. Continued global efforts are needed to support effective screening, diagnostic, and control measures, ultimately enhancing preparedness and response in the face of this emerging disease.
... Of the nine clinically suspected cases of scabies, none were confirmed by parasitological investigation. Previous studies highlight the low sensitivity of microscopy for scabies diagnosis [9] because testing is contingent on the availability of the required equipment, operator skills, and sampling techniques which are prone to error [30]. A study in Ghana found that none of the clinically diagnosed scabies cases were confirmed via microscopy, emphasizing the method's high specificity but low sensitivity. ...
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation and its associated factors among primary school children (PSC) in the Rufiji district.
Methods
A quantitative school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 447 PSC in the Rufiji district. The prevalence of scabies among PSC was determined by clinical examination and by microscopic examination of skin samples for the presence of S. scabiei. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on factors associated with S. scabiei infestation. Descriptive analysis, Fisher's exact, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results
The prevalence of scabies was 2.0%. Of the assessed factors, only physical contact with a person having itchy skin lesions (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=4.04, 95%CI 4.39-12.50) and infrequency of changing clothes before laundry (AOR=2.99, 95%CI 1.35-4.94) were significantly associated with scabies. The majority of participants demonstrated low levels of knowledge, with half exhibiting poor attitudes and inappropriate healthcare–seeking behaviors.
Conclusions
There was an ongoing transmission of scabies among PSC in the Rufiji district, with the factors associated with the transmission being physical contact with a person who had an itchy skin lesion and the infrequency of changing clothes before laundry. Therefore, there is a need for regular clinical screening and treatment of positive cases with preventive measures on contact and provision of health education.
... Rasa gatal yang dirasakan secara konstan mungkin dianggap tidak perlu untuk diungkapkan karena fenomena ini dianggap sudah biasa. 1,12,13 ...
Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var, hominis. The prevalence of scabies in Indonesia in 2016 is estimated at 4.6-12.9% of the 261.6 million population. Scabies ranks 3rd out of the 12 most common skin infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of scabies among inmates in Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kelas IIA Tuminting Manado (correctional insitution). This was a quantitative and descriptive study with a cross sectional design using The DeSkab (Deteksi Skabies) questionnaire. The results showed that 86 inmates out of a total of 190 inmates were detected of having scabies (45.3%) dominated by age 25-44 years (51.2%), middle education (76.7%), and unqualified occupancy density (100%). The most common distributions of lesions were between fingers (30.7%), followed by front part of wrist (20.2%), and elbow (13.5%). Cardinal signs of scabies were itching worse at night (98.8%), followed by lesions (86.1%), and itching complained by roommates (70.9%). In conclusion, the prevalence of scabies in Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kelas IIA Tuminting Manado is 45.3%. Inmates with detected scabies are dominated by age 25-44 years, middle education, unqualified occupancy density, distribution of lesion between fingers, and cardinal sign as itching worse at night. Keywords: scabies; correctional institution; inmates Abstrak: Skabies merupakan penyakit kulit menular yang diakibatkan oleh tungau Sarcoptes scabiei var, hominis. Skabies menempati peringkat 3 dari 12 penyakit infeksi kulit tersering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi skabies pada warga binaan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kelas IIA Tuminting Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang dan menggunakan kuesioner DeSkab (Deteksi Skabies). Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 86 warga binaan dari total 190 warga binaan yang terdeteksi skabies (45,3%), didominasi oleh usia 25-44 tahun (51,2%), tingkat pendidikan menengah (76,7%), dan kepadatan hunian yang tidak memenuhi syarat (100%). Sebaran lokasi lesi yang terbanyak ialah sela jari tangan (30,7%), diikuti pergelangan tangan depan (20,2%), dan siku luar (13,5%). Tanda kardinal skabies yang tersering muncul ialah keluhan gatal pada malam hari (98,8%), diikuti adanya bintil/lecet/borok (86,1%), dan keluhan gatal pada orang lain (sekamar) (70,9%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah prevalensi skabies pada warga binaan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Tuminting Manado sebesar 45,3%. Warga binaan terdeteksi skabies didominasi oleh usia 25-44 tahun, tingkat pendidikan menengah, kepadatan hunian yang tidak memenuhi syarat, sebaran lokasi lesi di sela jari tangan, dan tanda kardinal skabies keluhan gatal pada malam hari. Kata kunci: skabies; lembaga pemasyarakatan; warga binaan
... However, further trials are needed to remove cross reactions (including house dust mites such as Dermatophagoides) and to improve the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the tests (Siddig and Hay, 2022). clinical diagnostic algorithm to be used by non-experts to allow them to deal with common skin disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa (Mahé et al., 2005). ...
In 2020, scabies was included in the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases. While there are no published data about the global incidence rates of crusted scabies (CS), scabies is known to affect 200-300 million people annually worldwide (Leung et al., 2020). All ages could be affected by scabies. However, children and the elderly in poor areas are more susceptible for scabies and its complications (Feldmeier et al., 2009). Diffusion of mite antigens into the dermis could trigger cellular and humoral immune responses, leading to disturbance of the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune responses (Arlian and Morgan, 2017). Heavy infestation could lead to serious physical deterioration and eventually death of the affected host. Till now, it is not entirely clear the mechanisms by which this disease could affect the general condition of the host (De et al., 2020). For a better understanding of the host–parasite interactions in CS, several parameters were used in this work to evaluate local and systemic changes in both untreated and treated experimental animals, with special emphasis on studying histopathological changes, serum biochemical parameters, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and immune parameters. Understanding changes in these parameters could allow establishment of complementary indicators during diagnosis and treatment of scabies, especially in resource-poor countries, to decrease the incidence of erroneous diagnosis and treatment failure (Nwufoh et al., 2019). Till now, ivermectin (IVM) is the only available oral drug used in scabies treatment in humans. However, multiple doses are required for treating CS (Bernigaud et al., 2020). Additionally, concerns regarding its efficacy (Mounsey et al., 2017) and safety in certain situations (e.g., young children, during pregnancy or breast feeding) have prompted research efforts to discover new alternatives to be used in the treatment of CS. The present study aimed to evaluate the local and systemic changes that may accompany CS in both treated and untreated experimental animals, with evaluation of fluralaner (FLR) as a new scabicidal agent.
... Supporting examination using microscope, dermoscopy, or molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) do not guarantee better sensitivity and speci city for scabies diagnosis. Utilization of such supporting examination requires trained personnel and expensive tools and materials, thus not applicable in clinical settings (Siddig and Hay, 2022). ...
Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The host range of S. scabiei is extremely broad. S. scabiei is a skin-infesting ectoparasite of mammals, including human, domestic, and also wild animals. Antigen detection tests could serve as a potential alternative method for diagnosing scabies, but the availability of the antigen hinder further development.
The mites could not be cultured using in-vitro media. S. scabiei showed non-specific interaction with the host. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1 or COI) is a mitochondrial gene which is widely used as molecular marker for classification in animal species, including S. scabiei.
Finding showed that S. scabiei isolated from human could infest and cultured in-vivo using rabbit. Rabbit used in the in-vivo culture of the mites showed heavy crust development after 3 weeks of mites infestation. Phylogenetic analysis with maximum-likelihood using cox-1 generates 2 branches, with the value of 74% and 45%. S. scabiei harvested from in-vivo culture showed genetic relation with S. scabiei isolated from different host, including human, dog, and rabbit from different geographic area. Our present finding showed S. scabiei isolated from human could be cultured in rabbit, thus provides alternative source of antigen for further development of scabies diagnostic test.
... Kemudian bahan disentrifugasi (3 menit pada 3000rpm) dan supernatan dituang. Beberapa tetes gliserin ditambahkan ke sedimen, yang kemudian dapat diperiksa secara mikroskopis [14]. ...
Salah satu penyakit yang kurang diperhatikan dan seringkali terjadi kesalahan dalam pemberian penanganan adalah penyakit kulit. Penyakit scabies adalah penyakit kulit terbanyak ketiga secara global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kasus scabies pada hewan peliharaan yang ada di UPTD Puskeswan Makassar serta dapat mengetahui gejala klinis, pemeriksaan dan pengobatan yang dapat diberikan sehingga penularannya dapat dikendalikan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pemeriksaan sampel kulit pada bagian telinga hewan peliharaan di bawah mikroskop untuk melihat jenis tungau untuk memperkuat proses diagnosa. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu terdapat lesi pada bagian telinga dan kaki hewan peliharaan dan setelah proses pemeriksaan laboratorium, ditemukan parasit jenis Sarcoptes scabiei yang menyerang kucing DSH (Domestic Shorthair) dan kelinci. Sehingga, dilakukan proses penanganan dengan pemberian obat oles dan injeksi yang mengandung wormectin. Terdapat beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah infeksi parasit jenis S. scabiei yaitu menjaga kebersihan serta melakukan isolasi pada hewan yang telah terinfeksi.
... Human scabies is a neglected tropical disease of the skin that affects all age groups. [1,2] It is a highly contagious skin infection that presents as generalized pruritus and is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei (S scabiei) var. hominis mite, which is a constrained ectoparasite that lives in the epidermis. ...
... [4] Anyhow, this procedure provides a partial diagnosis and it cannot distinguish old from new lesions. [1] 3.2.6. Adhesive tape test. ...
... Scabies diagnosis based on histopathology is considered to be one of the most accurate tests. [1] If a skin biopsy is taken at the location of a burrow will reveal the mite and its products. [13] The histopathology is not considered a part of routine work-up for the diagnosis of scabies and is saved for the confirmation of atypical manifestations. ...
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease that continues to have global impacts and long-term health consequences. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis, which is an obligate ectoparasite that lives in the epidermis of the human skin. Scabies is common in poor communities due to overcrowding in places like old age homes, prisons, and homeless and displaced children. However, developed countries are also susceptible to scabies infestations, such as in institutional outbreaks or small epidemics under war conditions or during natural disasters. The diagnosis of scabies may be assisted by invasive and noninvasive tools; However, the history and examination findings are usually adequate to confirm the clinical suspicion. Here, we present an updated review of scabies by focusing on the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and prevention of scabies.
... One of the serological assays developed using this antigen of S.scabiei was an indirect ELISA that was tested using rabbit serum from rabbits infected with scabies and uninfected controls as well as some with Psoroptescuniculi and Cysticercosispisiformis infestations. This method showed 83.33% sensitivity and 87.9% specificity [8]. ...
... No cross-reactivity was noticed using the house dust mite homologue Der p 14, and in a study of infested and control human subjects it proved to be a highly sensitive (100%) and specific (93.75%) method for scabies diagnosis in clinical settings [8]. ...
... It was evaluated in a rabbit model and was found to have a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 94.1%; it was also able to detect infection early in its course after 1 week.Other potential protein targets that have been assessed in experimental scabies models are triosephosphateisomerase, calmodulin and chitinase. In summary, detection of targeted scabies antibodies using immunoassays has shown promise, but the antigens targeted by these tests have not been adopted for use in immunologically based antigen detection assays [8]. ...
... Secondary prevention is the initial stage of curing the disease and the prevention of its subsequent impact, which includes early diagnosis and prompt treatment and disability limitation, namely the prevention of complications or disabilities due to scabies and early treatment according to standards. Tertiary prevention is rehabilitation and preventing recurrence or the emergence of other complications due to the main disease (Siddig & Hay, 2022;Sungkar, 2016). ...
Scabies is a skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei (var. hominis). The prevalence of scabies in Indonesia is 4.60% - 12.95% and ranks the third most common disease. The Cikupa Public Health Center experienced an increase in the number of new scabies cases as many as 34 new cases in January - June 2022 compared to June - December 2021 as many as 21 new cases. Female patient aged 5 years and 10 months suffered from scabies with secondary infection and had transmitted it to other family members. Problem analysis was carried out by mapping the Mandala of Health with the principles of family medicine and comprehensive management. Ms. K and her family members recovered from scabies and no new lesions appeared. The patient and her families have been given education about scabies and there are no new infections in them so further transmission of scabies can be prevented. The family medicine approach and Mandala of Health have helped Ms. K and her family in the treatment and eradication of scabies.
... The 65-year-old man died secondary to septic shock due to Staphylococcus aureus [25]. The 77-year-old man's Hence, similar to the patient of Adris et al. [1], the diagnosis of scabies surrepticius can be difficult to confirm, especially when the associated clinical history and morphologic appearance of the lesions are suggestive of another condition or the lesions are infected with a bacterial or a viral pathogen [53]. ...
... This is especially important for individuals with a prolonged duration of their undiagnosed or misdiagnosed condition. Therefore, obtaining additional history from the patient or family members or caregivers is crucial [53]. Also, it may be appropriate to empirically treat these individuals for scabies, even if they are asymptomatic [3,10]. ...
