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Six levels of driving automation

Six levels of driving automation

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Achieving a critical mass in the acceptance of fully autonomous public transport (APT) is crucial for a society to effectively realise APT’s intended environmental, social and economic benefits. The current study analyses the determinants contributing to user acceptance of APT through three theoretical lenses, namely, Unified Theory of Acceptance a...

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... Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate drivers' acceptance and willingness to use the VP-ADD. Since Davis proposed the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in 1989, numerous studies have used it to predict and explain the degree of user acceptance of emerging technologies or devices [23][24][25][26][27]. This study will provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research related to the VP-ADD and the application of the VP-ADD, which is significant for research on alleviating driving fatigue and driving assistance systems. ...
... Therefore, this study introduces a theoretical framework of a VP-ADD and conducts a case study based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate drivers' acceptance and willingness to use the VP-ADD. Since Davis proposed the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in 1989, numerous studies have used it to predict and explain the degree of user acceptance of emerging technologies or devices [23][24][25][26][27]. This study will provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research related to the VP-ADD and the application of the VP-ADD, which is significant for research on alleviating driving fatigue and driving assistance systems. ...
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This paper evaluates the influence of different variables on drivers' willingness to accept and use a vehicle-mounted perfume automatic dispersal device (VP-ADD) connected to the vehicle's electronic map. Based on the technical acceptance model, we constructed a model to evaluate the impact of user behavior attitudes and device characteristics on six factors: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards use, intention to use, perceived playfulness, and perceived risk, proposing eight hypotheses. Then, we assessed the responses of 562 drivers in China using SPSS for reliability and validity and AMOS for structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. The findings reveal that the perceived usefulness, ease of use, playfulness, and risk significantly affected the willingness to accept and use the VP-ADD. Furthermore, the perceived risk has a negative influence, while the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived playfulness, and attitude towards use have a positive influence. This research is significant for further development and application of the VP-ADD. It is essential to alleviate driver fatigue, ensure traffic safety, and provide theoretical and empirical support for designing more popular driving assistance devices. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights for developing fatigue driving warning policies, in-vehicle device guidelines, and traffic safety regulations.
... Prior research has demonstrated that attitudes toward using autonomous cars are influenced by one's degree of trust [27,42,43]. And also applies to autonomous buses [44][45][46]. Furthermore, Kaur and Rampersad [47] previously used the UTAUT model to assess the influence of trust on the usage of driverless vehicles by Australian users. ...
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Developing insight into the determinants that impact communities' willingness to accept autonomous buses has become a crucial aspect of smart city advancement. This study investigated the inclination of residents to utilize autonomous buses by employing the expanded Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, encompassing satisfaction, trust, and perceived risk. The UTAUT model is an influential theoretical framework used to forecast and elucidate the acceptance of new technology by people or organizations. The results show that (1) Effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions have a considerable beneficial effect on both behavioral intention and satisfaction. (2) A significant positive correlation exists between behavioral intention and satisfaction and trust. (3) Perceived risk also has a detrimental moderating impact. The results offer governments and public transportation operators a valuable blueprint for the development and promotion of autonomous buses in metropolitan regions. Current findings can play as a helpful point of reference for enhancing development of autonomous public transportation in China.
... Compatibility is a critical indicator in assessing whether a new technology aligns with a user's current experiences and expectations (66). When an innovation or technology aligns with a user's actual needs, beliefs, and values, users are more likely to perceive the value of that innovation or technology (67)(68)(69). ...
... Compatibility also has a positive impact on the public's perceived value of TA, further emphasizing that when innovation or technology aligns with users' actual needs, beliefs, and values, they are more likely to perceive its value (67)(68)(69). This implies that TA are aligned with users' healthcare practices, beliefs, and values. ...
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With the rapid advancement of information technology, telemedicine apps have gradually become an indispensable tool for providing patients with more convenient, efficient, and accessible healthcare services. However, the successful implementation of these apps largely depends on widespread acceptance among the public. To thoroughly investigate the factors influencing the public’s acceptance of these apps and the relationships between these factors, this study developed a theoretical model based on the Diffusion of Innovation theory and the Theory of Perceived Value. To validate this model, we conducted a survey of 387 residents in Beijing, China, and employed structural equation modeling to analyze the collected data. The research findings indicate that attributes of innovation diffusion, including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability, significantly and positively influence the public’s perceived value. Particularly noteworthy is that perceived value partially mediates the relationship between innovation attributes and public acceptance, emphasizing the crucial role of perceived value in the public decision-making process. This study employed a theory-driven approach to elucidate the acceptance of telemedicine apps and offers fresh insights into the existing literature. By integrating the research paradigms of innovation diffusion and customer perceived value, we provide a coherent explanation of how individual cognitive processes lead to acceptance behavior. In summary, this research enriches the existing theoretical studies on the acceptance of telemedicine apps and holds positive implications for healthcare practice.
... A vast body of research shows that intrapersonal factors contribute to AV acceptance and ITU. For example, acceptance of autonomous vehicles is significantly related to sociodemographic variables, such as gender (Lemonnier et al. 2020), age (Qu et al. 2021), region of living (Lemonnier et al. 2020), education (Yuen et al. 2022), and income (Ding et al. 2022). Several previous studies consistently show that males and younger subjects are more receptive to AVs (e.g., Ding et al. 2022;Dong et al. 2019). ...
... Therefore, Avs may appear attractive especially for people who have their center of living in a city. High levels of education and income are also associated with higher technology acceptance (Yuen et al. 2022). Individuals with higher education are in many cases more familiar with new technologies such as AVs due to broader knowledge of technical functions and developments (Yuen et al. 2022). ...
... High levels of education and income are also associated with higher technology acceptance (Yuen et al. 2022). Individuals with higher education are in many cases more familiar with new technologies such as AVs due to broader knowledge of technical functions and developments (Yuen et al. 2022). In addition, high levels of education are often associated with higher socioeconomic status and income (Rojas-Méndez et al. 2017). ...
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Autonomous driving and its acceptance are becoming increasingly important in psychological research as the application of autonomous functions and artificial intelligence in vehicles increases. In this context, potential users are increasingly considered, which is the basis for the successful establishment and use of autonomous vehicles. Numerous studies show an association between personality variables and the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. This makes it more relevant to identify potential user profiles to adapt autonomous vehicles to the potential user and the needs of the potential user groups to marketing them effectively. Our study, therefore, addressed the identification of personality profiles for potential users of autonomous vehicles (AVs). A sample of 388 subjects answered questions about their intention to use autonomous buses, their sociodemographics, and various personality variables. Latent Profile Analysis was used to identify four personality profiles that differed significantly from each other in their willingness to use AVs. In total, potential users with lower anxiety and increased self-confidence were more open toward AVs. Technology affinity as a trait also contributes to the differentiation of potential user profiles and AV acceptance. The profile solutions and the correlations with the intention to use proved to be replicable in cross validation analyses.
... Perceived usefulness refers to how much a person believes that using a particular technology will be beneficial to them [38]. Many studies have observed that perceived usefulness is one of the most critical factors in the acceptance of AVs [39][40][41]. The positive and significant relationship between perceived usefulness and parents' intentions to allow their children to use SAVs as a school travel mode has also been acknowledged in previous studies [1,7,34,42,43]. ...
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The integration of shared mobility and autonomous vehicles (AVs) could potentially change the way parents decide to transport their children to and from school. A better understanding of the factors influencing parents’ intentions to use shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) for school transportation is necessary to enhance their children’s mobility. Unlike prior research, this paper significantly contributes to the literature by exploring the impacts of socioeconomic, travel-related, and psychological factors and their interactions. Using Google Forms for an online survey, the authors collected 1435 valid responses from parents in Kerman city schools in Iran. The estimation results of the generalized ordered logit model indicate the significant impact of parents’ socioeconomic status (occupation, education, income), travel behavior (accident experience, crash severity, travel cost), and attitude (innovativeness, perceived usefulness, environmental concern, pro-driving, safety), and their children-related factors (gender, the most frequently used travel mode, the possibility of tracking the child). The findings show that an increase in parents’ education, perceived usefulness, and environmental concern increase the likelihood of their intentions to use SAVs. Finally, based on the findings, several implications are suggested to increase parents’ intentions to use SAVs for transporting their children and to make SAVs a safe, affordable, and sustainable transport solution.
... Lu et al. (2005) defined perceived risk as 'the degree to which a user feels uncertainty and adverse consequences'. Perceived risk decreases adoption intention and the degree of usage acceptance (Yuen et al., 2022). However, if ICT is important and efficiency is needed, the supply chain partner must bear the perceived risk. ...
... They will formulate a consensus on adopting the new ICTs. The results of Van der Sijde et al. (2015) and Yuen et al. (2022) support the influence of initial trust on adoption intentions. Therefore, our findings are consistent with those of previous studies. ...
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This study develops a conceptual framework based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology , the network theory perspective, and metaverse characteristics. Data were gathered through questionnaires from 209 Chinese manufacturers, and covariance-based structural equation modelling was the main approach used. The results indicate that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and establishing initial trust amongst supply chain partners can drive behavioural intention with respect to metaverse adoption for knowledge sharing to improve supply chain resilience. In addition, sensory feedback is an important characteristic of the metaverse and has a critical influence on adoption behaviour. Moreover, it has a complementary partial mediation effect on the relationship between establishing initial trust amongst supply chain partners and behavioural intention as well as a full mediating effect on the relationship between the initial trust of supply chain partners and behavioural expectations. Finally, sensory feedback moderates the relationship between behavioural intention and expectancy. Our findings contribute to the literature on meta-verse adoption in the context of supply chain resilience.
... This can increase public acceptance of AVs by enhancing the familiarity, trust, and effort expectancy of AVs and reducing misconceptions of safety barriers. (3) An efficient and transparent administration comprising officials from industry and government sectors can facilitate this inevitable transformation in the automotive industry by allocating subsidies for initial launching, for providing a supportive environment, and for integrating with existing transport infrastructure and design [89,93,94]. By doing so, they can significantly increase AV adoption and use. ...
... (4) Concerned authorities can appoint an independent and certified tester to test maturity standards of AVs and AV producers and set some baseline standards to be maintained in order to achieve trust in AVs and increase their performance [92]. (5) As elderly people are reluctant to drive AVs, appropriate actions should be taken to change their perceptions and boost overall acceptance by increasing trust in AVs and foregrounding features and benefits of AVs [83,94,95]. (6) Transportation engineers and designers should simplify the design and positioning of SAVs by providing clear video instructions, internet cafes, conference rooms, and social networking places to engage all people and make their journey fun and enjoyable [90,94]. ...
... (5) As elderly people are reluctant to drive AVs, appropriate actions should be taken to change their perceptions and boost overall acceptance by increasing trust in AVs and foregrounding features and benefits of AVs [83,94,95]. (6) Transportation engineers and designers should simplify the design and positioning of SAVs by providing clear video instructions, internet cafes, conference rooms, and social networking places to engage all people and make their journey fun and enjoyable [90,94]. Consequently, this can improve user experience and increase public acceptance and use of SAVs. ...
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This article presents a state-of-the-art literature review to understand people’s perceptions and opinions of Autonomous Vehicles and the factors that influence their adoption. A strategic literature search was conducted to select articles for this review. Most of the articles were published since 2015 and they used a household questionnaire survey to collect data. Mostly, they used statistical and econometric methods to evaluate the factors that affect people’s intentions to adopt Autonomous Vehicles. The results show that psychological factors often appear as the most important internal factors of people’s willingness to adopt Autonomous Vehicles. Additionally, other internal factors such as the socioeconomic profile of individuals and their household, and knowledge and familiarity with Autonomous Vehicle technologies would affect adoption tendencies. User attributes also indirectly affect adoption of Autonomous Vehicles by influencing the psychological factors of users. We identify several critical external factors such as opportunities (e.g., safety and security, low congestion, energy use) and challenges (e.g., system failures, privacy breaches, and legal issues), while another influential group includes transportation factors (e.g., travel mode, distance, and time), urban form (e.g., urban/rural, density, land use diversity), affinity to new technology, and the institutional regulatory environment. We discuss some recommendations for policy makers, auto industries, and private stakeholders to formulate policies and strategies to increase the market share of Autonomous Vehicles. Finally, we identify some limitations of previous studies and provide a blueprint for future research on Autonomous Vehicle adoption.
... 2) Policy makers, manufacturers, and transport operators can arrange hands-on test drive opportunities for the people to engage and interact with the technology [88][89][90][91][92]. Thereby, it can increase public acceptance of AVs by enhancing the familiarity, trust, and effort expectancy of AVs and reducing misconceptions of safety barriers. 21 3) An efficient and transparent administration comprising officials from industry and government sectors can facilitate this inevitable transformation in the automotive industry by allocating subsidies for initial launching, for providing supporting environment, and for integrating with existing transport infrastructure and design [89,93,94]. By doing so, they can significantly increase AV adoption and use. ...
... As elderly people are reluctant to drive AVs, appropriate actions should be taken to change their perceptions and boost overall acceptance by increasing trust in AVs and foregrounding features and benefits of AVs [83,94,95]. 6) Transportation engineers and designers should simplify the design and positioning of SAVs by providing clear video instructions, internet cafes, conference rooms, socialnetworking place through engaging all people to make their journey fun and enjoyable[90,94]. Consequently, it can improve user experience and increase public acceptance and use of SAVs.7) ...
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This article presents a state-of-the-art literature review to understand people’s perceptions and opinions of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and the factors that influence AV adoption. A strategic literature search was conducted to select articles for this review. Most of the articles were published within the last five years and they used a household questionnaire survey to collect data. Mostly, they used statistical and econometric methods to evaluate the factors that affect people’s intentions to adopt AVs. The results show that psychological factors often appear as the most important internal factors of people’s willingness to adopt AVs. Additionally, other internal factors such as the socioeconomic profile of individuals and their household, and knowledge and familiarity with AV technologies would affect AV adoption tendencies. User attributes also indirectly affect AV adoption by influencing the psychological factors of users. We identify several critical external factors such as opportunities (e.g., safety and security, low congestion, energy use) and challenges (e.g., system failure, privacy breach, and legal issues), while another influential group includes transportation factors (e.g., travel mode, distance, and time), urban form (e.g., urban/rural, density, land use diversity), affinity to new technology, and the institutional regulatory environment. We discuss some recommendations for policy makers, auto industries, and private stakeholders to formulate policies and strategies to increase market share of AVs. Finally, we identify some limitations of previous studies and provide a blueprint for future research on AV adoption.
... Furthermore, the results show that respondents with higher educational levels are the most willing to adopt AVs compared. These results are consistent with previous studies that investigated the public's opinion towards AVs (Alsghan et al., 2022;Mara & Meyer, 2022;Yuen et al., 2022). ...
Article
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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to provide various advantages such as improved mobility, increased comfort, and reduced traffic accidents. However, the deployment of AVs is contingent upon the public’s attitude, which in turn may affect their consequences. The relationship between public knowledge about AVs and attitude has been debated. While some studies indicate a positive correlation between knowledge and optimism, others suggest a negative association. The present study aims to evaluate the association between public knowledge, attitude, and AVs in the US. A questionnaire survey was conducted between June and November 2022, yielding 5778 complete responses from various regions of the US. Data were analyzed to estimate the public attitude and level of knowledge by region. Findings revealed a negative shift in public attitude towards AVs with increased knowledge. Specifically, a 1% increase in knowledge was associated with a 0.65% reduction in interest, a 0.68% decrease in trust, and a decline of $2466 USD in willingness to pay for AVs, as well as a 0.56% increase in concerns about traveling in AVs. In addition, further analysis was conducted to understand how the public attitude of different demographic groups evolves with the level of knowledge. Furthermore, the results of this study were discussed in light of the introduction of the automobiles showing a lot of similarities in the public attitude towards the introduction of both the automobiles (more than 100 years ago) and AVs (now). In addition, the results were discussed in light of the theory of diffusion of innovation and the Gartner Hype Cycle which are used to explain how the public reacts to innovations.
... In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 articles, Kaye et al. (2021a) found support for using these psychosocial models to assist in understanding users' acceptance of private Level 3-5 AVs. Other studies have also provided support for applying these models to examine users' acceptance of shared automated shuttle buses (e.g., Madigan et al., 2017), robo-taxi services (e.g., Liu et al., 2022a,b), and fully automated public transport (e.g., Yuen et al., 2022). Collectively, the above studies show that psychosocial models can be applied to assess user acceptance of AVs. ...
Article
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Despite the promised benefits, the introduction of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on roads will be confronted by many challenges, including public readiness to use those vehicles and share the roads with them. The risk profile of road users is a key determinant of their safety on roads. However, the relation of such risk profiles to road users' perception of AVs is less known. This study aims to address the above research gap by conducting a cross-sectional survey to investigate the acceptance of Fully Automated Vehicles (FAVs) among different non-AV-user groups (i.e., pedestrians, cyclists, and conventional vehicle drivers). A total of 1205 road users in Queensland (Australia) took part in the study, comprising 456 pedestrians, 339 cyclists, and 410 drivers. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is used as the theoretical model to examine road users' intention towards sharing roads with FAVs. The risk profile of the participants derives from established behavioural scales and individual characteristics are also included in the acceptance model. The study results show that pedestrians reported lowest intention in terms of sharing roads with FAVs among the three groups. Drivers and cyclists in a lower risk profile group were more likely to report higher intention to share roads with FAVs than those in a higher risk profile group. As age increased, pedestrians were less likely to accept sharing roads with FAVs. Drivers who had more exposure time on roads were more likely to accept sharing roads with FAVs. Male drivers reported higher intention towards sharing roads than female drivers. Overall, the study provides new insights into public perceptions of FAVs, specifically from the non-AV-user perspective. It sheds light on the obstacles that future AVs may encounter and the types of road users that AV manufacturers and policymakers should consider closely. Specifically, groups such as older pedestrians and road users who engage in more risky behaviours might resist or delay the integration of AVs.