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Site-specific fungus abundance displayed in relative percentages. Fungi of the same functional type are colour-coded. The numbers in brackets give the OTUs detected for the specific taxon.
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Climate change has a major impact on arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems as warming leads to northward treeline shifts, inducing consequences for heterotrophic organisms associated with the plant taxa. To unravel ecological dependencies, we address how long-term climatic changes have shaped the palaeo-ecosystems at selected sites in Siberia. W...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the Levinson Lessing record (northern Taymyr Peninsula, tundra, 40-0 cal ka BP), the Pseudeurotiaceae as well as Mortierella and Gryganskiella fimbricystis (both saprotrophs) are highly abundant during MIS3 (Figure 2). Around 38 cal ka BP, the Didymellaceae (parasitic fungus family) also occur. ...
Context 2
... 7 cal ka BP, Inocybe (mycorrhizae) as well as Golovinomyces sordidus and Didymellaceae (parasites) are highly abundant. Mortierella is present throughout the whole record but shows strong declines when mycorrhizae and parasites are abundant around 5 cal ka BP ( Figure 2). Until 5.5 cal ka BP, this lake shows high abundances of Alnus alnobetula and Salicaceae. ...
Context 3
... record of lake Lama (northern Siberia, tundra-taiga transition zones, 24-0 cal ka BP) spans MIS2 and the Holocene. The most abundant fungal taxa during MIS2 are Pseudeurotiaceae, Protoventuria (parasite), Mortierella (saprotroph), and Cyphellophora reptans (yeast) (Figure 2). Dryas as well as Salicaceae dominate the vegetation. ...
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... Kyutyunda covers the late MIS3 to the Holocene (northern Siberia, tundra-taiga transition zones, 38.8-0 cal ka BP). The most dominant fungal taxa during the late MIS3 are Oidiodendron (mycorrhizae), Pseudeurotium (unknown function), and Penicillium (saprotroph) (Figure 2). During this time, Salicaceae and Asteraceae are the most abundant plant taxa but Alnus alnobetula also occurs occasionally (Figure 3). ...
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... after, a large increase in Betula is detectable. In MIS2, the fungal taxa Oidiodendron and Penicillium are still highly prevalent and the taxon Lachnum fuscescens (unknown function) becomes common (Figure 2). Salicaceae remain the most dominant plant taxon and Betula starts to occur more frequently. ...
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... species, Inonotus hispidus) and saprotrophs (e.g. Mortierella, Grykanskiella fimbricystis) also occur (Figure 2). At this time, Salicaceae has the highest abundance amongst the plants with Dryas occurring frequently. ...
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... mycorrhizal taxa detected and most reads obtained all over the analysed cores are from the families Cortinariaceae and Inocybaceae and some from Myxotrichaceae and Hyaloscyphaceae ( Figure 2). This is in accordance with previous fungal metabarcoding studies (Nilsson et al., 2005;McGuire et al., 2013;Botnen et al., 2014). ...
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... we observed highest values of Pinaceae only after the presence of mycorrhizal taxa (Cortinariaceae and Inocybaceae; e.g. Cortinarius and Inosperma calamistratum) (Figures 2 and 3), although this might be by chance because of our low sample numbers. If no mycorrhizal fungi are present in a habitat, growth of Pinaceae individuals is slowed down or establishment is inhibited as nutrient uptake is not possible for non-mycorrhizal roots (Marschner and Dell 1994). ...
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... found Mortierella, Penicillium, and Exophiala species as the main biomass-decaying taxa ( Figure 2). These are common soil fungi also in high-latitude ecosystems (Treseder et al., 2007;Allison et al., 2009). ...
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... are generally highly abundant throughout all records. The significant decrease in saprotrophic fungi around 10 cal ka BP for all lakes (Figures 2 and 3) demonstrates that the drastic climate change during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition ( Biskaborn et al., 2016;) also affected soil communities. This finding from natural past warming agrees with results from experimental warming studies, indicating that relative saprotroph abundance declines with warming, while the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi and lichen increases (Deslippe et al., 2012;Geml et al., 2015;Mundra et al., 2016). ...
Context 11
... most abundant parasitic species from our dataset are Protoventuria, Kalmusia variispora, Kalmusia longispora, and Didymellaceae which co-occur with Salicaceae, Larix, and Alnus alnobetula (Figures 2 and 3). Protoventuria species, for example, penetrate leaves and show up as distinct spots on the plant leaf (Carris and Poole, 1993). ...
Context 12
... we detected parasitic OTUs mostly in sediment samples from the warm Holocene ( Figure 2). This confirms early findings that experimental warming leads to an increase in parasitic and virulent fungi ( Geml et al., 2015) along with woody taxa expansion. ...
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... confirms early findings that experimental warming leads to an increase in parasitic and virulent fungi ( Geml et al., 2015) along with woody taxa expansion. Interestingly, we can observe a drastic decline in Salicaceae after the high Protoventuria abundance around 20 cal ka BP (Figures 2 and 3), which supports previously recovered high fungal parasite abundances in permafrost during the last ice age ( Lydolph et al., 2005). Fungi from the family Venturiaceae have been assigned to Salicaceae as pathogenic species in northern latitudes (Hosseini-Nasabnia et al., 2016), while Kalmusia was detected in Alnus forests in Lithuania ( Iznova and Rukšėnienė, 2012). ...
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... analyses are among the few palaeo-ecological studies that have detected lichens (Figure 2). They are commonly lacking in fossil records (Taylor and Osborn, 1996) despite being an important component of boreal forest and tundra biomass (Asplund and Wardle, 2017;Shevtsova et al., 2020). ...
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... species often occur in arctic tundra communities (Sheard, 1977) and are of low specificity concerning their photobiont as they associate with various Trebouxia species (Nelsen and Gargas, 2009). Peltigera preferentially grows in temperate regions on soils and among mosses over rocks, but can also be found on tree trunks (Nash 2002) and in boreal forests (Asplund and Wardle, 2015), explaining their abundance in the more forested Holocene in our records from CH12 (Figure 2). Interestingly, almost all lichens are recorded from sediments of warm periods with well-developed vegetation, namely the late MIS3 and the Holocene. ...
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... most abundant yeast taxa from our dataset are [Candida] vartiovaarae, Malassezia restricta, Cyphellophora reptans, Cryptococcus, and Lipomyces anomalus (Figure 2). These taxa are widely distributed in soils in Siberia (Polyakova and Chernov, 2001). ...
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... yeasts are highly abundant in the records, mycorrhizal taxa decrease (Figures 2 and 3) (and vice-versa making them antagonists in their response to warming and further environmental changes). In our dataset, yeasts were present preferentially in colder time periods like the LGM. ...
Context 18
... the Levinson Lessing record (northern Taymyr Peninsula, tundra, 40-0 cal ka BP), the Pseudeurotiaceae as well as Mortierella and Gryganskiella fimbricystis (both saprotrophs) are highly abundant during MIS3 (Figure 2). Around 38 cal ka BP, the Didymellaceae (parasitic fungus family) also occur. ...
Context 19
... 7 cal ka BP, Inocybe (mycorrhizae) as well as Golovinomyces sordidus and Didymellaceae (parasites) are highly abundant. Mortierella is present throughout the whole record but shows strong declines when mycorrhizae and parasites are abundant around 5 cal ka BP ( Figure 2). Until 5.5 cal ka BP, this lake shows high abundances of Alnus alnobetula and Salicaceae. ...
Context 20
... record of lake Lama (northern Siberia, tundra-taiga transition zones, 24-0 cal ka BP) spans MIS2 and the Holocene. The most abundant fungal taxa during MIS2 are Pseudeurotiaceae, Protoventuria (parasite), Mortierella (saprotroph), and Cyphellophora reptans (yeast) (Figure 2). Dryas as well as Salicaceae dominate the vegetation. ...
Context 21
... Kyutyunda covers the late MIS3 to the Holocene (northern Siberia, tundra-taiga transition zones, 38.8-0 cal ka BP). The most dominant fungal taxa during the late MIS3 are Oidiodendron (mycorrhizae), Pseudeurotium (unknown function), and Penicillium (saprotroph) (Figure 2). During this time, Salicaceae and Asteraceae are the most abundant plant taxa but Alnus alnobetula also occurs occasionally (Figure 3). ...
Context 22
... after, a large increase in Betula is detectable. In MIS2, the fungal taxa Oidiodendron and Penicillium are still highly prevalent and the taxon Lachnum fuscescens (unknown function) becomes common (Figure 2). Salicaceae remain the most dominant plant taxon and Betula starts to occur more frequently. ...
Context 23
... species, Inonotus hispidus) and saprotrophs (e.g. Mortierella, Grykanskiella fimbricystis) also occur (Figure 2). At this time, Salicaceae has the highest abundance amongst the plants with Dryas occurring frequently. ...
Context 24
... mycorrhizal taxa detected and most reads obtained all over the analysed cores are from the families Cortinariaceae and Inocybaceae and some from Myxotrichaceae and Hyaloscyphaceae ( Figure 2). This is in accordance with previous fungal metabarcoding studies (Nilsson et al., 2005;McGuire et al., 2013;Botnen et al., 2014). ...
Context 25
... we observed highest values of Pinaceae only after the presence of mycorrhizal taxa (Cortinariaceae and Inocybaceae; e.g. Cortinarius and Inosperma calamistratum) (Figures 2 and 3), although this might be by chance because of our low sample numbers. If no mycorrhizal fungi are present in a habitat, growth of Pinaceae individuals is slowed down or establishment is inhibited as nutrient uptake is not possible for non-mycorrhizal roots (Marschner and Dell 1994). ...
Context 26
... found Mortierella, Penicillium, and Exophiala species as the main biomass-decaying taxa ( Figure 2). These are common soil fungi also in high-latitude ecosystems (Treseder et al., 2007;Allison et al., 2009). ...
Context 27
... are generally highly abundant throughout all records. The significant decrease in saprotrophic fungi around 10 cal ka BP for all lakes (Figures 2 and 3) demonstrates that the drastic climate change during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition ( Biskaborn et al., 2016;) also affected soil communities. This finding from natural past warming agrees with results from experimental warming studies, indicating that relative saprotroph abundance declines with warming, while the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi and lichen increases (Deslippe et al., 2012;Geml et al., 2015;Mundra et al., 2016). ...
Context 28
... most abundant parasitic species from our dataset are Protoventuria, Kalmusia variispora, Kalmusia longispora, and Didymellaceae which co-occur with Salicaceae, Larix, and Alnus alnobetula (Figures 2 and 3). Protoventuria species, for example, penetrate leaves and show up as distinct spots on the plant leaf (Carris and Poole, 1993). ...
Context 29
... we detected parasitic OTUs mostly in sediment samples from the warm Holocene ( Figure 2). This confirms early findings that experimental warming leads to an increase in parasitic and virulent fungi ( Geml et al., 2015) along with woody taxa expansion. ...
Context 30
... confirms early findings that experimental warming leads to an increase in parasitic and virulent fungi ( Geml et al., 2015) along with woody taxa expansion. Interestingly, we can observe a drastic decline in Salicaceae after the high Protoventuria abundance around 20 cal ka BP (Figures 2 and 3), which supports previously recovered high fungal parasite abundances in permafrost during the last ice age ( Lydolph et al., 2005). Fungi from the family Venturiaceae have been assigned to Salicaceae as pathogenic species in northern latitudes (Hosseini-Nasabnia et al., 2016), while Kalmusia was detected in Alnus forests in Lithuania ( Iznova and Rukšėnienė, 2012). ...
Context 31
... analyses are among the few palaeo-ecological studies that have detected lichens (Figure 2). They are commonly lacking in fossil records (Taylor and Osborn, 1996) despite being an important component of boreal forest and tundra biomass (Asplund and Wardle, 2017;Shevtsova et al., 2020). ...
Context 32
... species often occur in arctic tundra communities (Sheard, 1977) and are of low specificity concerning their photobiont as they associate with various Trebouxia species (Nelsen and Gargas, 2009). Peltigera preferentially grows in temperate regions on soils and among mosses over rocks, but can also be found on tree trunks (Nash 2002) and in boreal forests (Asplund and Wardle, 2015), explaining their abundance in the more forested Holocene in our records from CH12 (Figure 2). Interestingly, almost all lichens are recorded from sediments of warm periods with well-developed vegetation, namely the late MIS3 and the Holocene. ...
Context 33
... most abundant yeast taxa from our dataset are [Candida] vartiovaarae, Malassezia restricta, Cyphellophora reptans, Cryptococcus, and Lipomyces anomalus (Figure 2). These taxa are widely distributed in soils in Siberia (Polyakova and Chernov, 2001). ...
Similar publications
Climate change has a major impact on arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems as warming leads to northward treeline shifts, inducing consequences for heterotrophic organisms associated with the plant taxa. To unravel ecological dependencies, we address how long-term climatic changes have shaped the co-occurrence of plants and fungi across selected...
Citations
... Nonetheless, several studies have demonstrated that fungi are sensitive to environmental changes (e.g., Casadevall et al., 2019;Nnadi & Carter, 2021). Long-term changes in fungal communities using the sedDNA approach have been recently used to track catchment dynamics related to environmental changes (Talas et al., 2021;von Hippel et al., 2021). Using a fungal-specific assay, data on diverse fungal assemblages were retrieved from a series of lake sediment cores in Siberia (Seeber et al., 2022). ...
Analyses of sedimentary DNA ( sed DNA) have increased exponentially over the last decade and hold great potential to study the effects of anthropogenic stressors on lake biota over time.
Herein, we synthesise the literature that has applied a sed DNA approach to track historical changes in lake biodiversity in response to anthropogenic impacts, with an emphasis on the past c. 200 years.
We identified the following research themes that are of particular relevance: (1) eutrophication and climate change as key drivers of limnetic communities; (2) increasing homogenisation of limnetic communities across large spatial scales; and (3) the dynamics and effects of invasive species as traced in lake sediment archives.
Altogether, this review highlights the potential of sed DNA to draw a more comprehensive picture of the response of lake biota to anthropogenic stressors, opening up new avenues in the field of paleoecology by unrevealing a hidden historical biodiversity, building new paleo‐indicators, and reflecting either taxonomic or functional attributes.
Broadly, sed DNA analyses provide new perspectives that can inform ecosystem management, conservation, and restoration by offering an approach to measure ecological integrity and vulnerability, as well as ecosystem functioning.
... Furthermore, the increase in available sequences potentially also offers the possibility to optimize metabarcoding assays in comparison to the primers that are currently in common use. However, fungal metabarcoding primers have not been re-evaluated in close to a decade (Bellemain et al., 2010(Bellemain et al., , 2013Epp et al., 2012), even though fungal metabarcoding may help reveal community turnovers and trace ecosystem changes on very long timescales (von Hippel et al., 2021). This is particularly critical regarding the high diversity of fungi and the resulting lack of truly universal but exclusive fungi metabarcoding primers (see UNITE primer notes, https://unite.ut.ee/prime rs.php). ...
... Here, we developed metabarcoding primers to investigate past fungal biodiversity, and we assessed the specificities of fungal sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) extracted from lake sediment cores in Siberia (for details on the cores see von Hippel et al., 2021). ...
... Data were processed and analyzed using OBITools software (Boyer et al., 2016) as described by von Hippel et al. (2021). Briefly, sequences were clustered using sumaclust (Mercier et al., 2013) at a score threshold of 0.97 and were annotated using the OBITools ecotag assignment with two databases-the latest UNITE release v. 8.2 (Abarenkov et al., 2010) and the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence ...
Abstract Fungi are crucial organisms in most ecosystems as they exert ecological key functions and are closely associated with land plants. Fungal community changes may, therefore, help reveal biodiversity changes in past ecosystems. Lake sediments contain the DNA of organisms in the catchment area, which allows reconstructing past biodiversity by using metabarcoding of ancient sedimentary DNA. We re‐evaluated various commonly used metabarcoding primers, and we developed a novel PCR primer combination for fungal metabarcoding to produce a short amplicon, thus accounting for amplification bias due to the degradation of ancient DNA. In silico PCRs showed higher diversity using this new primer combination, compared with previously established fungal metabarcoding primers. We analyzed data from sediment cores from four artic and one boreal lake in Siberia. These cores had been stored for 2–22 years after coring; we, therefore, examined the degradation effects of ancient DNA and storage time‐related bias affecting fungal communities. Amplicon lengths showed considerable variation within and between the major divisions of fungi, for example, amplicons of Basidiomycota were significantly longer than those of Mucoromycota; however, we observed no significant effect of sample age on amplicon length and GC content, suggesting the robustness of our results. We also found no indication of post‐coring fungal growth during storage regarding the proportions of common mold taxa, which would otherwise distort conclusions on past fungal communities. Terrestrial soil fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs, were predominant in all lakes, whereas typical aquatic taxa were only represented to a negligible extent, which supports the use of lake sedimentary ancient DNA for reconstructing terrestrial communities.
... Permafrost degradation/abrupt thaw and warming (Biskaborn et al., 2019;Stuenzi et al., 2021) could lead to thermokarst processes that would locally cause swamping/waterlogging, leading to suppressed establishment/growth , which is not explicitly simulated and unlikely to limit tree invasion on a broader scale. Further limitations could arise from the lack of a suitable mycorrhiza symbiosis partner, but as shown by Hippel et al., 2021 even in northernmost areas on the Taimyr Peninsula mycorrhiza are present even before the invasion of trees in the Holocene. Additionally, dispersal rates of mycorrhiza with small spores are a magnitude faster than for taxa with larger seeds so that geographic distance is unlikely to be a limiting factor, similar to diatoms as shown by Stoof-Leichsenring et al., 2015. ...
The biodiversity of tundra areas in northern high latitudes is threatened by invasion of forests under global warming. However, poorly understood nonlinear responses of the treeline ecotone mean the timing and extent of tundra losses are unclear, but policymakers need such information to optimize conservation efforts. Our individual-based model LAVESI, developed for the Siberian tundra-taiga ecotone, can help improve our understanding. Consequently, we simulated treeline migration trajectories until the end of the millennium, causing a loss of tundra area when advancing north. Our simulations reveal that the treeline follows climate warming with a severe, century-long time lag, which is overcompensated by infilling of stands in the long run even when temperatures cool again. Our simulations reveal that only under ambitious mitigation strategies (relative concentration pathway 2.6) will ∼30% of original tundra areas remain in the north but separated into two disjunct refugia.
Introduction: Rising industrial emissions of carbon dioxide and methane highlight the important role of carbon sinks and sources in fast-changing northern landscapes. Northern lake systems play a key role in regulating organic carbon input by accumulating carbon in their sediment. Here we look at the lake history of 28 lakes (between 50°N and 80°N) over the past 21,000 years to explore the relationship between carbon accumulation in lakes and temperature changes.
Method: For this study, we calculated organic carbon accumulation rates (OCAR) using measured and newly generated organic carbon and dry bulk density data. To estimate new data, we used and evaluated seven different regression techniques in addition to a log-linear model as our base model. We also used combined age-depth modeling to derive sedimentation rates and the TraCE-21ka climate reanalysis dataset to understand temperature development since the Last Glacial Maximum. We determined correlation between temperature and OCAR by using four different correlation coefficients.
Results: In our data collection, we found a slightly positive association between OCAR and temperature. OCAR values peaked during warm periods Bølling Allerød (38.07 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹) and the Early Holocene (40.68 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹), while lowest values occurred during the cold phases of Last Glacial Maximum (9.47 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹) and Last Deglaciation (10.53 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹). However, high temperatures did not directly lead to high OCAR values.
Discussion: We assume that rapid warming events lead to high carbon accumulation in lakes, but as warming progresses, this effect appears to change as increased microbial activity triggers greater outgassing. Despite the complexity of environmental forcing mechanisms affecting individual lake systems, our study showed statistical significance between measured OCAR and modelled paleotemperature for 11 out of 28 lakes. We concluded that air temperature alone appears to drive the carbon accumulation in lakes. We expected that other factors (catchment vegetation, permafrost, and lake characteristics) would influence accumulation rates, but could not discover a conclusive factor that had a statistical significant impact. More data available on long-term records from northern lake systems could lead to more confidence and accuracy on the matter.
Age–depth relationships are the key elements in paleoenvironmental studies
to place proxy measurements into a temporal context. However, potential
influencing factors of the available radiocarbon data and the associated
modeling process can cause serious divergences of age–depth relationships
from true chronologies, which is particularly challenging for
paleolimnological studies in Arctic regions. This paper provides
geoscientists with a tool-assisted approach to compare outputs from
age–depth modeling systems and to strengthen the robustness of age–depth
relationships. We primarily focused on the development of age determination
data from a data collection of high-latitude lake systems (50 to 90∘ N, 55 sediment cores, and a total of 602 dating points).
Our approach used five age–depth modeling systems (Bacon, Bchron, clam, hamstr, Undatable) that we linked through
a multi-language Jupyter Notebook called LANDO (“Linked age and depth
modeling”). Within LANDO we implemented a pipeline from data
integration to model comparison to allow users to investigate the outputs of the modeling systems. In this paper, we focused on highlighting three
different case studies: comparing multiple modeling systems for one sediment
core with a continuously deposited succession of dating points (CS1), for
one sediment core with scattered dating points (CS2), and for multiple
sediment cores (CS3). For the first case study (CS1), we showed how we
facilitate the output data from all modeling systems to create an ensemble
age–depth model. In the special case of scattered dating points (CS2), we
introduced an adapted method that uses independent proxy data to assess the
performance of each modeling system in representing lithological changes.
Based on this evaluation, we reproduced the characteristics of an existing
age–depth model (Lake Ilirney, EN18208) without removing age determination
data. For multiple sediment cores (CS3) we found that when considering the
Pleistocene–Holocene transition, the main regime changes in sedimentation
rates do not occur synchronously for all lakes. We linked this behavior to
the uncertainty within the dating and modeling process, as well as the local variability in catchment settings affecting the accumulation rates of the sediment cores within the collection near the glacial–interglacial
transition.
