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Power system network becomes very complex and wide spread because of the industrial growth. It may subject to various disturbances and hence the stability and quality of the electrical energy supplied are affected. In grid connected operation, the stability plays a major role in providing the reliable power to the customers. Even if any disturbance...
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... in this paper for analyzing the short circuit responses which is very much required for designing the protective devices. The description about the major components of the typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant is given in this section. The single line diagram of the typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant having all the major components is shown in Fig. 1 and the details of which are listed in Table ...
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Now-a-days, the per-capita consumption which dictates the development of any nation has been increased because of the sophisticated life. Because of the industrial growth, the power system network becomes more complex and widespread. The quality and reliability of the electrical power are the key factors in such a complex power system. In grid conn...
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... Аналіз досліджень та публікацій Струми, що виникають в результаті КЗ (випадкового чи навмисного з'єднання точок електроустановки або струмопровідними частинами, спричиненого пошкодженням ізоляції або помилкою персоналу [1,2]), створюють серйозну небезпеку для елементів СЕП на всіх рівнях напруги. КЗ в СЕП можна зменшити шляхом належного обслуговування та експлуатації системи, але неможливо повністю уникнути [3]. ...
... При цьому, значення струму трифазного КЗ є базовим для вибору комутаційної і захисної апаратури та для оцінки параметрів інших видів КЗ [5]. Таким чином, для правильного вибору комутаційних апаратів і налаштування пристроїв захисту на стадії проектування, забезпечення надійності роботи електроустановок та всієї СЕП під час її експлуатації необхідним є детальний розрахунок струму трифазного КЗ та аналіз його значення на всіх рівнях СЕП [2,6]. ...
... Згідно ANSI визначаються три типи струму КЗ, залежно від періоду часу, який розглядається від початку виникнення КЗ: миттєве значення струму КЗ; значення струму вимкнення (переривання) КЗ; усталене значення струму КЗ. Для цього формуються три різні мережі імпедансів [2]: мережа півперіоду (½Т, де Т-період струму КЗ, Т=0,02 с) (надперехідна мережа), мережа з 1,5-4 періодами (перехідна мережа) і мережа з 30 періодами (мережа усталеного стану). У мережі півперіоду всі синхронні та асинхронні машини зображуються їх надперехідним реактивним опором. ...
Analysis of a short circuit in the distribution network with a voltage of up to 1 kV of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise. The procedure for calculating the short-circuit current in accordance with the recommendations of the ANSI/IEEE standard C37 series, which regulates the calculation of the short-circuit current for the selection and verification of switchgear and protective devices according to the short circuit current rating, was used to calculate the short-circuit current in the low-voltage distribution network of an industrial enterprise. The need to automate the process of calculating short-circuit currents in the power supply system of an industrial enterprise was substantiated. The Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software was used as an analysis tool. The design of the low-voltage distribution network was carried out in the ETAP software environment. The Short Circuit package of the ETAP software was used to calculate the short-circuit current on any bus of the distribution network. The result of the analysis is the determination of the short circuit current values and the verification of the compliance of the characteristics of the installed electrical equipment with the short-circuit currents. The effectiveness of using ETAP software for short-circuit analysis in order to select and verify the electrical equipment of the low-voltage distribution network of an industrial enterprise according to the level of short-circuit current was proven. The results of the analysis of the short-circuit current using the ETAP software provided an opportunity to verify the correctness of the decisions made regarding the selection of low-voltage switchgear of the distribution network of the facility’s power supply system. Analysis of short-circuit current using ETAP software provides the possibility of selecting switchgear and protective devices according to the level of short-circuit current, which contributes to the design of a reliable power supply system for the facility.
... Furthermore, ETAP refers to this sort of current as " cycle". The ETAP conducts 3-ph, L-G, L-L, and L-L-G fault investigations to compute S.C.Cs in rms values at cycle on the faulty buses.This method's short circuit current values may be used for a variety of applications, including sizing fuses and low-voltage circuit breakers and modifying relay instantaneous settings [36]. ...
... Positive, negative, and zero sequence subtransient reactances are used to represent generators, whereas positive, negative, and zero sequence transient reactances are used to simulate motors. [36]. ...
... ETAPнайбільш комплексне рішення для моделювання, проектування та аналізу систем виробництва, передачі та розподілу електроенергії в електроенергетичній системі, а також промислових систем електропостачання [9]. ETAPодин з найпотужніших інструментів електротехнічного аналізу та керування, визнаних світовим лідером у проектуванні, аналізі та моніторингу енергосистем, який широко використовується для аналізу електромагнітних перехідних процесів [2,5,[9][10][11][12] Для забезпечення необхідної точності розрахунку максимального струму короткого замикання необхідне знання схеми системи електропостачання об'єкту. Фрагмент спроектованої в програмі ЕТАР однолінійної схеми розподільчої мережі системи електропостачання промислового підприємства наведено на рисунку 1. ...
The article is devoted to the issue of short-circuit analysis in the high-voltage network of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise. A short-circuit analysis is based on the methodology recommended by the IEC 60909 International Standard. The method of equivalent voltage source at a shortcircuit point was used to calculate a short-circuit current. The necessity to analyze short-circuit currents at all levels of the power supply system was used as justification of the feasibility of automation of the calculation process. Module "Shortcircuit analysis" of the ETAP software was used as an analysis tool. The nominal parameters of the elements of the power supply system of the industrial enterprise and its topological structure are the initial data for the calculation. A single-line scheme of a 10 kV distribution network of power supply system is designed in ETAP program for implementation of the calculation process. The calculation of the value of the initial and maximum current for symmetric (three-phase) and asymmetrical ("phase-phase" and "phase-land") short circuits at the specified points of the electrical network, as well as the detection of inconsistency of characteristics installed equipment to short-circuit currents and displaying inadequate places are the result of the module "Short-circuit analysis" of the ETAP program. The results of the analysis of short circuit in the investigated distribution network of the 10 kV industrial enterprise did not find inconsistencies of the equipment characteristics of the requirements for the stability of short-circuit currents.
... The solar PV and fuel cell system will be the future competitor in renewable energy market from environmental perspective (Muhammad Tawalbeh et al., 2021). However, the rapid increase in power electronic converters and non-linear load usage causes power quality (PQ) issues which may also give rise to economic impacts and the poor equipment performance leading to system losses (Sharma et al., 2018;Sankar & Iqbal 2015). Therefore, the present work focuses on addressing PQ issues in grid-connected Hybrid Energy System (HES) comprising of solar PV and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system. ...
Power quality improvement is inevitable due to the presence of power converters and non-linear loads in grid connected renewable based hybrid energy system (HES). The harmonics introduced by the distributed energy systems may lead to output voltage distortion andequipment failure which may lead to system losses. It may also cause for direct and indirecteconomic impacts. Development of active filter, passive filter and hybrid filter for harmonics mitigation would be an expensive solutions. Therefore, various DC/AC converter switchingschemes are proposed for power quality improvements in grid connected Solar Photovoltaic(PV) and fuel cell based HES. Initially, Solar PV and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (PEMFC) are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Further the harmonic behavior withProportional plus Integral (PI), Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) and Fuzzygain scheduled PID controllers are demonstrated using Pulse Width Modulator (PWM).Converter output voltage waveform, frequency spectrum and total harmonics distortion (THD) values at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) have witnessed that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID controller suppresses the voltage distortions completely. It also yields 4 percentage THD value which satisfies the harmonic level recommended by IEEE 519 standard. Comparative analysis shows that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID control scheme exhibits superior performance than the traditional PI and PID controllers. Therefore, it is identified as an effective control scheme for power quality improvement in hybrid renewable energy system.
... Industry Associations, consumer groups, government and several engineering associations have joined the ANSI committee as interested parties. The membership consists of 850 companies, 35 governmental organization and more than 300 related parties (Bloodgood, 1984;Sankar and Iqbal, 2015;Burkard, 2004) • Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS). These are national standards, designed by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee and established under the name of the minister in charge (Nakamura and Domae, 2010;Beaty and Fink, 2013) • Australia Standards (AS). ...
This article studies the general rules of electrical installation design that involves planning, creating, testing, and installation and powering of electrical equipment in accordance with the approved regulations and standards.
These technical standards regulate the design, construction, and maintenance of electrical equipment to ensure public safety and stable supply of electricity. The main international and national standards dedicated to Electrical Installation Design worldwide are listed, analyzed, and compared.
... Power Network represents dynamic system that may be a subject of various disturbances including short circuit (SC), which affects the performance of power system (Lakshmi Sankar & Mohamed Iqbal, 2015). Fault occurrence causes an increase of SC current creating undesirable impact on nearby parameters; protective devices malfunction and system stability. ...
... This standard studies the original network twice: one using equivalent Thevenin resistance only and the other uses equivalent Thevenin reactance only to determine X/R at fault point which is useful for asymmetrical fault current calculation. This is achieved for subtransient and steady state SC current (IEEE, 2006;Lakshmi Sankar & Mohamed Iqbal, 2015). Correction factors of rotary machines' impedance have significant effect on SC calculation. ...
... As pointed out in the introduction that there are several programs which calculate the SC by both the ANSI and IEC standards. Lakshmi Sankar and Mohamed Iqbal (2015) reviewed the study of these standards by ETAP for thermal power station by testing the system at different locations such as bus network and bus generator. ...
The calculation of short circuit (SC) current has to be accurate because of their importance in power protection system’s design and to determine the capacity of the protective devices. Therefore, there are many standards and programs to estimate SC calculation. The aim of this paper is to provide further calculation methods’ understanding for determining SC current in PSS/E program. Here, the characteristics of SC at the busbars of Al-Nassiriya power plant; with 400/132 KV local transformers; which is part of Iraqi power system is analyzed using PSS/E program methods such as automatic sequence fault calculation (ASCC), IEC 60909 and (ANSI) standards. The finding of results comparison between the three methods refers that IEC standard result was the most accurate one in subtransient current calculation. This paper concludes that IEC have the best method to be followed in subtransient current calculations for Iraq power grid expansion studies and planning.
... Stability becomes the main concern in an isolated and grid connected operation of the power plants. 1,2 Integration of renewable energy plants with an advanced gas turbine can be a viable solution for most of the stability issues. 3,4 Recent survey on biomass gasifier power plants and a study of generation expansion plan for Tamilnadu, a southern state of India, suggested that the huge potential renewable sources can be converted into useful energy by proper modelling and implementing suitable control strategy. ...
Frequent load fluctuation and set point variations are the major issues in grid connected heavy duty gas turbine power plants. It may affect the stability of the plant and may lead to inevitable shutdown. Dynamic stability analysis of higher order heavy duty gas turbine in real‐time environment would be tedious and expensive. Various model order reduction techniques namely clustering technique‐Pade approximation (CT‐PA), modified clustering technique‐Pade approximation (MCT‐PA), and Mihailov criterion‐Pade approximation (MC‐PA) are proposed for identifying the reduced order model of 18.2 MW industrial heavy duty gas turbine with field test parameter. The step response of gas turbine plant against the load disturbance and set point variations is obtained using the reduced order models and compared with that of higher order system. The time domain specifications and error criteria have witnessed that the MC‐PA‐based reduced order model retains the original characteristics and yields an improved transient and steady‐state responses. Therefore, MC‐PA‐based reduced order model is identified as an effective reduced order model for the higher order gas turbine plant. The proposed reduced order model would be useful for analysing the behaviour of latest derivative speedtronic controlled gas turbine plant.
... Fault current analysis based on American National Standards Institute (ANSI) -C37 and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60909, IEC 61363-1 standards has been performed. The symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults at different locations in the power plant have been evaluated and also investigated the effect of fault location on the Short Circuit response [6]. ...
... There are several methods to do Short Circuit analysis: the impedance method, the conventional method, the composition method, all these methods can calculate fault current for low voltage power system, but IEC 60909 method can be used up to 550KV [5]. Power system using IEC 60909, IEC 61363 standards the Short Circuit study is executed in ETAP for 3-phase fault, line-to-neutral (L-G) fault, line-toline (L-L) fault and line-to-line-to-neutral (L-L-G) fault and ′′ (initial AC symmetrical fault current), (peak fault current) and (steady-state fault current) is determined [6]. ...
The studies of the electrical system need to assess the output of the power system at development phase as well as daily situations. This paper presents fault current study of a 220KV grid station at the standard of IEC 60909 and IEC 61363. In order to support the power system, fault current study can be done at design & development phase to conclude the system design, determine voltage magnitude, shielding apparatus, circuit breakers, conductor length, step up and step-down power equipment and solid grounding. A grid station is simulated using real system facts and Figures in the ETAP software and fault current analysis is executed at different voltage levels. With the help of results achieved from the simulations, it is likely to assess the dynamic pressure yield to the equipment of the power system in the existence of faults. However, evaluation of installed apparatus in the situation of power system enhancement that can significantly influence the fault current level. The study shows the significance of the symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents investigation for the description of the apparatus rating, which must upkeep these currents.
... In this paper, the power flow and transient stability of the typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant have been analyzed using ETAP. Since ETAP is the most effective and user friendly tool to perform the power system studies [20], [21], it has been chosen in this paper to simulate the typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant. Violation of bus voltage limits and overloading conditions of the components have been ensured by load flow analysis. ...
Now-a-days, the per-capita consumption which dictates the development of any nation has been increased because of the sophisticated life. Because of the industrial growth, the power system network becomes more complex and widespread. The quality and reliability of the electrical power are the key factors in such a complex power system. In grid connected operation, the stability plays a major role to ensure the reliable power to the customers. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the transient stability of a typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. Power flow response of the typical system has been studied and the voltage limit violation and overloading conditions were also analyzed. Stability of the system for various cases in the presence of the controllers namely governor, exciter and power system stabilizer (PSS) has also been studied. The simulation responses have been analyzed based on critical clearing time (tcc) and critical clearing angle (δcc) and an optimal combination of these controllers for the best transient stability response has also been identified. In addition, the stability behavior has been validated using the standard IEEE 9-bus test system. Simulation response of the typical 2×30 MW thermal power plant and IEEE 9-bus system show that the stability of any system can be improved by the optimal combination of controllers as identified in this paper. The detailed description of the transient stability study and the simulation response of both the systems have been furnished in this paper.
... A short-circuit calculation in the reduced network gives the same results for the original distribution network. Based on ANSI and IEC standards, a fault current was influenced by the intervening reactance of power system components [16][17]. ...
An electrical system quality is very important to develop and maintain for distributing the electrical energy to consument. The 20 kV medium voltage distribution system provides electrical energy to supply to the consument. However, but in the practical applications, there are many disturbances to supply to consument. The impact of short circuit disturbance on distribution network is too large, that could broke the equipment in distribution network, the losses on consument who live upon the electrical system, and can harm the people and make fire. This research was to calculate the asymmetrical short circuit currents that could occurred on the feeders and then the results would be compared to the simulations. They would also be used to set an OCR relay, to protect the feeders. The asymmetrical short circuit current calculation results were lower than those the simulations, with 403.9 A (9.24%) average difference, for two phase and 48.4 (12.53%) for one phase faults. The different of relay working times between the calculation and simulation results were 0.1913 s (45.98%) for the two and 0.0997 s (35.68%) for the one phase faults, where the latters were longer than those the formers.
