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For series‐compensated line, the distance relay finds its limitations during voltage inversion, current inversion, load encroachment, power swing and balanced fault during the power swing. These limitations can be overcome by wide‐area backup protection schemes. This study proposes a novel fault detection technique utilising the synchrophasor data...
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With the development of modern power systems, higher requirements are imposed on relay protection technology. Traditional relay protection and fault diagnosis technologies have been unable to meet the requirements of the continuous development of power systems, and relay protection systems based on artificial intelligence(AI) technology have receiv...
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... Figure 5 illustrates the application of IoT in electricity transmission and they are named as substation automation, energy storage, SCADA/EMS, phasor measurement units (PMUs), assets management using NTAMC, and renewable integration PMU, which determines voltage and current angle and magnitude on a particular line point by employing the GPS for synchronization of time. A commercial PMU version will report measures of approximately 30-60 measurements per second with high temporal resolution and enables engineers of the power systems to examine the dynamic events in the power system [105]. With conventional SCADA, such a rapid and precise measurement is not possible every 2 or 4 s. ...
... Figure 5 illustrates the application of IoT in electricity transmission and they are named as substation automation, energy storage, SCADA/EMS, phasor measuremen units (PMUs), assets management using NTAMC, and renewable integration PMU, which determines voltage and current angle and magnitude on a particular line point by em ploying the GPS for synchronization of time. A commercial PMU version will repor measures of approximately 30-60 measurements per second with high temporal resolu tion and enables engineers of the power systems to examine the dynamic events in the power system [105]. With conventional SCADA, such a rapid and precise measurement is not possible every 2 or 4 s. ...
The United Nations’ sustainable development goals have emphasized implementing sustainability to ensure environmental security for the future. Affordable energy, clean energy, and innovation in infrastructure are the relevant sustainable development goals that are applied to the energy sector. At present, digital technologies have a significant capability to realize the target of sustainability in energy. With this motivation, the study aims to discuss the significance of different digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, blockchain, and big data and their implementation in the different stages of energy such as generation, distribution, transmission, smart grid, and energy trading. The study also discusses the different architecture that has been implemented by previous studies for smart grid computing. Additionally, we addressed IoT-based microgrids, IoT services in electrical equipment, and blockchain-based energy trading. Finally, the article discusses the challenges and recommendations for the effective implementation of digital technologies in the energy sector for meeting sustainability. Big data for energy analytics, digital twins in smart grid modeling, virtual power plants with Metaverse, and green IoT are the major vital recommendations that are discussed in this study for future enhancement.
This paper proposes a generalized backup protection scheme which is also suitable for series compensated lines with certain limitations. The scheme utilizes optimal wide-area synchronized or unsynchronized measurement data provided by phasor data concentrator (PDC). Series compensated line faults might result in maloperation of distance relays due to positive- or negative-sequence voltage or current inversion situation. The proposed scheme possesses greater sensitivity and selectivity to operate relaying schemes in more dependable and secured manner. The scheme utilizes optimal wide-area phasor measurement data. The optimized positive- and negative-sequence voltage and current phasor measurement data are utilized to derive incremental impedance based index (IIBI). The scheme is immune to synchronization error due to communication delay or loss of global positioning system (GPS) signal. The proposed method is simulated for different fault and power swing scenarios in IEEE-39 bus system on EMTP-RV and computational analysis is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink platform. Measurement inaccuracy and line parameter uncertainty have been considered for evaluating the performance. The scheme is verified for series compensated line in 4-bus system through OPAL-RT real-time powergrid simulator successfully. Performance is investigated for faults in compensated line with different compensation levels, fault locations and fault resistances. The results corroborate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme over recently proposed wide-area backup protection (WABP) schemes in the literature.
