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3. Single lamellar structure with parameters listed (a) PVA and (b) PVA/CNC composites, indicating alternative regions of either crystalline or amorphous zone. In FEM models, for (c) bulk control and (d) bulk composites.
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Among the many potential applications of nano-carbon (nC), their ability to improve stiffening, strengthening, and toughening mechanisms in polymeric materials has been given considerable attention due to the excellent mechanical properties, and low density of these graphitic materials. The approaches toward designing composites have provided numer...
Citations
... [91][92][93][94][95][96] Those ordered and delicately managed particle orientations frequently correlate to superior mechanical properties. [97] Reinforcement filler orientations in manually produced composites are currently limited by material choices or manufacturing techniques. Manufacturingwise, the pref erential alignment and desirable site placement of 1D and 2D nanomaterials are challenging due to their large surface area, which results in aggregates and large aspect ratios requiring enormous momentum to rotate at the nanoscale. ...
... Beyond filament extrusion, other methods of dry, wet, gel, dryjet wet, and orificespinning involved with drawing procedures can significantly align particles along the fiber axis direction (Figure 8a-g). [89,97] All methods except electrospinning can collect fibers above microscale and posttreat them for polymer and particle structure reorganiza tions. Spun fibers have small diameters, 1-20 μm. ...
3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state‐of‐the‐art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing‐enabled nanoparticle alignment in well‐established and in‐house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo‐resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.
Carbon is the most studied element of the nano era. Carbon adopts a wide range of allotropes, such as graphite, diamond, fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GE), and amorphous carbon. These carbon structures have been explored for the last few decades and find applications in various fields of science and technology, especially in the form of polymer nanocomposites. Natural rubber (NR) being the crucial material in industrial applications, has been studied and examined for the improvement of both physical and electrical properties with these carbon materials. In this chapter we give a brief description of the types, structures, and shapes of different allotropes of carbon in the first section with a detailed discussion on NR/CNT and NR/GE nanocomposites in the following sections. The role of processing methods in improving the state of dispersion of CNTs and GE in NR has been discussed along with the effect of incorporation of these nanomaterials on the mechanical and electrical properties of the resulting nanocomposites. Some potential applications and prospects for future development of these high-performance materials have been included at the end of this chapter.
The utilization of bamboo fibers in polymer-based composites has expanded in the past few years due to the demand for biodegradable, sustainable and recyclable materials. This article reviews the processing of extracted bamboo fibers and their composites, ultimate mechanical properties/thermal stabilities and corresponding characterizations, as well as the applications. Currently, the challenges regarding bamboo fibers-filled polymer composites involve extraction of high quality bamboo fibers, uniform fiber dispersion/distribution in polymer matrix and/or formation of interphase between matrix-filler phases. Relationships among processing techniques, properties and structural orders are significant to guide the design of future composite.
