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Simulations describing variations in the number of exposed individuals (a), asymptomatic infected individuals (b), symptomatic infected individuals (c), and recovered individuals (d) under different increments in the vaccination level, represented by ϵ = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8.

Simulations describing variations in the number of exposed individuals (a), asymptomatic infected individuals (b), symptomatic infected individuals (c), and recovered individuals (d) under different increments in the vaccination level, represented by ϵ = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8.

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Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern, affecting over nine million individuals globally each year. Mathematical modeling approaches can provide valuable insights into typhoid transmission dynamics and inform preventive strategies. In this study, we developed a compartmental model incorporating key features of typhoid epidemiology and...

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... we analyzed the influence of these interventions on our model. In Fig. 2, the impact of protective measures, such as practicing safe sanitation, on the exposed, asymptomatic infected, symptomatic infected, and bacterial compartments is shown. Increasing the number of these interventions effectively decreased these populations. Similarly, Fig. 3 illustrates that enhancing vaccination rates reduces the exposed, asymptomatic, and symptomatic infected populations, ultimately leading to a decline in the recovered population. These findings emphasize the critical role of public awareness, particularly in communities susceptible to typhoid fever, as a vital component of ...