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Simulations describing variations in the number of exposed individuals (a), asymptomatic infected individuals (b), symptomatic infected individuals (c), and the bacterial compartment (d) under different reductions in infectiveness, represented by κ = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5.
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Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern, affecting over nine million individuals globally each year. Mathematical modeling approaches can provide valuable insights into typhoid transmission dynamics and inform preventive strategies. In this study, we developed a compartmental model incorporating key features of typhoid epidemiology and...
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... the state variables over time are shown in Fig. 1. Next, we explored the impact of our model parameters, with a focus on the crucial aspects of controlling and preventing typhoid epidemics. Self-sanitation and vaccination interventions were identified as key measures. Subsequently, we analyzed the influence of these interventions on our model. In Fig. 2, the impact of protective measures, such as practicing safe sanitation, on the exposed, asymptomatic infected, symptomatic infected, and bacterial compartments is shown. Increasing the number of these interventions effectively decreased these populations. Similarly, Fig. 3 illustrates that enhancing vaccination rates reduces the ...