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Simulation results of (a) lateral and (b) longitudinal intensity distributions of a photon sieve axilens with different distributions of pinholes including classic and dense Gaussian distributions with Gaussian parameters ( n 0 , r 0 , α ) = ( 650 , 44 , 1000 ) , (850, 44, 1000), and (1000, 44, 1000) denoted by dashed, dashed–dotted, dotted, and solid lines, respectively.
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An axilens is a combination of an axicon and a Fresnel zone plate to provide a long focal diffractive lens. However, the photon sieve has been known as a high-resolution version of the Fresnel zone plate. Therefore, construction of an axilens on the basis of a photon sieve may yield a high-resolution axilens. To this end, circular zones of an axile...
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Citations
... Axicon lenses with a binary diffractive structure have been previously reported [13][14][15][16][17]. In most previous studies, the focal length of the axicon lens is proportional to the square of the zone radius. ...
... The center part of the binary diffractive lens structure resembles a grating structure, while the outer part resembles a diffractive structure. The light path difference from the annular zone of P m and P m−1 for r m and r m−1 , respectively, is consistent with Eq. (15). Therefore, the focal length f m for the annular zone interval r m = r m − r m−1 is obtained from Eq. (17). ...
We fabricated a binary diffractive lens to control focal distribution, such as intensity distribution, by controlling the focal length and depth of focus. The results revealed changes in the focal length and depth of focus as a function of changes in the ring zone interval $\Delta {{ R}_M}$ Δ R M at the end of the lens. Similar results were obtained from experiments. The peak position on the optical axis shifts further away from the lens. The half-width in the propagation direction increases with the $\Delta {{ R}_M}$ Δ R M . These results demonstrate the possibility of controlling the focal distribution using single flat lenses by changing the periodic structure.
... As the advent of diffractive lens systems with different configurations expands [8,16,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], the fast and accurate simulation of these systems becomes crucial for design, analysis, and image reconstruction tasks. To date, diffractive lens systems have been analyzed using either computationally intensive diffraction software, fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based diffraction computations, or derived analytical models [1,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. ...
Diffractive lenses, such as Fresnel zone plates, photon sieves, and their modified versions, have been of significant recent interest in high-resolution imaging applications. As the advent of diffractive lens systems with different configurations expands, the fast and accurate simulation of these systems becomes crucial for both the design and image reconstruction tasks. Here we present a fast and accurate method for computing the 2D point-spread function (PSF) of an arbitrary diffractive lens. The method is based on the recently derived closed-form mathematical formula for the PSF and the transfer function of a diffractive lens. In the method, first, the samples of the transfer function are computed using the transmittance function of the diffractive lens, and then the inverse Fourier transform of this transfer function is computed to obtain the PSF. For accurate computation, the selection of the sampling parameters is handled with care, and simple selection rules are provided for this purpose. The developed method requires a single fast Fourier transform, and, therefore, has little computational complexity. Moreover, it is also applicable to any diffractive lens configuration with arbitrary-shaped structures and modulation. As a result, this fast and accurate PSF computation method enables efficient simulation, analysis, and development of diffractive lens systems under both focused and defocused settings.
... It should be noted that the diffraction efficiency and focal length changing of this lens were tunable. The LC sample fabricated using a homogeneously coated substrate [43][44][45][46] and a non-aligned glass. given by [18,47]: ...
This work introduces a tunable nematic liquid crystal Photon Sieve lens based on UV-curable polymer. The LC molecules that aligned in the different zones of the NPS-PS lens makes a refractive index difference. The fabricated lens can deform from PS to NPS mode and reverse in two various linear polarisations. The maximum focus efficiency that reached (~38.5%) for the PS lens mode and (~22%) for NPS mode measured by applying a suitable AC voltage which was close to the maximum theoretical diffraction efficiency (~40.5%). Electrically tunable diffraction efficiency, focal points variations and, a dual lens like mode were the features of our designed optical device.
... Many photon sieve imaging systems have been developed at visible, UV, and x-ray wavelengths, to show diffraction-limited imaging performance [1,3,4,[8][9][10][11][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Design of generalized photon sieves has also been studied such as to increase transmission efficiency [25,26] and create structured beams at their foci [2,[27][28][29][30]. ...
Photon sieves are a fairly new class of diffractive lenses that open unprecedented possibilities for high resolution imaging and spectroscopy, especially at short wavelengths such as UV and x-rays. In this paper, we model and analyze the image formation process of photon sieves using Fourier optics. We derive closed-form Fresnel imaging models that relate an input object to the image formed by a photon sieve system, both for coherent and incoherent illumination. These analytical models also provide a closed-form expression for the point-spread function of the system for both in-focus and out-of-focus cases. All the formulas are expressed in terms of Fourier transforms and convolutions, which enable easy interpretation as well as fast computation. The derived analytical models provide a unified framework to effectively develop new imaging modalities enabled by diffractive lenses and analyze their imaging capabilities for different design configurations, prior to physical production. To illustrate their utility and versatility, the derived formulas are applied to several important special cases such as photon sieves with circular holes and pixelated diffractive lenses generated by SLM-type devices. The analytical image formation models presented in this paper provide a generalizable and powerful means for effective analysis and simulation of any imaging system with a diffractive lens, including Fresnel zone plates, Fresnel phase plates, and other modified Fresnel lenses and mask-like patterns such as coded apertures.
... In 2010, Chen et al proposed an ultra-large multi-region photon sieve [11] in which the pinhole size in each region was enlarged with different constants relating to maxima positions of the 1st-order Bessel function to facilitate the fabrication and enhance the energy efficiency and the imaging resolution. Sabatyan et al also proposed and demonstrated a photon sieve with overlapped pinholes to further modify and enhance the focusing performance [12,13]. All the above mentioned photon sieves can work only at a designed single wavelength due to the nature of strong wavelength dependence in DOEs, which greatly limits its applications in optical image. ...
Conventional photon sieves suffer from large chromatic aberration due to diffractive nature and can image only at a single designed wavelength with near zero bandwidth. Here, a novel photon sieve that can image achromatically and simultaneously at multiple wavelengths with wide spectral bandwidth is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The multispectral achromatic imaging with a single diffractive photon sieve is implemented with harmonic diffraction and wavefront coding, in which harmonic diffraction makes different diffracted orders of multiple harmonic wavelengths on a common focus while wavefront coding through the coded distribution of the pinholes expands the bandwidth of diffracted imaging. Numerical simulations show that when four spectral bands centered at 437.5, 500, 583.3, and 700 nm in the visible range is designed with a cubic wavefront coding parameter α = 30π and a harmonic diffraction order of 5, the bandwidth at the corresponding wavelength band can reach ± 8, ± 9, ± 11 and ± 14 nm respectively, and the total working bandwidth of the harmonic diffraction wavefront coded photon sieve reaches ~84 nm compared with 0.39 nm of the conventional one. Experimental validation was performed using an UV-lithography fabricated wavefront coded photon sieve of a focal length of 500 mm and a diameter of 50 mm at a designed wavelength of 700 nm. The results show excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.
... Similarly to the FZP, it was reported that phase PS have advantages over the amplitude PS due to the higher numerical aperture [13,15]. While their use has diversified, most applications of FZP and PS are on planar substrates that are posteriorly used as lenses [16,17]. The monolithically integration of these elements on fiber optic systems is evidently beneficial since it suppresses the need for expensive lenses and complex setups. ...
We report the fabrication of a phase photon sieve (PS) on the tip of a standard single mode fiber by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The fiber tip was dip-coated with a conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) as an alternative, more advantageous method to the metallization prior to FIB milling. The near field scans of the intensity profile along the optical axis under fiber illumination of a laser at λ = 1.55 μm are presented. We have analyzed the focusing properties and demonstrated the validity of our structure for light coupling into silicon photonics waveguides with improved efficiency and alignment tolerance.
... High precision laser based medical procedures, particle manipulation through optical tweezers and high-resolution lithography and spectroscopy usually require highly focused, small spot flat-top beams. To achieve such resolutions Fresnel zone plate (FZP) and photon sieve (PS) diffractive lenses are extremely effective [3][4][5][6][7] . Similar in design to the FZP, the PS is essentially the replacement of the planar area of the FZP by an ensemble of pinholes (or their negative image) with radially variable diameters and separations. ...
Focused ion beam (FIB) patterning of 3D topography on optical fiber tips for application in stand-alone, rugged and simplified setups for optical tweezers cell sorters, optical near-field lithography and optical beam profile engineering are reported. We demonstrate various configurations based on single-step FIB patterning, multiple-step FIB processing and hybrid approaches based on optical fiber pre- and post-FIB treatment with either etching, fusion splicing, photopolymerization or electroplating steps for optical fiber texture, topography and composition engineering. Different conductive coatings for minimal charge accumulation and beam drift are studied with the relative merits compared. Furthermore optimal beam parameters for accurate pattern replication and positioning are also presented. Measured experimental field profiles are compared with numerical simulations of fabricated optical fiber tips for fabrication accuracy evaluation. Applications employing these engineered fiber tips in the field of optical tweezers, optical vortex generation, photolithography, photo-polymerization and beam forming are presented.
A modified generalized composite kinoform Fibonacci lens (MGCKFiL) is proposed to produce two foci with the same resolution and long focal depths. The MGCKFiL is based on a generalized composite kinoform Fibonacci lens (GCKFiL) and a phase generated by the weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. This phase expands the focal depths of two foci for the GCKFiL. Compared with the conventional kinoform Fibonacci lens (KFiL), the GCKFiL has the two equal-intensity foci with higher intensity. The GCKFiL with the positive integer number p = 4q + 2 has the two equal-intensity foci along the optic axis. When p is big enough, the bifocal positions of the GCKFiL with the bigger order S have the ratio rounding toward one. Furthermore, the MGCKFiL has the two images with the same size at the two main focal positions, and achieves the extended bifocal depth imaging. The proposed zone plates are applicable to generate the two same-size images, and achieve extended bifocal depth imaging and multi-planar optical trapping.
Herein, we propose a multi-region spiral photon sieve in which each region has its features like focus and topological charge. Because the segmentation offers us to consider each region as an individual spiral photon sieve to manage the focusing behavior of the element. Accordingly, we have considered a four-region element so any region has its main focus specified by the parameter $\alpha$. As a result, it is demonstrated that depending on the number of zones in each region the element offers a multi-vortex generator so that the spacing between the vortices is tailorable. In the meantime, we have indicated that the generated vortices may have the same or different vorticity considering the topological charge of each region. Lastly, some corresponding experiments were arranged and carried out to verify the simulation predictions. (Personalized Shared Link free access before April 16 2020, welcome to read or download https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1aeF66wNUgp9U)
A binary phase diffractive optical element photon sieve is fabricated by direct laser ablation of a thin, flexible polyimide substrate with a nanosecond-pulsed ultraviolet laser. The binary phase photon sieve operates at 633 nm and was designed with 19 rings and a focal length of 400 mm. The total time to fabricate the photon sieves was tens of seconds. The surface properties of the laser-processed areas are examined, and the optical performance of the photon sieve is characterized and compared to FDTD simulations. By optimizing the laser fluence and travel distance between laser pulses, features with sub-wavelength surface roughness were achieved. The photon sieve showed good focusing ability with suppressed side-lobes. When the fractional area of photon sieve pinholes was made to approach 50%, the binary sieve diffraction efficiency approached 11%, matching the highest value reported in the literature for a photon sieve. Thus, this Letter demonstrates both high efficiency and lightweight diffractive optics suitable for space satellite and other applications, with capabilities for low cost and high throughput fabrication.
