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3D virtual prototyping become a topic of increasing interest of both computer graphics and computer-aided design for apparel production. These technologies are especially important when a garment prototype should be developed for a special purpose, such as ski-jumper suit. Namely, shape and size of a jumpsuit
need to be individually adapted to each...
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... By using them we can adjust the body dimensions, muscles and postures to a certain extent. The studies showed that the use of advanced technologies is of paramount importance for the development of garments in terms of ergonomic and functional needs of the individual in order the garment properly fits the body [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
In recent years, the 3D design software has been mostly used to improve the garment design process by generating virtual 3D garment prototypes. Many researchers have been working on the development of 3D virtual garment prototypes using 3D body models and involving the 3D human body scanning in different postures. The focus of research in this field today relies on generating a kinematic 3D body model for the purposes of developing the individualized garments, the exploration of which is presented in this paper. The discussed area is also implemented in the Erasmus+ project OptimTex - Software tools for textile creatives, which is fully aligned with the new trends propelled by the digitization of the whole textile sector. The Slovenian module focuses on presenting the needs of digitization for the development of individualized garments by using different software tools: 3D Sense, PotPlayer, Meshroom, MeshLab, Blender and OptiTex. The module provides four examples: 3D human body scanning using 3D photogrammetry, 3D human body modelling and reconstruction, construction of a kinematic 3D body model and 3D virtual prototyping of individualized smart garments, and thus displays the entire process for the needs of 3D virtual prototyping of individualized garments. In the OptimTex project, the 3D software Blender was used to demonstrate and teach students how to construct the "armature" of the human body as an object for rigging or the virtual skeleton for a 3D kinematic body model, using the knee as an example.
... The standard avatars in 3D CAD systems still have limitations, and cannot be exactly adapted to the many body figures, postures or body deformities required for personalized clothing prototyping, e.g., for the elderly, athletes, disabled people, pregnant women, workers, etc. Therefore, 3D scanning in the required body postures and generation of accurate 3D models of individuals is required [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Studies by Abtew M.A. et al. [20][21][22][23] focus on the development of comfortable and well-fitted bra patterns for customized female soft-body armour through the 3D-design process of adaptive bust on a virtual mannequin. ...
This study deals with the development of a kinematic 3D human-body model with an improved armature in the pelvic region, intended for a sitting posture (SIT), using Blender software. It is based on the scanned female body in a standing posture (STA) and SIT. Real and virtual measures of females’ lower-body circumferences for both postures were examined. Virtual prototyping of trousers was performed to investigate their fit and comfort on the scanned and kinematic 3D body models and to make comparison with real trousers. With the switch from STA to SIT, real and virtual lower-body circumferences increase and are reflected in the fit and comfort of virtual and real trousers. In SIT, the increased circumferences are attributed to the redistribution of body muscles and adipose tissue around the joints, as well as changes in joints’ shapes in body flexion regions, which are not uniformly represented on the kinematic sitting 3D body model, despite improved armature in the pelvic region. The study shows that average increases in waist, hip, thigh, and knee circumferences should be included in the process of basic clothing-pattern designs for SIT as minimal ease allowances, as should, in the future, armature designs that consider muscle and adipose tissues, to achieve realistic volumes for kinematic 3D body models in SIT.
... They can be morphed to various sizes, however, many body measurements are limited or interlinked, and the distribution of mass within a circumference (e.g., more mass in front or back of the body) can generally not be adjusted, prohibiting the exact recreation of body shapes (Mahnic Naglic et al., 2016). The import of 3D body scan avatars into CAD programs has been found to result in improved garment design, as scan avatars are more accurate representations of human bodies (Mahnic Naglic et al., 2016;Stjepanovic et al., 2011). However, depending on the quality of the 3D body scan output, it may require substantial cleaning and retopologizing of areas with data occlusion. ...
... A successful virtual fit process depends on the accurate 3D representation of the properties of both the garment and the wearer's body. As was the case for other researchers (e.g., Stjepanovic et al., 2011), it was impossible to import the 3D body scan avatars directly into the CAD program due to uneven surfaces and data occlusion, which required substantial expertise and time to remodel the body scan files. Therefore, the use of built-in parametric models would be more practicable. ...
In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the virtual fit pressure map in a clothing-specific CAD program to predict pressures applied by sports compression garments by analyzing pressure prediction accuracy and process practicability. In wearer trials with whole-body compression sportswear, we measured in vivo pressures and compared them to virtual pressures recorded from the virtual fit pressure maps of the garments fitted to 13 participants’ body scan avatars. No clear correlations between virtual and in vivo pressures were identified and problems in the virtual fit process became apparent. The CAD software currently lacks a link to physical fabric, seam and component properties, which inhibits its use for predictions in new product development. By considering all simulation settings and assessing the numerical pressure prediction capability of a clothing-specific CAD program, this research provides a step forward in assessing the limitations of virtual fit for technical product development.
... Today, advanced computer simulation techniques and garments virtual prototyping are indispensable for the development of garments and their fitting on the 3D body models within a virtual environment, as well as real-time vir-tual clothes try-on [10][11][12][13]. It was discovered that virtual prototyping and garments fitting represent a problem for the standard [14,15] and non-standard body shapes [16][17]. Therefore, in the last two studies, scanning of the human bodies had been involved to enhance the reliability of the garments' virtual development. ...
The two-fold purpose of this study is to document the current challenges of the 3D scanning and computer simulation techniques in developing functional garments for people with physical disabilities or postural disorder kyphosis. The first part of the study investigates the health problems of the wheelchair users and presents the possibilities of developing functional pants from the perspective of protection and health needs. The second part of the study investigates the usefulness of the newly developed methodology for elementary surfaces evaluation, named CASP (Curvature, Acceleration, Symmetry, Proportionality), in the process of designing the well-fitted bodice for wheelchair users suffering from the postural disorder kyphosis. The relationships between the health problems, human body postures, kyphosis, 3D scanning, CASP evaluation and treated garments were considered in the prototyping process. The obtained research results regarding the functional pants for wheelchair users and the well-fitted bodice for a kyphosis body are valuable also for a wider population of those who are forced to a sitting posture during a day and are confronted with similar health problems as paraplegics or are affected by the kyphosis.
... 3D scanning technology is currently the most accurate and reproducible method according to Daanen et al. [13]. Because 3D body models are of signifi cant importance in virtual try-on systems and applied for garment simulation, the study of 3D body modelling has great potential in both research and application [20]. Reconstructed 3D models of the human body can further serve as the basis for 3D virtual garment prototyping [20]. ...
... Because 3D body models are of signifi cant importance in virtual try-on systems and applied for garment simulation, the study of 3D body modelling has great potential in both research and application [20]. Reconstructed 3D models of the human body can further serve as the basis for 3D virtual garment prototyping [20]. In addition to using 3D scanning and virtual simulation technologies for obtaining precise human body dimensions or the development of garments, a reconstructed 3D model of a scanned human body can also be used for the precise analysis of a garment's thermal properties in relation to the volume of air trapped between clothing layers [5,6]. ...
3D scanning technology and contemporary CAD systems have enabled various applications of scan data for different industries. 3D scan data have become the basis for the highly accurate digital representation of objects. CAD systems, on the other hand, enabled scan data restoration and modification in order to get precise 3D models. Apart from being used in industries such as engineering and the automotive industries, CAD systems are today used by the textile and the apparel industry. However, there is a great deal of complexity in reconstructing and modelling 3D scan data of the human body. 3D scan data of the human body can be converted into a triangle mesh, while the CAD restoration process is performed using reverse engineering techniques in order to create a realistic model. Reverse engineering techniques involve the extraction of information about manufactured products. The conversion of data regarding the human body acquired by 3D scanning into a CAD model is a complex direct method. The 3D scan data processing of the human body requires a great deal of knowledge of the basic human anatomy, as the human body has an extremely complex geometry. The reverse modelling procedure is extremely multiplex and time consuming due to the large amount of details, while the workflow involved in restoring 3D scan data to even begin the reverse engineering process is complex. In recent studies, non-contact 3D body scanning, together with 3D CAD reverse engineering, could be applied for precise volume measurements for microclimatic volume and area quantification, as the reconstructed model of the human body can serve for the further analysis of the thermal insulation properties of clothing in relation to the volume of air trapped between layers.
... rough the introduction of 3D body scanning technologies, many contemporary researchers have begun to investigate di erent target group of customers and to identify new body dimensions that are important for ensuring better tting basic clothing blocks [18][19][20][21]. Additionally, large data bases of clothing 'customers' worldwide should be created to provide different clothing companies the possibility of extracting only those 'customers' important for their business. ...
The aim of this study was to compare body rise distances (crotch depth) from contemporary construction systems with the measured body rise (BRise) distances of the young Slovenian female population to establish which body rise presented in different contemporary construction systems fi ts best to the body dimensions of that specifi c target market group. A total of 180 female students (aged 19 to 27 years) from the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) volunteered in the study. The results showed that measured body rise distances differed significantly from those obtained from most tables of contemporary construction systems or calculated as a secondary measure according to some authors. Measured BRise distances were the same in all size groups and did not increase as the size group increased as is the case with all analysed contemporary construction systems. The range of measured BRise distances within each size group was substantial (SD from 1.47 to 2.75 cm), while the Müller system, as the most frequently used pattern construction system in Slovenia, gave the lowest values of BRise distances for all size groups. In conclusion, the values for body rise distances proposed by different contemporary construction systems diff er significantly from those measured in the young Slovenian female population. It is suggested that body rise distance be included as a directly measured parameter for trouser pattern block construction when producing made-to-measure clothes.
... Special requirements are to be considered when dealing with suits intended for professional sports activities. A group of researchers have been dealing with a similar problem related to the development of a jumpsuit for professional ski jumpers [4]. The jumpsuit pattern design was performed according to the FIS requirements by using the ski jumper body measures. ...
... The application of computer aided design (CAD) intended for garments development and their virtual prototyping has become an obvious trend in many of industries recently. Nowadays, the virtual prototyping allows us an accurate and rapid development of garments, as well as adaptable and quickly changeable garments [2][3]. ...
Leather is a luxury garment. Design, material, labor, fitting and time costs are very effective on the production cost of the consumer leather good. 3D visualization and simulation programs which are getting popular in textile industry can be used for material, labor and time saving in leather apparel. However these programs have a very limited use in leather industry because leather material databases are not sufficient as in textile industry. In this research, firstly material properties of leather and textile fabric were determined by using both textile and leather physical test methods, and interpreted and introduced in the program. Detailed measures of an experimental human body were measured from a 3D body scanner. An avatar was designed according to these measurements. Then a prototype dress was made by using Computer Aided Design-CAD program for designing the patterns. After the pattern making, OptiTex 3D visualization and simulation program was used to visualize and simulate the dresses. Additionally the leather and cotton fabric dresses were sewn in real life. Then the visual and real life dresses were compared and discussed. 3D virtual prototyping seems a promising potential in future manufacturing technologies by evaluating the fitting of garments in a simple and quick way, filling the gap between 3D pattern design and manufacturing, providing virtual demonstrations to customers.
... However, in the last decade, with the use of 3D body scanners, this is changing dramatically . Today the information about body dimensions can be obtained faster and more users friendly . is gives possibility to obtain signi cantly more measures directly from the bodies, among which back length distance should be included [17, 18]. Additionally, large data bases of clothing 'customers' can be created and clothing companies would have possibilities to extract from databases only those 'customers' important for their business . ...
The aim of this study was to compare the back length distances (BacLen) from contemporary construction systems with the measured back length distances of the Slovenian young female population to establish which back length presented in different contemporary construction systems firts best to the body dimension of a specific target market group. 160 female students (aged between 19 and 27 years) from the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) volunteered for the study. The results showed that the measured back length distances differed significantly from those obtained from the tables of contemporary construction systems or calculated as a secondary measure according to these systems. The measured BacLen distances were the same in all size groups and did not increase as did with all analyzed contemporary construction systems. The range of measured BacLen distances inside each size group was substantial (33-43 cm) and the measured BacLen distances were not in correlation with the body height, bust girth and in consequence nor with the calculated BacLen distances. In conclusion, the values for back length distances as proposed by different contemporary construction systems differ significantly from the measured ones in the young Slovenian female population. We thus suggest including back length distance as a directly measured parameter for a pattern block construction when producing made-to-measure clothes.
... The parametric models were defined using the following measures: body high, chest circumference, waist circumference, neck circumference, length crotch-floor, high thigh circumference, knee circumference, shoulders width, shoulder slope, upper arm circumference and arm length. A great deviation between the parametric 3D body models, and scanned 3D body models of both selected female and ski-jumper is obvious, figures 2 and 3 [8,9,10,11]. Therefore, we decided to use primarily the scanned 3D body models for simulation of final garment prototypes. ...
Producers of fashion and special garments are nowadays oriented towards the reduction of development cost and prototype development time. 3D virtual prototyping, which has been recently introduced to clothing industry, become a topic of increasing interest of both computer graphics and clothing industry. Based on the results of many recent studies, we can claim that 3D virtual garment prototyping is a promising technique, which will due to its potential considerably replace conventional methods of clothing prototypes’ development. These technologies are especially important when a garment prototype should be developed for special purposes such as competitive sports apparel, protective or special clothing.
