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Simulated and measured E- and H-plane radiation patterns of the horn antenna at (a) 78 GHz, (b) 88 GHz, and (c) 98 GHz.
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Due to the low atmospheric absorption over W-band, numerous applications are expected, which should be developed at low cost. Short wavelength makes the dimension of antennas in this frequency range small, which usually requires sophisticated and expensive fabrication process. This communication presents a class of integrated wideband pyramidal hor...
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... pattern and antenna gain measurement were conducted in the anechoic chamber of our Poly-Grames Research Center. Fig. 8 compares the simulated and measured gains of the antenna. One of the advantages of the proposed antenna is its relatively stable gain within the wide bandwidth of interest. Fig. 9 shows measured H-and E-plane radiation patterns of the proposed horn antenna at three different fre- quencies. The discrepancy between the measured and simulated radia- tion patterns may be caused by the combined effects of the inaccuracy (tolerances) of the fabrication and also the roughness of the horn walls which are made of ...
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Citations
... The existing guiding structures, encompassing microstrip lines, rectangular waveguides, and substrateintegrated waveguides (SIW), pose significant limitations and challenges, particularly at higher frequencies [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. Microstrip lines exhibit notable dielectric losses and susceptibility to leakages due to line bending, alongside the emergence of surface waves and cavity mode excitation at elevated frequencies. ...
This review delves into the crucial role of gap waveguide (GW) technology in advancing millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication systems, specifically focusing on the exploration of beamforming components and antennas for advanced applications. With an emphasis on achieving high-data-rate and low-latency services, GW technology becomes instrumental in the development of cost-effective mm-wave solutions. The paper investigates practical applications, highlighting various components essential for beamforming antenna systems, including mm-wave antennas with diverse polarizations, power combining and dividing components like directional couplers, and beamforming feeding networks. These components collectively contribute to the comprehensive integration of a beamforming antenna system within the mm-wave frequency band. As the mobile communication landscape evolves, GW technology emerges as a key enabler for meeting the growing demands of consumers and technology in advanced applications, as detailed in this comprehensive review of GW solutions.
... Various types of antennas, including parabolic reflector antennas, horn antennas, metal waveguide slot antennas, and microstrip patch antennas, have been extensively investigated in microwave and millimeter-wave wireless systems [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, traditional reflector antennas, horn antennas, and metal waveguide slot antennas face challenges such as a high cost, complex three-dimensional structures, large volumes, and low integration capabilities, limiting their practical use in cost-sensitive commercial applications [3][4][5]. ...
... Various types of antennas, including parabolic reflector antennas, horn antennas, metal waveguide slot antennas, and microstrip patch antennas, have been extensively investigated in microwave and millimeter-wave wireless systems [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, traditional reflector antennas, horn antennas, and metal waveguide slot antennas face challenges such as a high cost, complex three-dimensional structures, large volumes, and low integration capabilities, limiting their practical use in cost-sensitive commercial applications [3][4][5]. Although antennas based on microstrip lines, like microstrip patch antennas, offer advantages such as low cost, small size, and easy integration, conventional feed networks based on microstrip lines suffer serious losses at discontinuities and curves in the millimeter wave band, leading to low radiation efficiency and high sidelobe levels [6][7][8]. ...
With the continuous development of wireless communication technology, the frequency band of 6G communication systems is moving towards higher frequencies such as millimeter waves and terahertz. In such high-frequency situations, wireless transmission requires antenna modules to be provided with characteristics of miniaturization, high integration, and high gain, which presents new challenges to the development of antenna technology. In this article, a 4 × 4 antenna array using multilayered low-temperature co-fired ceramic is proposed, operating in W-band, with a feeding network based on substrate-integrated waveguide, and an antenna element formed through the combination of a substrate-integrated cavity and surface parasitic patches, which guaranteed the array to possess the advantages of high integration and high gain. Combined with the substrate-integrated waveguide to a rectangular waveguide transition structure designed in the early stage, a physical array with a standard metal rectangular waveguide interface was fabricated and tested. The test results show that the gain of the antenna array is higher than 18 dBi from 88 to 98 GHz, with a maximum of 20.4 dBi.
... Contrary to conventional patch antennas, cavity-backed patch antennas [11] and the former aperture antennas [12][13][14][15][16], the proposed aperture antenna functions on a distinctive principle. For the proposed aperture antenna, the cavity's dimensions are larger than one wavelength, hence featuring a sub- stantial physical aperture, which is one of the most essential factors for achieving high gain in aperture antennas. ...
The article presents a differentially excited low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) based miniaturized planar aperture antenna, distinguished for its high gain and narrow-beam wideband characteristics, tailored specifically for mm-Wave antenna-in-package (AiP) applications. The proposed antenna comprises a stepped-cut patch element excited differentially and enclosed within an open cavity formed by metallized vias. Four tuning stubs are symmetrically incorporated into the stepped-cut patch element, and two pairs of shorting vias are used to ground it, improving overall impedance and gain bandwidth. Rectangular-shaped parasitic strips, strategically positioned outside the open cavity in a symmetrical arrangement, significantly narrow the main beam along two principal cutting planes, thereby enhancing broadside gain across the entire frequency band of operation. To validate the proposed design, a miniaturized and low loss differential feeding network was designed using the same LTCC technology and seamlessly integrated into the underside of the prototype antenna. According to measured results, the fabricated prototype exhibit – 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 20.97 % (56.55–69.8 GHz), and the realized gain is higher than 10.01 dBi with a peak gain of 12.36 dBi at 63 GHz. Moreover, the radiation pattern of the proposed design is perfectly symmetrical, boasting a half-power beamwidth less than 40° along both the planes across the entire operating band.
... In recent years, there are also discussions on such as Pérot cavity antenna [15,16], reflector antenna [17][18][19], lens antenna [18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], and horn antenna [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. In [15], the phase shift feeder and the phase shift surface are designed using the LTCC technique and the holder is designed using the 3D printing technique. ...
... In [21], a controlled, highly directional, and low scanning loss is achieved by the integration of two lenses. In [29,31,[41][42][43][44], multilayer metal horn antennas are designed on PCB boards, and the metal structure of the horn is simulated by metal via. The results presented show a wide bandwidth and high antenna gain. ...
... In Table 1, a comparison of the designed multilayer horn antenna with recent literature on horn antennas in similar frequency bands will be presented here. The proposed antenna architecture has the thinnest structure thickness and a higher radiation gain compared to [29,32,33], and has a wider operating bandwidth in terms of reflectance coefficient compared to the literature [32,33]. The proposed antenna can control the direction of the beam by switching plates. ...
This paper proposes a design of a multilayer controlled beam horn antenna for the D-band. The multilayer design can achieve easy to control, low cost, and compact structure. The designed structure achieves the effect of a conventional horn antenna by stacking multiple layers and realizes the effect of beam switching by modifying the multi-layer plate structure. The widest bandwidth can be obtained when stacking 4 layers of boards, covering 24.7% (110-141GHz) of the bandwidth with a simulation gain of approximately 13.5dBi. By replacing the third plate structure, beam switching of ±30 degrees can be achieved, and the gain after beam switching can also reach 11.5 dBi.
... This follows other successful demonstrations for a range of antenna types where the antenna is either integrated into the substrate or lined with the Drones 2023, 7, 215 3 of 25 material itself. The former includes Fermi, tapered slot [44] printed [45], monopole [46], and integrated horn antennas [47]. The latter includes simulated and fabricated investigations where PCB is utilised as a metamaterial to line or load the horn antennas [48][49][50]. ...
... The primary material utilised here is a 1.6 mm thick, single-sided, FR-4 mater grade CCL epoxy board. Previous demonstrations have shown antennas either integrat into the substrate or lined with this material [44][45][46][47][48][49][50], with this being the first demonst tion of horn antennas fabricated from the CCL itself. The board base consists of eight la ers of woven glass-reinforced fabric laminate epoxy resin. ...
... The primary material utilised here is a 1.6 mm thick, single-sided, FR-4 material grade CCL epoxy board. Previous demonstrations have shown antennas either integrated into the substrate or lined with this material [44][45][46][47][48][49][50], with this being the first demonstration of horn antennas fabricated from the CCL itself. The board base consists of eight layers of woven glass-reinforced fabric laminate epoxy resin. ...
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is an active remote sensing technique that typically utilises satellite data to quantify Earth surface and structural deformation. Drone InSAR should provide improved spatial-temporal data resolutions and operational flexibility. This necessitates the development of custom radar hardware for drone deployment, including antennas for the transmission and reception of microwave electromagnetic signals. We present the design, simulation, fabrication, and testing of two lightweight and inexpensive copper clad laminate (CCL)/printed circuit board (PCB) horn antennas for C-band radar deployed on the DJI Matrice 600 Pro drone. This is the first demonstration of horn antennas fabricated from CCL, and the first complete overview of antenna development for drone radar applications. The dimensions are optimised for the desired gain and centre frequency of 19 dBi and 5.4 GHz, respectively. The S11, directivity/gain, and half power beam widths (HPBW) are simulated in MATLAB, with the antennas tested in a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic anechoic chamber using a calibrated vector network analyser (VNA) for comparison. The antennas are highly directive with gains of 15.80 and 16.25 dBi, respectively. The reduction in gain compared to the simulated value is attributed to a resonant frequency shift caused by the brass input feed increasing the electrical dimensions. The measured S11 and azimuth HPBW either meet or exceed the simulated results. A slight performance disparity between the two antennas is attributed to minor artefacts of the manufacturing and testing processes. The incorporation of the antennas into the drone payload is presented. Overall, both antennas satisfy our performance criteria and highlight the potential for CCL/PCB/FR-4 as a lightweight and inexpensive material for custom antenna production in drone radar and other antenna applications.
... Different pieces and systems and related works [22,28,29,31,33] have less bandwidth and gain, associated results [21,30] have similar increases, but have much less bandwidth, and another proposed related work [32] has more bandwidth but much less gain. ...
In this article is presented an MEMS based antenna that generates a radio frequency (RF) signal using switching technology. For the MEMS switching technology, a bi-metallic cantilever beam is used, which will deflect given the thermal properties of the materials. Here, the multi-layer cantilever beam will act like a switch triggered by an electric. Given the thermal properties of the cantilever beam, the beam will be deflected, and the current will flow towards the antenna. The antenna is made of a metallic RGW (Ridge Gap Waveguide). Here, the used method provides low losses for high frequencies to offer low losses at 30 GHz. A single structured RGW antenna can provide 5–6 dB, but using the array technique, the gain can be enhanced and bandwidth, so by using the 2 * 1 array technique, the 3 dB gain has been increased. Later on, a meta-material approach was investigated. Using Split-ring resonator (SRR) meta-material, the gain can be increased by more than 5 dB at specific frequencies. All the analysed antenna structures work for a 5 G range from 27–33 GHz.KeywordsRF signal antennaMEMSBi-metallic cantilever beamRidge gap waveguideSplit-ring resonatorMeta-material
... Single and multilayered dielectric substrate microstrip antennas have been designed where several efforts and approaches have been made to increase the gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth with the help of a stacked radiating parasitic patch [10,11], adding substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot array [12], and applying metalized via holes to synthesize the horn walls [13]. Either the gain or the bandwidth of this configuration may be optimized by arranging it in an array or adjusting the feeding structure. ...
In this paper, a horn-shaped strip antenna exponentially tapered carved on a multilayer dielectric substrate for an indoor body position tracking system is proposed. The performance of the proposed antenna was verified by testing it as a tracking state of an indoor resting body position. Among different feeding techniques, the uniplanar T-junction power divider approach is used. The performance verification of the proposed antenna is explained through its compact size and 3D shape, along with a performance comparison of the return loss radiation pattern and the realized gain. The suggested antenna has an 88.88% fractional bandwidth and a return loss between 6 and 15.6 GHz, with a maximum gain of 9.46 dBi in the 9.5 GHz region. Within the intended band, the radiation pattern had an excellent directivity characteristics. The proposed antenna was connected to an NVA-R661 module of Xethru Inc. for sleeping body position tracking. The performance of the antenna is measured through microwave imagining of the state of the resting body in various sleeping positions on the bed using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The predicted outcomes clearly define the antenna’s performance and could be used for sensing and prediction purposes.
... In order realize broadband and dual polarized SIW horn antenna, the multilayers SIW structure is adopted. [9][10][11][12] An E-plane horn antenna is realized by using the double-layers SIW structure, 9 which achieves wider impedance bandwidth, higher gain and radiation efficiency, but only one polarization state. In references 10,11, the double-layers SIW structure is also used to achieve the E-plane horn antenna with dual linearly polarized function, but the impedance bandwidth still needs to be further improved. ...
... A SIW pyramidal horn antenna is designed and implemented by utilizing five layers SIW structure for the first time. 12 Due to the use of a 90 -bend SIW feed network, 40% ultra-wideband performance is obtained in the E-band, but it still does not have dual-polarization characteristic. In conclusion, the horn antenna based on the multi-layers SIW structure still has many difficulties and challenges in realizing its dual-polarization and broadband performance. ...
A circularly polarized pyramidal horn antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed and developed for Ku‐band applications. The proposed horn antenna is excited by the upper and lower SICL differential feed networks placed vertically to each other, so that two orthogonal waveguide modes with the equal amplitude are generated at the horn aperture. A 90° coupling network based on SICL technology is proposed to achieve a 90° phase difference between the two orthogonal waveguide modes, thus realizing the function of left‐hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right‐hand circular polarization (RHCP) of the horn antenna. In addition, in order to make the phase distribution of the horn aperture more uniform, a cross metal strip structure at the horn aperture is proposed, thereby improving the radiation efficiency. The proposed horn antenna is manufactured by using low‐cost printed circuit boards (PCBs) process. The measured results show that the proposed circularly polarized pyramidal horn operates at center frequency 12.5 GHz, the measured gain is 8.4 dBi, the relative standing wave and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are approximately 24% and 5%, respectively. And the radiation aperture efficiency is as high as 78.5%. The developed circularly polarized pyramidal horn antenna can be applied in the field of satellite communications.
... Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2021.3137483, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 6 between the measured and simulated radiation patterns caused by the combined effects of the inaccuracy tolerances of the roughness of the horn walls, which are made of metalized via holes [21]. A hybrid antenna was proposed using a surface-mounted conical horn with a circular patch antenna to enhance the Gain. ...
This work proposed a solution of structures built from stacking several dielectric substrates with the conducting cladding aiming for electrical contact between them (PEC-PEC). At millimeter-wave frequencies, surface roughness or imperfect flat surfaces present possible gaps that cause severe unexpected leakage. Many engineers overlooked this problem. To prevent this leakage, we propose transforming one of the PEC-PEC surfaces into artificially magnetic conductors (AMC), creating a PEC-AMC layer that suppresses any leakage even with no contact between the surfaces the gap is less than a quarter wavelength. A wide-band multilayer pyramidal horn antenna using substrate integrated gap waveguide (SIGW) technology is proposed as an example that highlights the proposed solution. In each layer of the horn, the opening is surrounded by periodic cells to suppress leakage and surface waves. In addition, the upper surface surrounding the horn's opening is surrounded by EBG mushroom cells to act as a soft surface that suppresses the surface waves and reduces the edge diffraction, and, in turn, improves the radiation characteristics of the horn. The horn achieved a Gain of 11.5 dBi and 20.5 % bandwidth (28.5-35 GHz). The simulated and measured results show excellent agreement with each other.
... In fact, the backside SIW cavity itself can work as an aperture antenna because of its open end [21]. In [30], the planar horn antenna exhibited a high-gain feature. In [31], an open-ended air hollow was used to build a high-gain antenna. ...
... In fact, MLT offers more possibilities for antenna design. For example, cavity with a taper changing cross-sectional area shows a potential for wideband antennas [30]. ...
... III. CYLINDRICAL OPEN-ENDED SIW CAVITY ANTENNA WITH RECTANGULAR VIA HOLES As investigated in reported works [30][31][32], the openended cavity is an appropriate candidate for high-gain antennas. In this work, a cylindrical open-ended SIW cavity antenna is presented. ...
A composite cavity-based antenna is proposed and presented in this work. Three kinds of modes of the composite structure are involved to obtain a wide bandwidth: the TE11= cavity mode of a cylindrical open-ended substrate integrated waveguide cavity, the odd TEM mode generated by loading two rectangular via holes inside the cavity, and the higher-order loop modes (L3 and L5) of a circular ring detached from the cavity by a circumferential slot located at the cavity’s side wall. In the implementation of the antenna, slot coupling feeding methodology is applied, which also introduces a resonance for the bandwidth enhancement. A simulated fractional impedance bandwidth of 57.3 % with |S11|<-10dB from 24.9 GHz to 44.9 GHz is achieved (|S11|=-9.7dB at f=27.7GHz is ignored). The antenna has a broadside radiation pattern within the operating frequency band and a maximum simulated broadside gain of 10.6 dBi at f=27 GHz. Multi-layer technique and metallized via holes processing, which become commercial nowadays, are two critical techniques of the presented antenna. The simple structure is benefit of the fabrication and the integration with other planar front-end circuits. The antenna is fabricated and experimentally verified. A small difference is observed between the measurement and the simulation. A measured fractional bandwidth of 52 % from 27 GHz to 46 GHz (|S11|=-9dB at f=29 GHz is ignored) and a measured maximum broadside gain of 9.5 dBi are achieved.
