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The new services available through smart devices require very high cellular network capacity. The capacity requirement is expected to increase exponentially with the forthcoming 5G networks. The only available spectrum for truly wideband communication (>1 GHz) is at millimeter wavelengths. The high free space loss can be overcome by using the direc...
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... ACMPA antenna is modeled in Ansys HFSS EM-simulator. The simulated input matching and gain of the antenna are shown in Fig. 6. The antenna can cover the full lower E-band 71-76 GHz with good matching with |S 11 | better than −14.5 dB. The −10 dB input matching bandwidth is 68-80 GHz. The single patch antenna has a simulated gain of 6.1 dBi at the desired center frequency of 73.5 GHz and gain higher than 5.4 dBi between 71 and 76 GHz. Peak gain of 6.3 dBi is ...
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... 1) Antenna Arrays and Switching Architecture: In the literature, architectures based on switched arrays can be classified into switched beam architectures (SBA), switched horn antenna arrays (SHA), and switched patch arrays (SPA), respectively [4,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][47][48][49][50]. The major difference between these approaches relates to the achievable dynamic range and scalability of the design. ...
A prerequisite for the design and evaluation of wireless systems is the understanding of propagation channels. While abundant propagation knowledge exists for bands below 6 GHz, the same is not true for millimeter-wave frequencies. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and measurement-based verification of a re-configurable 27.5-29.5 GHz channel sounder. Based on the switched array principle, our design is capable of characterizing 128×256 dynamic double-directional dual-polarized channels with snapshot times of around 600 ms. This is in sharp contrast to measurement times on the order of tens-of-minutes of sounders by rotating horn antennas. The antenna arrays at both link ends are calibrated in an anechoic chamber with high angular sampling intervals of 3° in azimuth and elevation domains, which enables de-embedding the system responses of the sounder from the propagation channels. This is complemented with a bandwidth of up to 2 GHz, i.e., nanosecond-level delay resolution. The short measurement times and stable radio frequency design facilitate real-time processing of the received wavefronts to enhance measurement dynamic range. After disclosing the sounder design and implementation, we demonstrate its capabilities by presenting a measurement campaign at 28 GHz in an indoor lab environment.
... Shaped dielectric lens antennas with an embedded feed emerged as effective solutions for these applications owing to their wide operation band, ease of producing shaped beams, high gain performance with small feeding, small conductor A. Facchini losses, as well as to their relatively compactness and fabrication easiness (especially with the adoption of additive manufacturing technologies). They have been used in a broad range of applications covering Internet of Things [3], radar systems [4], satellite [5], wireless and indoor communications [6], MIMO technology and smart antennas [7]. Moreover, thanks to the 3D printing evolution combined with the availability of engineered materials having tailored characteristics, these devices continue to expand in application requiring 3D lens antennas with high and/or nonconstant dielectric permittivity, as well as metamaterial structures [8][9][10][11]. ...
In this work, the design of a novel class of 3D dielectric lens antennas through the use of a lab-made electromagnetic tool is presented. The lens antenna is modeled using a generalized superformula allowing additional degree of freedom which can be exploited to obtain complex lens shapes with flat surface regions, steep sides, a non-rotational symmetry, or a modulated and aspherical surface profile. Thanks to the free parameters characterizing this formula, the lens geometry can be adjusted in a simple and analytical way. The electromagnetic tool is based on the geometrical optics and tube tracing approximations as well as the physical optics approach. In this way, the multiple wave reflections within the lens region as well as the far field outside the lens can be calculated. Moreover, an efficient synthesis procedure based on swarm intelligence has been developed and integrated in the numerical code. Thanks to this design tool it is possible to identify the lens parameters yielding the optimal antenna characteristic and a desired radiation patterns with low computational burden.
... In recent times, various THz antennas have been developed, including horn antennas, slotted waveguide antennas, reflector antennas, and dielectric lens antennas [11]- [28]. Dielectric lens antennas are highly appealing for numerous THz applications due to their straightforward design, high gain, wide bandwidth, absence of conductor losses, and circular polarization [19]- [25]. ...
... Some of the above applications require synthesizing beam steering with high directivity concentration, and it is also possible to generate several beams with different shapes from the same aperture [5]. Where several beams can be generated through several methods, including the use of the multi-feed reflector [6], switched beam technique [7], or array beam design depending on lenses [8]. In addition, it is possible to improve the shaped beam as a contour that matches the shape of the area to be covered. ...
In this article, different 2D and 3D mask styles for synthesizing large array pattern shaping to meet the requirements of modern applications are realized. The composition of the different beam pattern shaping is achieved by comparing the array factor with the proposed masks whose details (upper and lower borders) are predefined according to the designer. The generated pattern shapes are as follows: unscanned 2D single-pencil beam, scanned 2D pencil beam, 2D multi-beam scanning, 2D wide flat beam with little ripple, unscanned 3D single-pencil beam, 3D multi-beam scanning, and footprint (or contour) pattern for linear and planar arrays. The process of constructing these patterns is followed by predicting the amplitude-only weights (i.e., the phase weighting is considered zero in all computations) of the elements using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. In all proposed masks, different sidelobe levels are controlled, ranging from −20 to −100 dB. Also, the radiated beamwidth is controlled, ranging from 0.1334 rad (7.6 deg.) to 0.4 rad (23 deg.). The analysis and construction of linear and planar array arrangements depend on the formulation of antenna array theory through the implementation of the proposed (estimated) equations using MATLAB code. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed methods in controlling the pattern shape according to the required modern trends.
... In this configuration, different types of antennas can be used. For instance, high directivity can be fulfilled by using conventional lens [5,6] or reflector antennas [7,8]. However, high attention is deserved to antennas having low-cost beam pointing systems, which are based on electronic systems, preferrable also because of the faster pointing speed. ...
... Second, Rotman lenses are difficult to be designed for tight scanning angles. An alternative solution was proposed using a 64 array of patches integrated with a lens [5]. Such a solution provides a gain of 36 dBi and ±4 and ±17 degrees of scanning in the azimuth and elevation planes, respectively. ...
An E-band Cassegrain switched beam high-gain antenna concept for 5G backhauling systems is proposed in this article. The antenna requirements target the compensation of small misalignments (within ±1 degrees in both azimuth and elevation planes) in E-band backhauling links due to adverse weather conditions or thermal deformations. The intended antenna is able to realize beam-switching operations by using a feed-array architecture based on a 7 × 7 array of cavity-backed magnetoelectric (ME) dipoles, where every element is capable of providing a steering of ±0.33 degrees in both the elevation and the azimuth planes. The ME dipole illuminators combined with a Cassegrain reflector provide a gain of 52 dBi within the whole scanning range. Besides, they can be easily integrable with the front-end modules, thus being an easily implementable and low-cost alternative to other more complex solutions based on horns or lens antennas.
... We first present the measured return loss (also called reflection coefficient in the literature [49]- [51]) for a 3 × 3 antenna array. The measurements were performed in an anechoic chamber over 3 different antennas with indices 1, 2, and 5 (same indexing method as described previously in Section II-A). ...
Massive MIMO has emerged as a key-enabler to deliver the high data-rates in current and next-generation systems. Many massive MIMO deployments use time-division duplex (TDD), thereby opening the door for the potential use of full-duplex at base-stations. In this paper, we present LensFD, a scalable method to enable cost-effective massive MIMO full-duplex operation in sub-6 GHz frequencies with a focus on the CBRS band of 3.5 GHz. LensFD uses a low-cost lens array combined with transmit precoding to reshape the effective beam pattern of antennas in massive MIMO arrays to reduce self-interference. We tested three lens configurations in LensFD experimentally with a software-defined 40-antenna base-station and demonstrate a significant improvement in self-interference reduction and hence overall increased system capacity to 1.6× over the TDD counterpart. As an important contribution, we will open-source the large measurement dataset from our experiments.
... Moreover, the beam-steering functionality becomes essential for mmwave base station antennas aiming at providing wide coverage sectors with spatial multiplexing. The capability to control the antenna beam is nowadays also demanded from extremely high-directivity (≥ 50 dBi) mm-wave backhaul antennas [5]. This is motivated by the requirement to compensate for a dynamic antenna swing due to wind and static pointing errors caused by installation misalignments. ...
... The approach does not employ PSs that represents its main advantage. On another note, the switching matrix, which is typically based on the cascaded switching ICs, introduces a high insertion loss (usually > 3 dB per single switch [5]). ...
... Well-known examples of this antenna class are FPA-fed reflector and lens antennas [5], [10]. Another example is the Fig. 3. ...
We investigate the capabilities and limitations of joint power-combining and beam-steering techniques for millimeter-wave antenna applications. In this analysis, both functionalities are realized simultaneously through a power-combining and beamforming (PC-BF) network interconnecting an input array of active channels with an array of antenna elements. The first part of the paper provides a review of state-of-the-art hardware architectures of such PC-BF networks and examines their suitability for millimeter-wave applications. The architectures are grouped into two classes depending on the array embedded element patterns properties. Next, a unified PC-BF network is proposed where both functionalities are implemented in a single millimeter-wave waveguiding block. A full-wave model of such a network with 6 inputs and 7 outputs is investigated, with its application demonstrated for a W-band focal-plane array feeding a backhaul reflector antenna.
... A lot of research is being done to configure the lens antenna for 5G networks. In [22], the authors discuss measurement results for integrated lens antenna system for 5G E-band having two dimensional (2D) beam steering capability. Continuous beam switching range for specified range is demonstrated with the lens having the maximum measured directivity of 36.7 dB. ...
The aim of the next-generation 5G wireless network is to provide high data rates, low latency, increased network capacity, and improved quality of surface (QoS) for wireless communication and internet of things (IoT). The millimetric wave communication is a promising technique with the capability of providing multi-gigabit transmission rate, network exibility, and cost-effectiveness for 5G backhauling. Smart antennas are a critical requirement for the success of millimetric wave communication system, and these antennas have the capability to form a high gain beam in desired direction and a null towards interfering signal. Directional beam-forming mitigates the high path loss associated with millimetric communication & improve signal to interference noise ratio. This article presents comparative analysis, effectiveness, and current limitations of various beam steering techniques for 5G networks based on some figures of merit with the aim of highlighting areas of improvements for each beam steering technique © 2023, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B.All Rights Reserved.
... One such architecture is the beamspace MIMO, which can have a much smaller number of transceiver chains than the number of antennas in an array, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The multiple narrow high-gain beams are produced through an analog phase shifting network [6], [7] and/or an antenna-arrayfed lens [6], [8], [9]. We evaluated the beamspace MIMO link using doubledirectional channel data derived from measurements [1]. ...
... The ergodic capacity using single-stream (M = 1) and multi-stream (M = 8) transmissions, and rank for both sites are shown in Fig. 2. The single-stream transmission is equivalent to beamforming where its capacity is calculated as C s = log 2 1 + PT N0 |h| 2 , where h is the highest channel coefficient obtained using (5). Meanwhile, multi-stream corresponds to spatial multiplexing where the capacity is calculated using (8). Fig. 2 shows that there is a significant capacity gain for both sites, especially for the indoor case, by using 8 × 8 multi-stream beamspace MIMO compared to single-stream. ...
This paper presents the analyses of a single-user beamspace MIMO on measured indoor and outdoor channels at 142 GHz. The rank is evaluated under different antenna sizes, number of beams, and thresholds. We assume a total power constraint at the transmitter which results in a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio as the link distance increases. When using spatial multiplexing, the indoor and outdoor sites demonstrate an average capacity gain of 2x and 1.5x at link distances below 60 m. Also, the rank for our measured 142 GHz channels is comparable to that at 60 GHz channels but significantly lower than the rank at 5 GHz channels reported in the literature. We also found that at 142 GHz, the indoor and outdoor sites have median ranks of 3.0 and 1.7 for the small antenna case, and 4.9 and 2.4 for the large antenna case assuming a rank threshold of 20 dB. The indoor site has a rank higher by 1.8 than the outdoor site, regardless of antenna size. The rank decreases by only 20% and 15% for indoor and outdoor scenarios when beam density is halved, allowing a significant reduction in implementation complexity of the beamspace MIMO without remarkably reducing the rank.
... A lens antenna can be used in place of a conventional phase shifter in the beamforming to cut down the power consumption and reduce the design complexity [3] , [6], [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The energy focusing property of the lens antenna can be used to direct a highly directive beam in a particular direction [29]. ...
... The beam-switching antenna gives a peak gain of 21.8dBi with a scan loss of 1.3dB for a beam coverage of ±40 • . An E-band integrated lens antenna fed by 64-element patch MIMO antenna is reported in [25]. The antenna can switch the beam in ±4 • x ±17 • . ...
... The antenna can switch the beam in ±4 • x ±17 • . Although the designs in [23][24][25] can provide the beam-switching in 2 dimensions, the dielectric lens antenna used in all the methods is difficult to fabricate and handle owing to its curved geometry. A 1-D beam-steering metasurface based lens antenna working in the frequency range of 1.63-2.24 ...
This article presents the design of a low-profile, two-dimensional and beam-switching transmitarray antenna for millimeter-wave (26.3-29.3 GHz) applications. The transmitarray panel is designed using two substrate layer polarization rotating phase shift elements. The phase distribution on the transmitarray panel is approximated by 0 and π. The phase shift element dimensions are 0.22λ
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x 0.22λ
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x 0.14λ
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, (λ
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corresponds to frequency of 28 GHz). The overall size of the transmitarray panel is 5.6 λ
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x 5.6 λ
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with a focus to dimension (f/d) ratio of 0.5, which makes the design compact. The panel is fed by a 9-port Yagi array antenna arranged in a 3 x 3 configuration. The offset antennas undergo a scanning loss of 1.6 dB with a peak gain of 19.7 dBi in the main beam. The 3-dB beamwidth of 9.8-11.2° is obtained in different radiation beams. The radiation patterns of the offset antennas are tilted ±15° with respect to the focal antenna, thus giving a radiation coverage of 30°. The antenna can be used in millimeter wave base stations for beam-switching and can also act as a repeater antenna at millimeter wave frequencies in public transport vehicles.
