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![Milestone discoveries that shaped the modern lithium‐ion batteries. The development of a) anode materials including lithium metal, petroleum coke and graphite, b) electrolytes with the solvent propylene carbonate (PC), a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and at least one linear carbonate selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and many additives, c) cathode materials including conversion‐type materials, intercalation materials titanium disulfide (TiS2) and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY open access license.[¹⁴] Copyright 2020, The Authors.](publication/356834518/figure/fig2/AS:11431281246632626@1716394053491/Milestone-discoveries-that-shaped-the-modern-lithium-ion-batteries-The-development-of-a.png)
Milestone discoveries that shaped the modern lithium‐ion batteries. The development of a) anode materials including lithium metal, petroleum coke and graphite, b) electrolytes with the solvent propylene carbonate (PC), a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and at least one linear carbonate selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and many additives, c) cathode materials including conversion‐type materials, intercalation materials titanium disulfide (TiS2) and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY open access license.[¹⁴] Copyright 2020, The Authors.
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The development of new batteries has historically been achieved through discovery and development cycles based on the intuition of the researcher, followed by experimental trial and error—often helped along by serendipitous breakthroughs. Meanwhile, it is evident that new strategies are needed to master the ever‐growing complexity in the developmen...
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... 1 However, the extension of cycle and calendar life are of high interest for established and next-generation chemistries. [2][3][4] To further improve the cell performance and lifetime, 5 electrolyte additives are typically used. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) 6 and vinylene carbonate (VC) 7 are the two most well-known, most frequently used, and most studied additives in electrolyte formulations. ...
Electrolyte additives in liquid electrolyte batteries can trigger the formation of a protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the electrodes e.g. to suppress side reactions at the electrodes. Studies of varying amounts of additives have been done over the last few years, providing a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the electrolyte formulation on the lifetime of the cells. However, these studies mostly focused on the variation of the mass fraction of additive in the electrolyte while disregarding the ratio (radd) of the additive's amount of substance (nadd) to the electrode area (Aelectrode). Herein we utilize our accurate automatic battery assembly system (AUTOBASS) to vary electrode area and amount of substance of the additive. Our data provides evidence that reporting the mass ratios of electrolyte components is insufficient and the amount of substance of additive relative to the electrodes' area should be reported. Herein, the two most utilized additives, namely fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) were studied. Each additive was varied from 0.1 wt-%–3.0 wt-% for VC, and 5 wt-%–15 wt-% for FEC for two electrode loadings of 1 mA h cm⁻² and 3 mA h cm⁻². To help the community to find better descriptors, such as the proposed radd, we publish the dataset alongside this manuscript. The active electrode placement correction reduces the failure rate of our automatically assembled cells to 3%.
... Here it becomes essential to discuss the details of energy storage devices. These storage devices have three major components: electrodes, separators, and electrolytes [3]. ...
In the past two decades, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted attention as a platform for electrochemical devices. Here polymer-based electrolytes have the advantage that they can be grown in a thin film, plus they are leak-proof. In the present work, we have used PVA:KI as the host polymer–salt complex with a composition of 85:15. Further, this PVA:KI complex dispersed with different wt% of CdS. Standard solution cast techniques have been used for thin film preparation. All prepared samples are characterized to study conductivity and structural changes. A maximum ionic conductivity of 2.47 X 10-7 S/cm was observed for 9wt% of CdS. Also, the band gap of these films was calculated and found to be between 2.4 to 2.9 eV. Also, the concentration and mobility of charge carriers were calculated to explain the change in conductivity pattern. This calculation was performed with the Schutt & Gerdes model. It is observed that the conductivity pattern mainly follows the concentration of charge carriers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.370
... Despite the promises made by ML and DL for lifetime predictions [22][23][24] , these models, while robust, face challenges of precision and trustworthiness 25 . Existing models often focus on single-task learning, neglecting the potential benefits of multi-objective learning for various predictive settings 4 . ...
Predicting and monitoring battery life early and across chemistries is a significant challenge due to the plethora of degradation paths, form factors, and electrochemical testing protocols. Existing models typically translate poorly across different electrode, electrolyte, and additive materials, mostly require a fixed number of cycles, and are limited to a single discharge protocol. Here, an a ttention-based r e c urrent a lgorithm for n eural a nalysis (ARCANA) architecture is developed and trained on an ultra-large, proprietary dataset from BASF and a large Li-ion dataset gathered from literature across the globe. ARCANA generalizes well across this diverse set of chemistries, electrolyte formulations, battery designs, and cycling protocols and thus allows for an extraction of data-driven knowledge of the degradation mechanisms. The model’s adaptability is further demonstrated through fine-tuning on Na-ion batteries. ARCANA advances the frontier of large-scale time series models in analytical chemistry beyond textual data and holds the potential to significantly accelerate discovery-oriented battery research endeavors.
... Though lots of work can be done on the cathode side towards developing high-energy-density batteries [33], the difficulties of increasing the alkali ion transfer per transition metal and the slow progress in extending the electrochemical window make it challenging. There is huge scope for modifying the anode towards increasing the energy density [23]. ...
Alkali metal anodes are among the most promising candidates for next-generation high-capacity batteries like metal–air, metal–sulphur and all-solid-state metal batteries. The underlying interfacial mechanism of dendrite formation is not yet fully understood, preventing the practical implementation of metal batteries, particularly lithium, despite decades of research. Parallelly, there is an equal significance to the other alkali metal candidates viz sodium and potassium. The major challenges of alkali metal batteries, including dendrite formation, huge volume change, and unstable solid–electrolyte interface, are highlighted. Here, we also present an overview of the recent developments toward improving the anode interfaces. Given the enormous practical potential of alkali metal anodes as next-generation battery electrodes, we discuss some advanced probing techniques that enable a more complete understanding of the complex plating/stripping mechanism. Finally, perspectives and suggestions are provided on the remaining challenges and future directions in alkali metal battery research.
... Solar and wind are experiencing a boom to replace fossil energy which produces large amounts of carbon emissions. The volatility and unpredictability of renewable energy poses a huge challenge to grid stability; developing large-scale energy storage systems is essential to achieve a reliable and robust sustainable energy system [1,2]. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology achieved commercial success in powered vehicles and provides respectable energy densities, but the scarcity of lithium resources and a highly concentrated supply chain have led to an unstable market, which, coupled with increasing demand, has caused the cost of lithium to skyrocket. ...
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... Despite facing challenges, such as standardized packaging, temperature-strain coupling for fiber optic sensing, noise reduction in signal processing, and the integration of multiparameter and artificial intelligence models, FBG technology is expected to comprehensively enhance the QRL of batteries. This optimism is grounded in the unique advantage of FBG, as evidenced by its pivotal role in advancing the field of battery condition monitoring [163][164][165]. ...
Batteries play a crucial role as energy storage devices across various industries. However, achieving high performance often comes at the cost of safety. Continuous monitoring is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of batteries. This paper investigates the advancements in battery monitoring technology, focusing on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). By examining the factors contributing to battery degradation and the principles of FBGs, this study discusses key aspects of FBG sensing, including mounting locations, monitoring targets, and their correlation with optical signals. While current FBG battery sensing can achieve high measurement accuracies for temperature (0.1 °C), strain (0.1 με), pressure (0.14 bar), and refractive index (6 × 10−5 RIU), with corresponding sensitivities of 40 pm/°C, 2.2 pm/με, −0.3 pm/bar, and −18 nm/RIU, respectively, accurately assessing battery health in real time remains a challenge. Traditional methods struggle to provide real-time and precise evaluations by analyzing the microstructure of battery materials or physical phenomena during chemical reactions. Therefore, by summarizing the current state of FBG battery sensing research, it is evident that monitoring battery material properties (e.g., refractive index and gas properties) through FBGs offers a promising solution for real-time and accurate battery health assessment. This paper also delves into the obstacles of battery monitoring, such as standardizing the FBG encapsulation process, decoupling multiple parameters, and controlling costs. Ultimately, the paper highlights the potential of FBG monitoring technology in driving advancements in battery development.
... In the same study, it was also mentioned that the expected cost per kWh in 2030 was 75 USD [3]. This situation necessitates the development of battery chemistry [4][5][6][7]. Therefore, projections show that the progress in battery technology will extend their usage, hence their production in future. ...
In this article, instead of synthesizing the electrode active material using expensive precursors that lead to high carbon emissions to the atmosphere during fabrication, an alternative engineering approach is presented for the utilization of the electric arc furnace flue dust, which is an industrial waste, as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. In this scope, firstly ball milling of the flue dust with citric acid is applied and then in situ carbonization conditions are optimized by pyrolyzing the mixture at different temperatures (600 °C and 750 °C) and times (4 h and 6 h). Every sample delivers capacities greater than graphite. Structural, morphological, and chemical characterization results demonstrate that the designed method not only promotes the formation of a nanometer-thick carbon layer formation over the particles but also induces partial phase transformation in the structure. The best performance is achieved when citric acid is used as the carbon source and the ball-milled powder is treated at 600 °C for 4 h in nitrogen (C6004): It delivers 714 mAh g ⁻¹ capacity under a current load of 50 mA g ⁻¹ after 100 cycles. This research is expected to set an example for the utilization of different industrial wastes in high value-added applications, such as energy storage.
Graphical Abstract
... Sophisticated battery management systems (BMSs) are essential for optimizing the safety and performance of battery systems. Breakthrough technologies are being developed to address fast charging [22], material optimization [23], and recycling issues [24]. Innovative solutions ranging from novel electrolyte formulations to advanced thermal management techniques are being explored, showcasing the dynamism of contemporary battery research. ...
... Moreover, researchers are striving to improve battery performance, safety, and durability with minimal environmental impact [23]. Key research areas involve the advanced characterization of cell components like electrodes and electrolytes to improve overall battery design [25], conducting fundamental studies on ion storage [26] and modifying surface or coating properties [27]. ...
This study explores the feasibility of integrating battery technology into electric buses, addressing the imperative to reduce carbon emissions within the transport sector. A comprehensive review and analysis of diverse literature sources establish the present and prospective landscape of battery electric buses within the public transportation domain. Existing battery technology and infrastructure constraints hinder the comprehensive deployment of electric buses across all routes currently served by internal combustion engine counterparts. However, forward-looking insights indicate a promising trajectory with the potential for substantial advancements in battery technology coupled with significant investments in charging infrastructure. Such developments hold promise for electric buses to fulfill a considerable portion of a nation’s public transit requirements. Significant findings emphasize that electric buses showcase considerably lower emissions than fossil-fuel-driven counterparts, especially when operated with zero-carbon electricity sources, thereby significantly mitigating the perils of climate change.
... However, the reliability of these algorithms in foreseeing abrupt instabilities and battery failures can be questionable. Given the intricate internal dynamics of LiBs, researchers and battery producers typically utilize resource-intensive mathematical models that are empirically fitted to gauge battery responses to loading [21]. Therefore, there exists a substantial need for a universally accepted and robust model that can consistently and accurately delineate battery behavior and forecast battery degradation under all operating conditions, irrespective of any active interactions or mechanisms. ...
... Future expectations for battery technologies revolve around increasing the average size of batteries, which would enable better performance and longer range per charge [18]. Furthermore, there is a growing focus on developing more sustainable battery materials in response to environmental concerns related to raw material mining and refining, geopolitical issues and limited material availability [19]. New battery structures, such as those integrated into the vehicle's structure, have emerged as rising trends in the industry, offering the advantage of requiring fewer materials and components [20], [21]. ...
... Although traditional liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the battery technology, there are new potential battery technology alternatives in active development that will dramatically increase the performance of commercial batteries in the near future. These alternatives include solid-state, lithium-sulphur and lithium-oxygen batteries, all of which can offer advantages in terms of price, energy density, material availability and increase in lifecycle compared to existing commercial lithium-ion batteries [19]. ...
... The oxygen from the air combines with lithium ions to form lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ) during the discharge process. During charging, the reverse reaction occurs, converting the lithium peroxide back to lithium ions and releasing oxygen back into the air [19]. ...
