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Simplified geological map of Campi Flegrei (modified after Vitale and Isaia, 2014) and chronologic scheme of the main volcanic events.
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Ground deformations are among the main volcanic phenomena occurring within the caldera system and presently recorded at different volcanoes worldwide including the Campi Flegrei active caldera (southern Italy). A new stratigraphic, sedimentological and paleontological survey carried out in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera both along...
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... preceding and following the eruptions, as well as they can occur during periods of volcanic quiescence. In the last decades, spatial and temporal measurements of the ground deformation have been gathered through several geophysical surveys, including Satellite Remote Sensing (e.g., Tizzani et al., 2009;Amoruso et al., 2014). Campi Flegrei (CF; Fig. 1) recently recorded a resurgence caldera process affecting a large urbanized area, which makes it one of the most monitored volcanoes of the world (e.g., D'Auria et al., 2011;Chiodini et al., 2016). Historically, ground movements (bradyseism) on the order of 1-10 m have been detected since Roman times (more than 2000 years ago; e.g., ...
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... CF caldera is located along the Tyrrhenian Sea side of the orogenic chain of the southern Apennines in southern Italy ( Fig. 1; Vitale and Ciarcia, 2018 and reference therein). The history of CF volcanic field started from at least 80 ka and was characterized by three large volcanic events that formed a 12 km sized caldera (Fig. 1). The oldest, named Campanian Ignimbrite and occurred 40 ka ( Giaccio et al., 2008;Costa et al., 2012) has been classified as a ...
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... CF caldera is located along the Tyrrhenian Sea side of the orogenic chain of the southern Apennines in southern Italy ( Fig. 1; Vitale and Ciarcia, 2018 and reference therein). The history of CF volcanic field started from at least 80 ka and was characterized by three large volcanic events that formed a 12 km sized caldera (Fig. 1). The oldest, named Campanian Ignimbrite and occurred 40 ka ( Giaccio et al., 2008;Costa et al., 2012) has been classified as a super eruption; whereas the second (Masseria del Monte Tuff) and third (Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, NYT) large eruptions occurred 29.3 ka (Albert et al., 2019) and 15 ka ( Orsi et al., 1992;Scarpati et al., ...
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... Most of the authors reported the presence of marine deposits up to a certain height along the cliff, below the volcanic deposits of the most recent activities of CF including the eruptions of Agnano-Monte Spina (AMS) and Astroni. The Plinian AMS eruption (4.55 ka; de Smith et al., 2011) determined the minor caldera collapse of the Agnano plain ( Fig. 1) followed by a general subsidence of the CF caldera and finally some uplift phases ( Isaia et al., 2009) associated to the eruptive activity from vents located in the central caldera sector . Fossiliferous marine sediments, localized at different stratigraphic heights, were previously dated by radiocarbon Rosi and Sbrana, ...
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... shells have not been recorded in this interval. In the upper part of the section, that includes all the samples (STZC 15-34) showing the co-occurrence of benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages, abundance and diversity are relatively high. The samples STZC 18-34 were the most reliable for paleoecological interpretation. ...
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... et al., 1998) evolving upward to deposits formed in a foreshore/shoreface environment and related to an upper infralittoral zone, at least in part, in low pH marginal waters (inter- val b;Clifton, 1981;McCubbin, 1982;Hart and Plint, 1995). These deposits immediately overly the sediments collected in the same area and dated at about 12 ka (Fig. 9D, Table 1; Giudicepietro, 1993). The succession continues upward with sediments locally containing fos sils related to marine waters with unfavorable varying physicochemical conditions and showing sedimentary structures related to coastal lacustrine/foreshore conditions, like a paralic setting, from marginal to upper infralittoral zone (interval ...
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... of depositional events outlining the interplay between inflation and deflation episodes of the caldera floor and sea level rise over the last 15 kyr. In order to compare the estimated ground vertical displacements with the sea level change in this period, we used the curve of Lambeck et al. (2011) for this part of the Italian coast (Table S4). Fig. 10A reports the paleoelevation of the well-dated deposits (points from 1 to 9). La Starza succession includes deposits 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 whose age derive from literature (Table 1), whereas the 4, 5, 8 and 9 ages are inferred from the stratigraphic position (Fig. 9). Paleoelevation related to recent vertical deformation have been obtained ...
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... to recent vertical deformation have been obtained from the Serapis Temple (Dvorak and Mastrolorenzo, 1991;Mohrange et al., 1999;Bellucci et al., 2006). We assumed that the Gauro Tuff deposit was emplaced in continental environments close to the shoreline, and this dated eruption represents the starting point of our kinematic reconstruction (Fig. 10A). However, no paleodepth information is available in the interval between Gauro and Pomici Principali (PP) eruptions and for the Epoch III (E3), where the most of sediments were deposited in the continental environment, except for the lower and the middle parts where in both cases the sediments were deposited close the shoreline. In the ...
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... for the Epoch III (E3), where the most of sediments were deposited in the continental environment, except for the lower and the middle parts where in both cases the sediments were deposited close the shoreline. In the period including the Epoch I (E1) and Epoch II (E2), the La Starza sedimentation was always in marine-transitional environments (Fig. 10A), suggesting a possible balancing between the sea level rise and the ground movement. Following the emersion episode, the sedimentary structures and fossil content of sediments indicate a long period of subsidence in marine conditions starting from ca. 8.59 ka (point 6 in the Fig. 10A) up to 5.86 ka (point 7 in the Fig. 10A), when was ...
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... sedimentation was always in marine-transitional environments (Fig. 10A), suggesting a possible balancing between the sea level rise and the ground movement. Following the emersion episode, the sedimentary structures and fossil content of sediments indicate a long period of subsidence in marine conditions starting from ca. 8.59 ka (point 6 in the Fig. 10A) up to 5.86 ka (point 7 in the Fig. 10A), when was reached the max paleodepth at about 60/80 m b.s.l. with a rate of 2.2/2.9 cm/y. The upper part of this episode also recorded an interval of alternating uplift and subsidence pulses preceding a major uplift, larger than 100 m, occurred before the beginning of the Epoch III activity. ...
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... environments (Fig. 10A), suggesting a possible balancing between the sea level rise and the ground movement. Following the emersion episode, the sedimentary structures and fossil content of sediments indicate a long period of subsidence in marine conditions starting from ca. 8.59 ka (point 6 in the Fig. 10A) up to 5.86 ka (point 7 in the Fig. 10A), when was reached the max paleodepth at about 60/80 m b.s.l. with a rate of 2.2/2.9 cm/y. The upper part of this episode also recorded an interval of alternating uplift and subsidence pulses preceding a major uplift, larger than 100 m, occurred before the beginning of the Epoch III activity. This value corresponds to the vertical ...
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... max paleodepth at about 60/80 m b.s.l. with a rate of 2.2/2.9 cm/y. The upper part of this episode also recorded an interval of alternating uplift and subsidence pulses preceding a major uplift, larger than 100 m, occurred before the beginning of the Epoch III activity. This value corresponds to the vertical displacement reached by the point 7 (Fig. 10B), however, the displacement may have reached higher values because the deposition of the volcanic rocks was in continental conditions (in this part of the CF) and there are not features to constraint the amount of uplift. During the Epoch III, an about 2.5 km 3 of magma were erupted from 28 vents (Fig. 10C) mainly located in the ...
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... displacement reached by the point 7 (Fig. 10B), however, the displacement may have reached higher values because the deposition of the volcanic rocks was in continental conditions (in this part of the CF) and there are not features to constraint the amount of uplift. During the Epoch III, an about 2.5 km 3 of magma were erupted from 28 vents (Fig. 10C) mainly located in the central-eastern sector of the caldera ( Bevilacqua et al., 2016). We can only hypothesize that during the Epoch III there was mainly uplift alternated with rapid subsidence, with the interposition of the deposition of the Pozzuoli unit (point 9 in the Fig. 10A). Periods of eruptive activity of the epochs E1 ...
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... III, an about 2.5 km 3 of magma were erupted from 28 vents (Fig. 10C) mainly located in the central-eastern sector of the caldera ( Bevilacqua et al., 2016). We can only hypothesize that during the Epoch III there was mainly uplift alternated with rapid subsidence, with the interposition of the deposition of the Pozzuoli unit (point 9 in the Fig. 10A). Periods of eruptive activity of the epochs E1 (15-10.6 ka), E2 (9.6-9.1 ka) and E3 (5.5-3.8 ka) appear coupled with prevalent uplift and possible minor deflating episodes. On the contrary, the whole caldera floor subsidence occurred during quiescent periods, from 8.59 to 5.86 ka, and generally after 3.8 ka and before the Monte Nuovo ...
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... ka and before the Monte Nuovo eruption, as shown by borehole data of the Bagnoli and Agnano plains (e.g., Di ). The prevalent subsidence since the Roman period is also attested by submerged ruins just foreshore of La Starza ranging up to 10 m b.s.l. The historical Monte Nuovo eruption occurred at 1538 CE produced ground oscillation of about 15 m (Fig. 10A) recorded on three marble columns of the ancient Roman market in Pozzuoli, known as Serapis Temple (e.g. Parascandola, 1947;Dvorak and Mastrolorenzo, 1991;Bellucci et al., 2006;Guidoboni and Ciuccarelli, 2011;Todesco et al., 2014) and in other coastal sites of the caldera (Di Vito et al., 2016). Signs of ground movements have also been ...
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... covering humified marine sediments above roman ruins, at about 7 m of elevation. Elevation changes recorded in Campi Flegrei since the first leveling survey conducted in 1905-1907 CE account for early subsidence and two rapid uplift stages (1969-1972CE and 1981-1984 leading to a cumulative uplift larger than 3 m. The net vertical ground movement (Fig. 10B) was estimated as the difference between paleoand present-elevation of the key-points in the La Starza record (Fig. ...
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... since the first leveling survey conducted in 1905-1907 CE account for early subsidence and two rapid uplift stages (1969-1972CE and 1981-1984 leading to a cumulative uplift larger than 3 m. The net vertical ground movement (Fig. 10B) was estimated as the difference between paleoand present-elevation of the key-points in the La Starza record (Fig. ...
Citations
... Pozzuoli represents the emerged-submerged sector of the Phlegraean Fields as characterized by the marine terrace of La Starza between 30 and 80 m a.s.l. [43], bordered by the pyroclastic monogenic volcanoes of Monte Nuovo (1538 CE), Solfatara (4 ka), and Averno (5.2-4.2 ka), and a seabed central plain, with epiclastic sedimentation, delimited to the south by several submerged volcanic banks. The tectonics of the Phlegraean Fields are very dynamic [44]: historical records of bradyseismic vertical movements date back to Greek colonization over 2000 years BP, and the area mainly features a general downlift of the bay and its urban structures that today are partially submerged down to 4-6 m in depth (Figure 4, lower). ...
Cities all over the world have developed on different geological-geomorphological substrates. Different kinds of human activities have operated for millennia as geomorphic agents, generating numerous and various erosion landforms and huge anthropogenic deposits. Considering the increasing demand for land and the expansion of the built-up areas involving and disturbing any kind of natural system inside and surrounding the actual urban areas, it is not negligible how important the dynamics of the urban environment and its physical evolution are. In this context, this manuscript addresses insights into eight case studies of urban geomorphological analyses of cities in Italy, Greece, and Brazil. The studies are based on surveying and mapping geomorphological processes and landforms in urban areas, supporting both geo-hazard assessment, historical evolution, and paleomorphologies, as well as disseminating knowledge of urban geoheritage and educating about the anthropogenic impact on urban sustainability. We hypothesize that urban geomorphological analysis of several case studies addresses the physical environment of modern cities in a multi-temporal, multidisciplinary, and critical way concerning global changes. Thus, this study aims to illustrate and propose a novel approach to urban geomorphological investigation as a model for the understanding and planning of the physical urban environment on a European and global scale.
... The most energetic eruptions occurred in the Agnano area, namely the Pomici Principali (PP; ~12 ka, Smith et al., 2011) and the Agnano-Monte Spina (AMS, ~4.55 ka, Smith et al., 2011). Remarkably, since ~10.5 ka (Natale et al., 2022a), the volcanic activity has been coupled with 10-100 m of scale invariant and axis-symmetric deformation (Isaia et al., 2009;Marturano et al., 2018;Bevilacqua et al., 2020;Vitale and Natale, 2023), that have exposed the marine/transitional sequences of La Starza Unit (Cinque et al., 1985;Giudicepietro, 1993;Isaia et al., 2019;Vitale et al., 2019), accompanied by widely diffused seismically induced liquefaction phenomena . The last eruption occurred in historical times (1538CE, Di Vito et al., 1987 to the west of Pozzuoli and was preceded by several precursors (Guidoboni and Ciuccarelli, 2011). ...
Models of volcanic collapses proposed in the literature rely on combining field examples with analogue and numerical modelling to connect superficial observables to sub-surface volcano-tectonic processes. However, the behaviour of such collapses in an already faulted and fractured medium needs to be better explored.
We studied a complex array of normal and reverse faults within the central sector of the active Campi Flegrei caldera, where faults with centimetres-to-meters displacements are hosted in the La Pietra tuff (13.5 ka) and the overlying pyroclastic succession of the last 5.5 kyr. We analyzed the attitude, kinematics and throw of these structures, employing a UAV-based digital outcrop model. The analysis shows that antithetic normal and reverse faults form in the hanging wall of a pre-existing WNW striking, NNE-dipping master normal fault. Moving northward, the strike of the antithetic faults rotates from WNW to NNW directions, with the latter showing a right-lateral oblique component. The simultaneity and coherence of both kinematics and attitudes are verified by the throw analysis. We associated the formation of this array with the caldera-collapse phase of the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption (4.55 ka), which caused off-caldera faulting beyond the main collapsed area.
Based on field data, we suggest that during peak caldera-forming phases, wider areas beyond the main caldera scarps can be involved in volcano-tectonic collapses in the presence of a pre-existing fault network and complex tapped reservoirs. This highlights the role of inherited structures in weakening the crust above the magma reservoir that can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of caldera-forming eruptions, as they may induce a broader roof rock subsidence, pressurizing wider regions of the sub-caldera magma system.
... The volcanic activity preceding the caldera formation was characterized by three main eruptive events (De Pippo et al., 2002), interspersed with periods of volcanic quiescence. These were the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) super eruption (40 ka BP; Isaia et al., 2019 and references therein), the eruption of Masseria del Monte Tuff (MMT, 29.3 ka BP; Albert et al., 2019;Isaia et al., 2019), and, finally, the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) eruption (15 ka BP; Isaia et al., 2019 and references therein). ...
... The latter, with a maximum height of about 145 m MSL, is the result of the deposition of different types of volcanic deposits mostly represented by the NYT. Along the seacliffs of Monte di Procida, characterized by an average height of about 60 m MSL, older deposits crop out including Miliscola lithosome, Isola di San Martino lithosome and Torregaveta pyroclastics (Upper Pleistocene; Isaia et al., 2016), and Campanian Ignimbrite (40 ka BP; Isaia et al., 2019). North from the rocky promontory of Torregaveta, made of NYT and hosting the remains of the roman Vatia Villa with its fish tank (ID#1, location in Fig. 1C), another sandy coastal strip extends northward, flanking the Fusaro Lake for several kilometers. ...
... In the study area, MHHW is 0.25 m which, when combined with the present inner margin submersion depth (− 2.5 m MSL), suggests a first phase of RSL at 2.75 ± 0.5 m MSL during the pre-Roman period (RSL, ID#3). Timing of this phase can be constrained firstly by the stratigraphy of the La Starza marine terrace (eastern side of the Gulf of Pozzuoli: Isaia et al., 2019) which indicates high RSL of up to 50 m at 5.25 ka. Secondly, geoarchaeological measurements taken by Aucelli et al. (2021) along the nearby Baia -Miseno coastal sector suggest that this area was totally emerged during the 4th/3rd centuries BCE when the RSL was not much higher than − 8.5 m. ...
... Geochemical and petrological features of volcanic products indicate that the extensional tectonics drove their emplacement Lustrino et al., 2011;Peccerillo, 2017). However, knowledge of the structural mechanisms that acted during the early establishment of the Pleistocene volcanic activity in central-southern Italy, and the interplay between volcanism and tectonics through time still needs to be investigated thoroughly (e.g., Cardello et al., 2020;Giordano et al., 1995;Isaia et al., 2019;Natale et al., 2022;Tramparulo et al., 2018;Vitale et al., 2019). ...
The Roccamonfina volcano is located within the Garigliano Graben (southern Apennines, Italy) and has been active throughout the Middle‐Late Pleistocene. Along its polyphase volcanic history (630–55 ka), including several caldera‐forming eruptions (385–230 ka), several effusive/mildly explosive monogenetic events occurred along the volcano slopes, within the summit caldera, and along the graben‐bounding carbonate reliefs. In this paper, we present a multidisciplinary study of a mafic magmatic feeder dike intruded within the Meso‐Tertiary carbonates and overlying Lower Pleistocene breccias of Mt Cesima, northeast of the Roccamonfina volcano. We performed a stratigraphic and structural survey of the area and petrographic analyses on several samples of the dike. Results indicate that a ∼1 km long fissure fed an eruption that also emplaced a Strombolian pyroclastic sequence. Petrological data show that an open‐system mafic recharge fueled the tephritic magma that fed the eruption, whereas no evidence of significant pre/syn‐eruptive assimilation of carbonate has been identified. Stratigraphic and petrological data do not allow to firmly constrain the timing of the eruption, which could belong both to the pre‐Brown Leucitic Tuff (>354 ka) and to the post‐White Trachytic Tuffs (<230 ka) epochs of activity of the Roccamonfina volcano. Structural data show that the dike is broadly oriented E‐W and changes direction toward NE‐SW in correspondence with a pre‐existing fault damage zone. We suggest that magma was intruded during an N‐S trending extensional event in the Middle Pleistocene, whose prolonged activity resulted in regional uplift and exhumation of regional significance.
... The NYT caldera floor is characterized by a still-active resurgence that started soon after its collapse (Di Vito et al. 1999). Its long deformation history incorporated phases of uplift and subsidence as well as bradyseismic phenomena since Roman time (Di Vito et al. 2016;Isaia et al. 2019). The current activity at Campi Flegrei is characterized by shallow seismicity and fumarolic activity (Chiodini et al. 2021) and a new inflation phase started in 2005(De Martino et al. 2021. ...
The Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) is the oldest volcano observatory in the world having been founded in 1841 by the King of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand II of Bourbon. The historical building, located on the western slope of Vesuvius, hosts a museum with important collections of remarkable scientific, historical and artistic value, including pioneering instruments, rocks and minerals, photos and films of Vesuvius’ eruptions and many other memorabilia. Visitors discover this heritage through permanent exhibitions, and a multimedia path, across the history of Vesuvius and the origin of volcano monitoring. The museum lies within the protected area of Vesuvius National Park, established in 1995. The park’s network of trails allows visitors to enjoy the geodiversity of Somma-Vesuvius, whose activity has been intertwined with that of humans from Bronze Age to modern times, as testified by many important archaeological sites around the volcano, the most famous among them being Pompeii and Herculaneum. The “Grand Tour” was the cultural journey undertaken in the eighteenth century by European intellectuals, in which Italy was an essential destination; we consider the Museum of the OV an essential stop in a modern “Vesuvius Grand Tour”, a journey through the geological and archaeological heritage of Vesuvius territory. Since 2001, the OV is the Naples section of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which is primarily tasked with monitoring the three active volcanoes of the Neapolitan area—Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia—through an advanced surveillance network.
... It consists of a ∼12 km wide depression hosting two nested calderas formed during the eruptions of the Campanian Ignimbrite (∼39 ka) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (∼15 ka) ( Figure 1; Orsi et al., 1996;Rosi & Sbrana, 1987;Vitale & Isaia, 2014). In the last ∼5 ka, resurgence, with uplift >60 m in the central part of the caldera (Pozzuoli area), was accompanied by volcanism of the "III epoch" of activity (Isaia et al., 2019;∼4.8 to ∼3.8 ka;Di Vito et al., 1999 and references therein). After ∼3 ka of quiescence, increasing seismicity and uplift preceded the last eruption at Monte Nuovo in 1538 for several decades (Di Vito et al., 1987Guidoboni & Ciuccarelli, 2011). ...
Shallow magma transfer is difficult to detect at poorly monitored volcanoes. Magma transfer before the last 1538 eruption at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) was exceptionally tracked using historical, archeological, and geological data. Here, we extend that data set to 1650 to uncover any magma transfer during post‐eruptive subsidence. Results show two post‐eruptive subsidence phases, separated by a previously undocumented uplift during 1540–1582. Uplift highlights the pressurization of the central (∼3.5 km depth) and peripheral (∼1 km depth) pre‐eruptive sources, suggesting an aborted eruption. The subsidence events mainly require the depressurization of the central source and pressurization of a deeper magmatic layer (∼8 km depth). Therefore, despite the overall post‐eruptive deflation, after 1538 the deeper reservoir experienced continuous magma supply, with magma almost erupting between 1540 and 1582, challenging the common assumption of post‐eruptive deflation. This underlies the importance of monitoring the deeper magmatic systems, also after eruptions, to properly assess their eruptive potential.
... 1b) for the central caldera sector (Serapis Temple; Fig. 1a). These studies indicate that ground uplift and subsidence have alternated through time (Fig. 1b), with maximum values of uplift and subsidence in the range of metres, centred close to the Pozzuoli town, also preceding and following, respectively, the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption , resembling the same pattern of the long-term (~ 10 ka) deformation (Natale et al. 2022a, b), and of recent unrests (Bevilacqua et al. 2020;Isaia et al. 2019). Recently, the caldera experienced four major uplift episodes (Fig. 1c). ...
... In addition, this fault is mapped in the official cartography (ISPRA 2022) as an eruptive fissure associated with the Baia-Fondi di Baia eruption sequence (dated at ~ 9.6 ka; Pistolesi et al. 2017). Furthermore, as evidenced by the increased thickness of marine sediments (La Starza Unit, Isaia et al. 2019;Vitale et al. 2019) in the Lucrino-Monte Nuovo area (Di , the Baia Fault acted for a long-time at least since 10 ka, reactivating a segment of the inner ring faults (Natale et al. 2022a, b). Another important fault system in the western sector is the Monte Nuovo Faults, associated with the 1538 CE eruption, spanning from a few hundred metres south of the current coast to the Monte Nuovo pyroclastic cone (Fig. 3c;Di Napoli et al. 2016). ...
The active Campi Flegrei caldera in southern Italy has a remarkably long history of coexistence between volcanism and human settlements, and it is famous for its peculiar slow ground movement called bradyseism, i.e. episodes of inflation and deflation of the caldera floor due to magmatic and/or hydrothermal processes. This natural phenomenon has interacted with the civilization that inhabited this strategic and fertile area, especially in Roman times, when the sinking of the coast hindered the flourishment of Puteoli and Baiae coastal towns. The drowning of a large part of Republic-early Imperial Roman coastal buildings, west of the modern Pozzuoli town, is classically used to illustrate the bradyseism activity. In this paper, we investigate the spatial variability and the role of this phenomenon, demonstrating that the caldera deflation alone cannot account for the submersion of Roman facilities in the western sector where the harbour structures of Portus Iulius and luxury villas of the Baianus Lacus presently lie beneath sea level. On the contrary, the sinking of this area is mainly the result of the activity of volcano-tectonic faults. We restored the
topography to 100 BCE using archaeological and high-resolution topographic data. Results show that the several metres of vertical displacement recorded in the Baia area in the last 2100 yr were mainly produced by the activity of normal faults and secondarily by caldera deflation, the former including the long-lived Baia Fault and the younger normal faults associated with the Monte Nuovo eruption at 1538 CE.
... In particular, the inner Campi Flegrei caldera (Main Map 1) was bordered by active sea cliffs. However, the coastal sector between Baia and Miseno (Main Map 1) was characterized by raised paleoshore platforms, probably shaped during the 3rd eruptive epoch (5.5 -3.5 ka BP, Smith et al., 2011), when a decametric subsidence and Late Holocene GIA-driven RSL rise (Isaia et al., 2019) produced the flooding of the whole Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera. Several Roman coastal structures such as ports, fish tanks, and nymphaeums were laid on sub-horizontal Table 1. ...
Campi Flegrei is one of the widest and most dangerous active volcanic complexes in the Mediterranean basin, known to be affected by continuous and sudden vertical ground movements (bradyseismic crisis) that have characterized the post-calderic volcanic activity since the Late Pleistocene and particularly during the Roman period. Despite the intense volcano-tectonic processes, the area has been densely inhabited since the Greek-Roman as testified by several submerged archaeological remains here used as high-precision relative sea-level markers. By using a complex multi-technique approach made of direct, indirect morpho-acoustic and optical surveys, and stratigraphic analysis, we present a detailed reconstruction of the coastal landscape of Campi Flegrei and its surroundings between the Roman Late Republican and Early Imperial ages. The coastal scenario aims to facilitate the comprehension of how volcano-tectonic events influenced the evolution of this singular coastal landscape, and how these interfered with human activity in terms of damages and adaptation.
... Moreover, the caldera structure has been inferred by different geophysical investigations, including geoelectrical and magnetotelluric Siniscalchi et al., 2019), gravity (Florio et al., 1999;Capuano et al., 2013), magnetic (Secomandi et al., 2003) and seismic tomography (Zollo et al., 2003;Judenherc and Zollo, 2004;De Siena et al., 2018;Pepe et al., 2019) surveys. Furthermore, like several other calderas worldwide, both felsic (e.g., Rabaul, Papua New Guinea; Robertson and Kilburn, 2016;Nisyros, Greece;Tibaldi et al., 2008) and basaltic (e.g., Sierra Negra and Alcedo volcanoes Galapagos; Bell et al., 2021;Galetto et al., 2019, respectively), the CF caldera is characterized by post-caldera ground uplift and subsidence confined within its rims (e.g., Isaia et al., 2019;Bevilacqua et al., 2020;Natale et al., 2022). ...
... Our interpretation bases on the following factors: (i) faults are sub-vertical, implying negligible layer-parallel extension; (ii) lack of growth strata and multiple abrasion surfaces; and (iii) the last faulted units observed in the seismic profiles (Fig. 4;S6 and S7 units, ~4.4 ka, Natale et al., 2022) are covered by valley-ponding deposits of S8 unit (<4.3 ka), deposited during the Epoch 3b, well recorded in the offshore by a wide abrasion surface developed during the uplift phase (Fig. 7f). On land, recent works have reported faults cutting the equivalent of S6 unit (i.e., AMS tephra) and sealed by a paleosol (Vitale and Isaia, 2014;Isaia et al., 2019;Vitale et al., 2019;Bevilacqua et al., 2020). In addition, no evidence of fault reactivation exists in the offshore associated with the 15 m of uplift predating the Monte Nuovo eruption . ...
... The caldera resurgence that occurred during Epochs 2 and 3a (i.a., Isaia et al., 2019;Natale et al., 2022) was confined within the IRFS (Bevilacqua et al., 2020), whereas volcanism at this stage occurred between the IRFS and the MRFS (Fig. 8e). This doming phase inverted the previously formed depocenter of the caldera, producing ~60-80-m of uplift Natale et al., 2022), lasting until the AMS eruption. ...
The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognized two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcano-tectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes.
... Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is a volcanic district nearby the city of Naples (Rosi and Sbrana, 1987;Orsi, 2022). Spectacular ground level variations are reported at CF across the centuries, up to tens of meters (Di Vito et al., 2016;Isaia et al., 2019). A large Davis (1986). ...
Volcanic and Seismic source Modeling (VSM) is an open-source Python tool to model ground deformation. VSM allows the user to choose one or more deformation sources of various shapes as a forward model among sphere, spheroid, ellipsoid, rectangular dislocation, and sill. It supports multiple datasets from most satellite and terrestrial geodetic techniques: Interferometric SAR, GNSS, leveling, Electronic Distance Measurements, tiltmeters, and strainmeters. Two sampling algorithms are available: one is a global optimization algorithm based on the Voronoi cells and yields the best-fitting solution and the second follows a probabilistic approach to parameters estimation based on the Bayes theorem and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. VSM can be executed as Python script, in Jupyter Notebook environments, or by its Graphical User Interface. Its broad applications range from high-level research to teaching, from single studies to near real-time hazard estimates. Potential users range from early-career scientists to experts. It is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/EliTras/VSM) and is accompanied by step-by-step documentation in Jupyter Notebooks. This study presents the functionalities of VSM and test cases to describe its use and comparisons among possible settings.
