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Due to the special structure characteristics, the switching process control from pure electrical driving mode to compound driving mode of the single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain has caught broad attentions from related researches. In this study, a novel mode transition control method based on model predictive control algorithm is proposed to re...
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... Due to the coupling of multiple power sources and the highly nonlinear and unpredictable characteristic of the engine in hybrid systems, significant changes in power distribution occur during a mode switch (which means the change in the hybrid vehicle's mode, such as changing from the electric vehicle mode to the hybrid electric vehicle mode or from a low gear to a high gear), resulting in a substantial impact on the vehicle dynamics [6][7][8]. Therefore, a dynamic coordinated control strategy (which means using the dynamic control method to control the power source to coordinate the system to make a better comprehensive performance) is essential for effectively managing the system's dynamic response and ensuring optimal ride comfort [9,10]. ...
... at high gear. By combining Equations (1) to (8), the relationship among the vehicle acceleration, the output torque, and the angular acceleration of each power source can be solved under two different gear. ...
The hybrid system can extend the range of special vehicles and meet the electrical requirements of on-board equipment. In this paper, the driving force plummet problem of a new two-gear power-split hybrid system was studied during gear switches in a hybrid mode. The dynamic model of a hybrid electric system was established, and the effects of the engine angular acceleration and angular jerk on vehicle power and ride performance were obtained. The optimal ratio of the torque change rate of the motor and engine in the mode switch process was proposed. Considering the battery limitation and the external characteristics of the engine, the method of determining the target speed of the engine during shifting was proposed. Considering the response characteristics of each power source, the dynamic coordinated control strategy of multiple power sources in the mode switch process was proposed. The vehicle dynamics model was established based on the Matlab/Simulink 2020b and verified by simulation and a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test. The results show that the dynamic coordinated control strategy can reduce the peak impact by 80.33%, effectively improve the vehicle power and ride performance, and prevent the occurrence of high-current battery charging.
... The interruption of power transmission or the fluctuation of the output torque of the HEV causes poor dynamic performance and ride comfort. (4) Ride comfort is important for consumers and manufacturers, and is closely related to noise and vibration while driving a car. Therefore, for the effective operation of the HEV, powertrain control has been studied extensively in recent years. ...
... (13) In shifting operation modes in an HEV, the vibration on the drive shaft can occur owing to an uneven torque distribution in the clutch actuation system. To reduce the vibration, several control methods were proposed using the compensation torque given by the different response times of the electric motor and ICE, (4) and adopting a single planetary gear in which the feedback torque is used to compensate for the vibration. (13) Bypass clutch control was also proposed to reduce the vibration caused by engine start-up. ...
... Authors in [11] present mode transition control for singleshaft PHEV using model predictive control approach. Authors in [12] introduce multiphase mixed-integer nonlinear optimal control of HEV. ...
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are popularizing due to the world's commitment to reduce the CO 2 and fossil fuel. Most of the current power transmissions are using the torque converters, and the transmission efficiency of torque converters is limited at the maximum of 96% due to high slipping ratio. This paper presents the design and the application of fuzzy logic controller for a dry friction clutch in parallel HEV. This new system can provide higher transmission efficiency up to more than 99% with fast and smooth jerk engagement. The controller can also regulate the clutch pressure to reduce noise and vibration in critical conditions and in high speeds. Experiments show that the noise and vibration can be eliminated up to 70% less than the use of conventional manual clutch.
... Followed by this, SOC of battery will be equal to the target range of the threshold value, hence, the vehicle's necessary output is expected to be beyond the maximum range, and so the engine will be producing enough torque from the electric motor to drive the vehicle with the required power, as in engine mode [61,62]. When more power is required, the electric motor begins the engine function in the combined power mode [63]. If the engine produces more torque than what is required, extra energy will be used to charge the battery while the vehicle requires less electricity to drive the wheels in charge mode [64]. ...
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are facing difficulties in the aspect of splitting the demand power between various drivetrain components. To negate this issue an efficient energy management system (EMS) is required, EMS is used to split the demand power between drivetrain components. However, it is a difficult task because of the computation complexity and various functionalities associated with the vehicle. In this context to develop an efficient EMS, the various structural architectures, and energy optimization strategies are considered to review in this work. This work presents an overview of key control modules in the EMS such as torque control module, driving mode control, power-split control, and output power sources. Also describes various aspects of energy optimization strategies such as fuzzy, dynamic program, model predictive, neural network, intelligent and connected vehicle technologies to enhance the performance and emissions of the vehicle. These strategies are employed to optimize the fuel economy and energy consumption without compromising the performance of the vehicle. Further, this article provides knowledge on real-time development process of EMS and its calibration parameters such as SOC, vehicle speed, power-split, etc, which are used to enhance the vehicle output characteristics. This research explores a holistic approach to developing the control architecture of EMS with various control strategies. Also, challenges and difficulties on EMS advancements are adequately highlighted, along with a short idea and discussion for the development of future EMS research. Finally, an interpretative study on real-time EMS for HEV with various control strategies disclosed its significance and possible outcomes.
... Torque output : τ mot = τ demand + τ spin loss + J mot dω dt (19) Torque constrain : τ mot ≤ max(τ mot ) = f (ω) (20) Torque lossing pin : τ spin loss = α 1 δ(t) + α 2 ω + α 3 sgn(ω) ...
This paper reviews the latest studies of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on modelling, controls, and energy management. HEV dynamics, formulas, calculations, and schemes of vehicle parts, such as battery, converter, electric motor, generator, and HEV Simulink models, are presented. Moreover, simulations of the propulsion operation, regenerative braking system, and vehicle dynamics are conducted. A comprehensive HEV model is built that is simulated on different driving cycles of Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP75), New York City Cycle (NYCC), Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), and Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC). Data achieved from these simulations were analysed and tested with several fuel regression models to determine the best fuel regression estimation for HEV fuel consumption on the basis of their weights and tire radiuses. The best fuel regression equation is obtained with a determination coefficient R-squared greater than 99%. Lastly, the optimal model and other HEVs models are simulated on different driving cycles to prove that the fuel consumption of our best-fit regression model is the best.
... Other research on control strategy for clutch engagement during the switching mode of PHEV is presented in [10]. The authors of [11] present mode transition control for singleshaft PHEV using a model predictive control approach. The authors of [12] introduce multiphase mixed-integer nonlinear optimal control of HEV. ...
Automatic clutch engagement control is essential for all kinds of vehicle power transmissions. The controllers for vehicle power transmissions may include model-based or model-free
approaches and must provide high transmission efficiency, fast engagement and low jerk. Most
vehicle automatic transmissions are using torque converters with transmission efficiencies up to
96%. This paper presents the use of fuzzy logic control for a dry clutch in parallel hybrid electric
vehicles. This controller can minimize the loss of power transmission since it can offer a higher
transmission efficiency, up to 99%, with faster engagement, lower jerk and, thus, higher driving
comfortability with lower cost. Fuzzy logic control is one of the model-free schemes. It can be
combined with AI algorithms, neuro networks and virtual reality technologies in future development.
Fuzzy logic control can avoid the complex modelling while maintaining the system’s high stability
amid uncertainties and imprecise information. Experiments show that fuzzy logic can reduce the
clutch slip and vibration. The new system provides 2% faster engagement speed than the torque
converter and eliminates 70% of noise and vibration less than the manual transmission clutch.
... The best advantage of the proposed control strategy is that accurate model is not necessary. In [73], model predictive control strategy is used for mode switching control. The object function is defined according to the requirements of suppressing vehicle jerk and clutch wear. ...
This research investigates the fuel economy and powertrain vibration characteristics of a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle (PHHV). The main work includes: Hydraulic driving system parameter design, energy management strategy (EMS) design, powertrain vibration analysis and transient process control. With the motivation of taking the advantage of high power density of HPM for in-wheel drive, a novel in-wheel drive electric hydraulic hybrid vehicle (IHV) is proposed as a case study. Its energy economy and vertical vibration characteristics are researched and compared with the centralized motor drive electric vehicle (CEV) and in-wheel drive electric vehicle (IEV).
... HEV always has at least two energy sources, whose different combinations can form different driving modes [8]. In general, HEVs can be classified into two main groups according to the mode of feeding: series and parallel. ...
... Yang et al. [14] developed a control optimization strategy to lower the driveline fluctuation of an axially paralleled hybrid system. Wang et al. [15] studied the single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain, and proposed a transition control method based on predictive control algorithm. He et al. [16] developed a three-stage control strategy to smooth the transition from electric mode to hybrid mode. ...
In order to achieve better performance of fuel consumption in hybrid vehicles, the internal combustion engine is controlled to operate under a better efficient zone and often turned off and on during driving. However, while starting or shifting the driving mode, the instantaneous large torque from the engine or electric motor may occur, which can easily lead to a high vibration of the elastomer on the driveline. This results in decreased comfort. A two-mode power-split hybrid system model with elastomers was established with MATLAB/Simulink. Vibration reduction control strategies, Pause Cancelation strategy (PC), and PID control were developed in this research. When the system detected a large instantaneous torque output on the internal combustion engine or driveline, the electric motor provided corresponding torque to adjust the torque transmitted to the shaft mitigating the vibration. To the research results, in the two-mode power-split hybrid system, PC was able to mitigate the vibration of the engine damper by about 60%. However, the mitigation effect of PID and PC-PID was better than PC, and the vibration was able to converge faster when the instantaneous large torque input was made. In the frequency response, the effect of the PID blocking vibration source came from the elastomer was about 75%, while PC-PID additionally reduced 8% by combining the characteristics of the two control methods.
... Model predictive control had also been widely utilized in other engineering applications. [13][14][15] A model-based predictive current control (MPCC) adding a modulation stage based on a switching pattern had been proposed; it reduced the currents according to a defined cost function at each sampling period. 16 An MPCC method adopting two vectors had been proposed to control output currents with small current errors and current ripples. ...
This study presents two improved designs of eccentric-shaped permanent magnets and teeth-shaped stators in radial-flux dual three-phase permanent magnet electric machines to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. The finite element analysis (ANSYS Electromagnetics) has been adopted in simulation, and real radial-flux dual three-phase permanent magnet electric machines have been fabricated in experiment to verify the study. Using the radial-flux dual three-phase permanent magnet electric machines in electric machine systems can improve the reliability and obtain higher output torque. In electrical drives and control, a simplified model-free predictive current control method has been proposed and implemented to drive the radial-flux dual three-phase permanent magnet electric machines, and the control law has been achieved by a TMS320F28377S microcontroller of Texas Instruments. The simplified model-free predictive current control method is senseless to parameter variations and back electromotive force of the permanent magnet electric machines, and only needs current sensors to detect six-phase current. The optimal one has been chosen by 14 various switching modes, which has the minimum cost function, and then the converter can be directly driven and controlled in the next sampling period. The features of the simplified model-free predictive current control method can reduce the algorithm calculation and avoid the defect of conventional model-based predictive current control scheme. A proportional-integral speed controller has also been designed to achieve the speed response of the fixed-speed tracking effect. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed simplified model-free predictive current control method for the dual three-phase permanent magnet electric machines can be verified in the experimental and quantitative results.
