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Simple Classification of HRI studies.
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Socially cognitive robots are supposed to communicate and interact with humans and other robots in the most natural way. Listeners turn their heads toward speakers to enhance communicative attention; this is also an act of appreciation to the speaker. In this paper we have designed and implemented a robotic head, " Ava " , which turns toward the sp...
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... may be designed for speech recognition, emotion detection, or speaker identification [6]. So these systems should be able to detect speech segments and localize sound sources for better reception of speech. In the field of humanoid robots and social robots, various methods are used for sound source localization and speech activity detection. Fig. 1 shows the place of sound source localization in the simple classification of HRI studies. Many studies have been conducted on sound source localization. A. Badali et al. [7] implemented a real-time sound source localization in a robotic application. Their paper compares the performance of several algorithms. Speech activity detection ...
Citations
... Drones and robots were used in the medical sector much before the pandemic, but the pandemic reinforced the use of drones for medicine delivery and healthcare logistic requirements. The "Ava" robot has been used in hospitals for high-quality video interfaces and telemedicine (Saffari et al., 2015). It has sensors, and high-quality cameras to avoid obstacles in its path; thus, it acts as a perfect solution for healthcare requirements (Saffari et al., 2015). ...
... The "Ava" robot has been used in hospitals for high-quality video interfaces and telemedicine (Saffari et al., 2015). It has sensors, and high-quality cameras to avoid obstacles in its path; thus, it acts as a perfect solution for healthcare requirements (Saffari et al., 2015). It has a simple design; therefore, it is easy to clean and manage in hospital settings. ...
This chapter explores how healthcare organizations utilized innovative healthcare informatics during the pandemic and how technology helped reduce healthcare delivery challenges. The unprecedented healthcare challenges created by the pandemic certainly warrant new and innovative tools to deal with healthcare requirements. Healthcare informatics undoubtedly played a significant role in smoothening healthcare operations during the pandemic, and it is expected to play a critical role in future healthcare operations. Health informatics tools such as telemedicine helped healthcare professionals to avoid unnecessary exposure to COVID patients, thus preventing many infections in healthcare organizations. This chapter presents healthcare informatics applications developed and used globally, including telemedicine, drug delivery portals, drones, robots, big data, AI, and many other sophisticated applications for remote healthcare access to patients.
... In the currently ongoing research on the integration of computers and robotics with biological corpse it is found that a cognizant human brain (and its physical body) apparently has human-rights; hence, replacing parts of the brain with artificial ones, while not harming its function, preserves those rights (Meghdari & Alemi, 2018;Warwick & Shah, 2014). Also, consider a handicapped person featuring an electronic robot arm that commits a crime (Saffari, Meghdari, Vazirnezhad & Alemi, 2015). ...
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the rise of AI, robots, and algorithms in the economy, which is expected to completely disrupt employment patterns. With the advancement of technologies, employment patterns will shift to a polarization between AI's rationality and humanness. Robots and social machines have already replaced people in a variety of jobs. Almost all traditional professions are prospected to be infused with or influenced by AI, algorithms, and robotics in the future. AI and robots offer the luxuries of affordability and democratization of access to services, as they will be—in the long run—commercially more affordable and readily available to serve all humanity. Also, the longevity potential of machines outperforms any human ever having lived. These new technologies also come with the price of overpopulation problems and the potential for misuse and violent action. Just like many other technologies, robots could be misused. This chapter discusses the current trend of digital disruption and its wider societal implications.
... Finally, it gives attention to each source one by one. Ava is a social robot which is able to turn towards the speaker in noisy environments [9]. This robot is able to differentiate speech from non-speech segments. ...
Currently, humanoid robotic applications are increasing. Humanoid robots with the capability of listening to the human voice are useful in a number of applications. In many studies, hearing systems are not designed to work in real time. However, when a humanoid robot is used for a specific purpose, a triggering method is required. If not, it will be difficult to put it into practice. When using a humanoid robot in an environment with frequent human voices, it is important to identify which sound the robot should be responding to. This paper proposes a hearing system for a humanoid robot that has the ability to turn towards the speaker who called its name “Amigo”. The system uses the Angle of Arrival technique (also called Direction of arrival) and speech recognition. The Angle of Arrival (AOA) is performed by using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique. Google Speech Recognition Application Programming Interface (API) is used for speech recognition. Cross-correlation of two acoustic signals is used to measure the TDOA. In order to test the system, a robotic head was developed using 3D printed components, a Raspberry Pi computer, and a stepper motor. The Raspberry Pi computer is used for audio signal processing and motor control. Two I2S microphones were used as audio devices. Experimental results show 82.54% of accuracy in the indoor environment and 85.94% accuracy in the outdoor environment.
... Finally, it gives attention to each source one by one. Ava is a social robot which is able to turn towards the speaker in noisy environments [9]. This robot is able to differentiate speech from non-speech segments. ...
currently, humanoid robotic applications are increasing. Humanoid robots with the capability of listening to the human voice are useful in a number of applications. In many studies, hearing systems are not designed to work in real time. However, when a humanoid robot is used for a specific purpose, a triggering method is required. If not, it will be difficult to put it into practice. When using a humanoid robot in an environment with frequent human voices, it is important to identify which sound the robot should be responding to. This paper proposes a hearing system for a humanoid robot that has the ability to turn towards the speaker who called its name "Amigo". The system uses the Angle of Arrival technique (also called Direction of arrival) and speech recognition. The Angle of Arrival (AOA) is performed by using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique. Google Speech Recognition Application Programming Interface (API) is used for speech recognition. Cross-correlation of two acoustic signals is used to measure the TDOA. In order to test the system, a robotic head was developed using 3D printed components, a Raspberry Pi computer, and a stepper motor. The Raspberry Pi computer is used for audio signal processing and motor control. Two I2S microphones were used as audio devices. Experimental results show 82.54% of accuracy in the indoor environment and 85.94% accuracy in the outdoor environment.
... Finally, it gives attention to each source one by one. Ava is a social robot that is able to turn towards the speaker in noisy environments [8]. This robot is able to differentiate speech from non-speech segments. ...
Humanoid robots are taking over most of the work
that humans do. In such a context, it is important to design and
develop robots that have similar behavior as humans and now it
has become an attractive research area. However, a humanoid
robot head requires high computational power and developing a
humanoid robotic head is costly. Also when using a humanoid
robot in an environment with frequent human voice, it is
important to identify which sound the robot should be responding
to. In addition, we need to consider which person the robot should
be looking into. This paper proposes a humanoid robot head with
low cost and low computational power. Our robot has the ability
to turn towards the speaker who called its name “Amigo” and
track the human face that is in front of the robot. Two I2S
microphones are used as audio devices. The Time Difference of
Arrival (TDOA) method is used to find the angle of arrival. Crosscorrelation of two acoustic signals is used to find TDOA and
Google speech Recognition API is used for speech recognition.
Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) based face detector is
used to detect the face of the closest person in front of the camera, which is fixed in a robot’s eye. The whole system has been working properly with 3 Degrees of freedom (DOF). The robot’s neck can rotate with a maximum of 120 degrees while the viewing angle is expanded to 180 degrees. The overall system is working with 87% accuracy between distances of 1m to 2m from the robot.
... Moreover, the entity's ability to speak gives it an identity and personality, and processing the correct speech tone makes it sound commanded and obedient. This is in line with the importance of natural language processing in real-life artificial intelligence reported in [39]. Another human-like ability the audience expects to see from an AI entity is its ability to learn. ...
Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have always been among the most popular topics in science fiction (sci-fi) movies. This paper endeavors to review popular movies containing Fictional Robots (FR) to extract the most common characteristics and interesting design ideas of robots portrayed in science fiction. To this end, 134 sci-fi films, including 108 unique FRs, were investigated regarding the robots’ different design aspects (e.g., appearance design, interactive design and artificial intelligence, and ethical and social design). Also, in each section of this paper, some characteristics of FRs are compared with real social robots. Since some researches point to the significant role of the cinema in forming the community’s expectations, it is very important to consider these characteristics and differences in choosing the future pathway of robotics. As some examples of findings, we have found that unlike the non-metallic skins/covers of real social robots, most FRs are still covered by highly detailed metal components. Moreover, the FR ability of interactions are generally (more than 90%) shown to be similar or even more advanced than normal Human–Human interactions, and this milestone was achieved by ignoring the AI challenges of real HRI. On the other hand, the ethical aspects of movies do inspire us to consider the potential ethical aspects of real robot design. All in all, according to popularity of movies, studying FR could be a step toward more appropriate development of robotics and AI entities to be accepted by general users in the real world.
Highlights
We reviewed 134 sci-fi movies containing 108 unique fictional robots regarding different design aspects.
Fictional Robot (FR) is an artificial entity acting as a result of a fictional technology and playing a role in a movie.
Investigating fictional robots can shed light on the development of real robotics and AI entities.
... When a social robot speaks to a human, sound source localization is a must as it is both an acknowledgment of the opposite speaker and a natural movement to receive better quality sound waves. It is essential for a social robot to have the ability to turn its head toward the speaker in each vocal interaction for better speech recognition [31]. This reaction is also a natural means of interaction which is also a significant goal in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) studies. ...
Social Robots have the potential to attract people and this capability can be used to develop robots that can come into the retail market and enhance visual merchandising. This paper investigates important criteria to use in the design of a robot that can be utilized to promote customer appeal in the fashion industry. RoMa is a novel robotic mannequin that has been developed with the consideration of professional showcase characteristics and a primary feature of interaction with people. Since real and perceptive human–robot interaction relies on the social robot’s sensitivity to its environmental information, RoMa is able to localize the people around itself. An empirical test was conducted to demonstrate the robot’s acceptability and performance. In this test the robot was outfitted and placed in a showcase at an apparel store where prospective customer behavior was studied via a camera, microphone and questionnaire. The results indicate that RoMa was able to increase the number of people who looked at the showcase by 280% during the day, which validates the idea of visual merchandising and sales enhancement. In addition, with its design and adequate affinity RoMa was able to attract customer attention from the viewpoints of anthropology, movements, and likeability.
... 'AtraxM,' a polish drone, was used to deliver necessary life-saving aids and first-aid kits [61]. The 'Ava' robot is one of the efficient telepresence robots seen in hospitals that combine autonomous mobility with a good quality video interface [62]. This robot is equipped with depth cameras and lidar sensors to navigate, avoiding obstacles along its path. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic is continuing, and the innovative and efficient contributions of the emerging modern technologies to the pandemic responses are too early and cannot be completely quantified at this moment. Digital technologies are not a final solution but are the tools that facilitate a quick and effective pandemic response. In accordance, mobile applications, robots and drones, social media platforms (such as search engines, Twitter, and Facebook), television, and associated technologies deployed in tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak are discussed adequately, emphasizing the current-state-of-art. A collective discussion on reported literature, press releases, and organizational claims are reviewed. This review addresses and highlights how these effective modern technological solutions can aid in healthcare (involving contact tracing, real-time isolation monitoring/screening, disinfection, quarantine enforcement, syndromic surveillance, and mental health), communication (involving remote assistance, information sharing, and communication support), logistics, tourism, and hospitality. The study discusses the benefits of these digital technologies in curtailing the pandemic and ‘how’ the different sectors adapted to these in a shorter period. Social media and television’s role in ensuring global connectivity and serving as a common platform to share authentic information among the general public were summarized. The World Health Organization and Governments’ role globally in-line with the prevention of propagation of false news, spreading awareness, and diminishing the severity of the COVID-19 was discussed. Furthermore, this collective review is helpful to investigators, health departments, Government organizations, and policymakers alike to facilitate a quick and effective pandemic response.
... In the design and construction of social robots, the consideration of ethical concerns has leveraged into an imperative (Lin, Abney & Bekey, 2012). Human-robot interactions, are somewhat different compared to other types of human-machine interactions (i.e. with a computer, cell phone, or other smart device) as for robots representing machines with a higher physical and social ability than an ordinary machine Saffari, Meghdari, Vazirnezhad & Alemi, 2015). It is therefore essential for researchers, scholars, and users to identify, understand, and consider these differences and ethical challenges so that they can benefit from and noone gets harmed by the assistance of social robots as a Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3472885 ...
... In the design and construction of social robots, the consideration of ethical concerns has leveraged into an imperative (Lin, Abney & Bekey, 2012). Human-robot interactions, are somewhat different compared to other types of human-machine interactions (i.e. with a computer, cell phone, or other smart device) as for robots representing machines with a higher physical and social ability than an ordinary machine Saffari, Meghdari, Vazirnezhad & Alemi, 2015). It is therefore essential for researchers, scholars, and users to identify, understand, and consider these differences and ethical challenges so that they can benefit from and noone gets harmed by the assistance of social robots as a Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3472885 ...
