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Signaling pathways of the gamma-chain family of cytokine receptors
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Background: Despite efforts to develop a COVID-19 vaccine, it has failed to provide long-term immunity and protection against COVID-19 and the newly worrying SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus strains. Understanding cytokines, which are key in generating unique immune responses from pathogenic organisms, is important for creating vaccines. Objective: In order...
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Context 1
... innate and adaptive immune systems. Cytokine equilibrium is essential for a healthy immune system. Interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), and tumour growth factor (TGF) are among the cytokines secreted by immune cells (TGF).Cytokines are proteins that play a role in both the immune system's response to illness and infection as well as cell function (Fig. 1). The immune system uses a wide range of immune cells) and proteins. Among them are ...
Context 2
... innate and adaptive immune systems. Cytokine equilibrium is essential for a healthy immune system. Interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), and tumour growth factor (TGF) are among the cytokines secreted by immune cells (TGF).Cytokines are proteins that play a role in both the immune system's response to illness and infection as well as cell function (Fig. 1). The immune system uses a wide range of immune cells) and proteins. Among them are ...
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... The abnormal expression of MALAT1 in the anterior lens capsule tissues of diabetic cataract patients and human lens epithelial cells treated with high glucose has been recently discovered [43]. Also, via the p38MAPK pathway, MALAT1 knockdown reverses high glucoseinduced oxidative stress, which is characterised by elevated levels of the oxidative stress indicator malondialdehyde and decreased levels of the antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [44]. All things considered, MALAT1 appears to regulate ROS through the p38MAPK route and the Keap1-Nrf2 axis. ...
Researchers have been assuming about the possible connection between the eye and the central nervous system (CNS) for a considerable amount of time. This is primarily due to the fact that the eye is considered to be an extension of the brain, which is a reasonable assumption. The neural tube is the beginning of both structures, and neurons are the building blocks of both structures. Retinal ganglionic cells, also known as RGCs, are a specific type of cell that are found in the retina. These cells are responsible for receiving light signals from the environment around them and then transmitting them to photoreceptors, which are involved in the process of vision. The retina, which is found inside the eye, is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses, which are then sent to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy are only few of the eye illnesses that can be caused by chronic progressive neurodegeneration of the retina, which is more prevalent in older people. It is the elderly who are most likely to be affected by these eye disorders; nevertheless, younger people are also susceptible to them and may experience permanent vision loss or a reduction in their eyesight. In most cases, neurodegenerative disorders that are characteristic of CSN are characterised by common symptoms and a cause that is only partially understood. Although certain risk factors have been identified, they do not account for all instances. On the other hand, according to a number of studies, several illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), which are responsible for a significant amount of mortality and morbidity on a global scale, display distinctive alterations at the ocular level. It is helpful to be aware of potential linkages in order to have a better understanding of the mechanics on which onset occurs. In addition, experts have not yet reached a consensus regarding the factors that are responsible for these various disorders. In this overview, the symptoms of ocular illnesses are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on the interaction between the brain and the eye. At some point in the future, a more in-depth understanding could be of assistance in the development of innovative treatments that could help reduce or prevent blindness and improve quality of life.
... μg/mL for T. hirsuta and 44.6 μg/mL for L. sulphureus. Xie et al. [23] conducted an evaluation of the antifungal activity of O. vulgare essential oil against T. hirsuta (IC50 = 79.1 μg/mL) and L. sulphureus (IC50 = 36.9 μg/mL). ...
... μg/mL for T. hirsuta and 44.6 μg/mL for L. sulphureus. Xie et al. [23] conducted an evaluation of the antifungal activity of O. vulgare essential oil against T. hirsuta (IC50 = 79.1 μg/mL) and L. sulphureus (IC50 = 36.9 μg/mL). ...
There is a possibility that diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide can alleviate neuropathic pain in rats that have been subjected to CCI. The mechanisms by which these compounds alleviate pain entail an increase in the levels of H2S, BDNF, and Nrf2 in the sciatic nerve and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The use of garlic as a functional food and as a great source of pharmacologically active compounds is widely recognised and generally accepted. One of the most important bioactive components of garlic is called diallyl disulfide (DADS), and it possesses a number of beneficial biological effects. These capabilities include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, and anticancer actions. In this review, the biological roles of DADS were reviewed in a systematic manner, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these functions were explored. We have high hopes that this review will not only offer direction and insight into the existing body of literature, but will also make it possible for future study and the development of DADS for the intervention and treatment of other disorders.
... [22] As an additional point of interest, NO signals have the ability to impact the physiological responses of numerous plant species to light, heat, drought, and salinity during the germination process. [12,23,24] Additionally, a number of studies have shown how significant it is for the biology of seeds that NO and phytohormones interact with one another. [25] Therefore, the objective of this research is to present a succinct summary of the various pathways in which NO interacts in order to facilitate a more in-depth explanation of the physiological and probable molecular mechanisms that are responsible for controlling seed germination. ...
... [22] As an additional point of interest, NO signals have the ability to impact the physiological responses of numerous plant species to light, heat, drought, and salinity during the germination process. [12,23,24] Additionally, a number of studies have shown how significant it is for the biology of seeds that NO and phytohormones interact with one another. [25] Therefore, the objective of this research is to present a succinct summary of the various pathways in which NO interacts in order to facilitate a more in-depth explanation of the physiological and probable molecular mechanisms that are responsible for controlling seed germination. ...
Apples are abundant in some micronutrients (including iron, zinc, vitamins C and E) and polyphenols (such procyanidins, phloridzin, and 5′-caffeoylquinic acid) that can help prevent chronic illnesses and micronutrient shortages. This review offers a current summary of the important bioactive ingredients found in apples, together with information on their potential pharmacological effects against long-term conditions like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The experiment's findings demonstrated that every treatment enhanced the germination of apple seeds and the growth of seedlings. Applying GA3, BAP, SA, and JA to stratified seeds will increase the rate of germination, seedling growth, and maximal PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm), among other benefits. Treatment T6, which included natural stratification and 2000 ppm KNO3, had the greatest effect on the shoot-root characteristics, germination rate, and survival rate of the seedlings when compared to the other treatments. Thus, T6, a naturally stratified medium containing 2000 ppm of KNO3, is a prospective therapy to improve general seedling development and apple seed germination.
... [22] As an additional point of interest, NO signals have the ability to impact the physiological responses of numerous plant species to light, heat, drought, and salinity during the germination process. [12,23,24] Additionally, a number of studies have shown how significant it is for the biology of seeds that NO and phytohormones interact with one another. [25] Therefore, the objective of this research is to present a succinct summary of the various pathways in which NO interacts in order to facilitate a more in-depth explanation of the physiological and probable molecular mechanisms that are responsible for controlling seed germination. ...
... 2.4.6 Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology www.jrasb.com utilized on a global scale, resulting in the documentation of over 20,000 distinct species [3]. ...
Achyranthes aspera, a species of the Amaranthaceae family, holds significant therapeutic value and is widely distributed as a weed over the Indian subcontinent. The utilization of seeds, roots, and shoots in traditional medical systems is widespread, as these particular plant components are considered to be of utmost significance. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the subject matter. The review demonstrates that a diverse range of phytochemical compounds have been extracted from the plant, exhibiting numerous therapeutic capabilities such as antiperiodic, diuretic, purgative, laxative, antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective, anti-allergic, and other significant medicinal effects. The pulverized botanical specimen is employed in the treatment of pneumonia, while the infusion derived from the root is utilized as a gentle astringent for addressing bowel-related ailments. The utilization of a concoction consisting of powdered leaves combined with honey or sugar candy has been found to be beneficial in the initial phases of both diarrhoea and dysentery. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of research has been conducted to substantiate the biological activities and pharmacological properties of its extracts. Various chemical ingredients, including as saponins, oleonolic acid, dihydroxy ketones, alkaloids, and long chain compounds, have been successfully identified.
... The coordination of viral gene expression with host-produced transcription factors during the early, intermediate, and late stages of the transcription process [21] results in an increase in the efficiency of viral gene expression. Microtubule-mediated trafficking is responsible for transporting IMV, an infectious virus formed by the accumulation of late viral genes, to the golgi-derived membrane, where it is then wrapped to become IEV [22]. IMV is an acronym for infectious virus that is generated by the accumulation of late viral genes. ...
Some issues regarding the potential spread of monkeypox have arisen just as the international world is beginning to recover from the initial alarm that was caused by the probable spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the fact that parts of Africa have traditionally been more susceptible to monkeypox than other regions of the world, the majority of new cases that have been linked to the outbreak that began in 2022 have been reported in countries located in Europe and the western hemisphere. Despite the fact that a great number of organisations are working on contact-tracing activities at the moment, the origin of this outbreak is still unknown at this time. The monkeypox virus belongs to the family of viruses known as Poxviridae and the genus known as Orthopoxvirus. Following the eradication of smallpox across the globe in the 1970s, news of monkeypox caused widespread worry across the globe. Through vaccination with the smallpox virus, individuals were able to develop cross-immunity against monkeypox. After distribution of the smallpox vaccine was discontinued, the number of outbreaks of monkeypox rose. The monkeypox epidemic that occurred in the United States in 2003 was the first time that the disease gained extensive notice in the media. In spite of its name, the virus known as monkeypox is not transmitted by monkeys. Although a number of different kinds of rodents and other small mammals have been suggested as the primal hosts of the monkeypox virus, the virus's true lineage is still a mystery. The virus that causes monkeypox was first identified in macaque monkeys, which is where the disease was first seen. When monkeypox does transfer from one person to another, it often does so through a person's mucocutaneous lesions or through the respiratory droplets that they expel. However, this only happens very infrequently. However, supporting therapy can be given to reduce symptoms, and medications such tecovirimat may be administered in really severe cases. At this time, there is no specific treatment for patients who have infected the virus; however, supportive treatments can be given. It is debatable whether or not these treatments are successful in reducing symptoms because there are no concrete guidelines to follow in this regard.
... The coordination of viral gene expression with host-produced transcription factors during the early, intermediate, and late stages of the transcription process [21] results in an increase in the efficiency of viral gene expression. Microtubule-mediated trafficking is responsible for transporting IMV, an infectious virus formed by the accumulation of late viral genes, to the golgi-derived membrane, where it is then wrapped to become IEV [22]. IMV is an acronym for infectious virus that is generated by the accumulation of late viral genes. ...
Some issues regarding the potential spread of monkeypox have arisen just as the international world is beginning to recover from the initial alarm that was caused by the probable spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the fact that parts of Africa have traditionally been more susceptible to monkeypox than other regions of the world, the majority of new cases that have been linked to the outbreak that began in 2022 have been reported in countries located in Europe and the western hemisphere. Despite the fact that a great number of organisations are working on contact-tracing activities at the moment, the origin of this outbreak is still unknown at this time. The monkeypox virus belongs to the family of viruses known as Poxviridae and the genus known as Orthopoxvirus. Following the eradication of smallpox across the globe in the 1970s, news of monkeypox caused widespread worry across the globe. Through vaccination with the smallpox virus, individuals were able to develop cross-immunity against monkeypox. After distribution of the smallpox vaccine was discontinued, the number of outbreaks of monkeypox rose. The monkeypox epidemic that occurred in the United States in 2003 was the first time that the disease gained extensive notice in the media. In spite of its name, the virus known as monkeypox is not transmitted by monkeys. Although a number of different kinds of rodents and other small mammals have been suggested as the primal hosts of the monkeypox virus, the virus's true lineage is still a mystery. The virus that causes monkeypox was first identified in macaque monkeys, which is where the disease was first seen. When monkeypox does transfer from one person to another, it often does so through a person's mucocutaneous lesions or through the respiratory droplets that they expel. However, this only happens very infrequently. However, supporting therapy can be given to reduce symptoms, and medications such tecovirimat may be administered in really severe cases. At this time, there is no specific treatment for patients who have infected the virus; however, supportive treatments can be given. It is debatable whether or not these treatments are successful in reducing symptoms because there are no concrete guidelines to follow in this regard.
... Such effects might be brought on by the presence of adenosine, cordycepin, cordycepin acid, d-mannitol, polysaccharides, vitamins, and trace minerals. When people utilize cordyceps, these characteristics lead to physical improvement, increased endurance, and anti-fatigue [53]. ...
In this review we focus about the pharmacology, biological characteristics and therapeutic uses of Caterpillar fungus (Keeda jari) which is also known as keeda ghaas, Yarsa gamba. It is found at high Himalayan mountains of India, Nepal and Tibet. It is found between 350 and 5000 meters above sea level. It is an entomo-fungal combination of a larva of small moth, Hepialus armoricanus and a parasite fungus Cordyceps sinensis. Cordyceps is best known medicine for increasing physical stamina and sexual functions. It has been proven to improve liver, kidney, and lung functioning in addition to being routinely used to treat people with heart disease. Numerous investigations have shown that it possesses a wide range of biological functions and pharmacological potential despite not being harvested in a sustainable or deliberate manner.
