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Shows the porosity reduction through the polymer sand plug model CMG STARS 2017.10 URL: https://www.cmgl.ca/.
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Polymer flooding, as the most successful and well-known chemical EOR method was broadly applied around the world. Mostly, contrasted with Waterflooding, the production rate decrease during polymer flooding is smaller based on field application. Nevertheless, the production liquid rate decreased critically in the middle phase to late phase due to pl...
Citations
... ME viscosity influences the flow velocity of the displacing fluid during CIT. If the viscosity is too low, the water-plugging capability decreases [60,61]. On the contrary, too high a viscosity of MEs causes injectivity issues [60,61]. ...
... If the viscosity is too low, the water-plugging capability decreases [60,61]. On the contrary, too high a viscosity of MEs causes injectivity issues [60,61]. The viscosity of microemulsion is found to increase with oil content in the ME system owing to variation in micellar distribution/morphology [62,63]. ...
A comprehensive workflow approach is necessary to link multiple experimental tasks and identify microemulsion (ME) formulations with ‘optimal’ stability, displacement behavior and technical feasibility in the petroleum industry. In this paper, a systematic approach is described with the aid of a case study which involves the formulation of an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate-based microemulsion. The design of such ME systems requires a proper methodology, substantial laboratory work, and functional assessment from research/industrial viewpoints. The surfactant has been screened in terms of its micellization potential, followed by phase behavior analysis and Winsor classification of prepared microemulsions. The desired composition(s) are characterized via several tools to determine droplet size, morphology, oil/water solubilization potentials and salinity scan results. The suitability of the microemulsion system for conformance improvement technology (CIT) is proposed to be assessed via physicochemical evaluation studies encompassing two attributes: rheology and stability. For a favorable ‘conforming’ drive, the microemulsion must exhibit phase stability, sufficient injectivity, and moderate-to-high viscosity under shear. Technical assessment by the industry and research team must also include factors related to cost, availability of chemicals, environmental degradation, and reservoir considerations. The article demonstrates a comprehensive all-inclusive workflow methodology to design and formulate surfactant-stabilized microemulsions via case study analysis for application in CIT. This represents a sound approach to identifying efficient, cost-effective injection fluid systems and provides a framework to identify useful parameters for ME formulation design and employ the proposed (effective) strategy for conformance control.
... In the oil and gas industry, two types of polymers are mostly used: synthetic polymers like hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and its derivatives, and biologically produced biopolymers like Xanthan Gum (XG) and cellulose [7][8][9][10]. HPAM has been used for the majority of the field polymer flooding because it is cheap and available, while biopolymers like xanthan gum have been used in very few fields because of their high cost and plugging abilities [11][12][13][14]. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used for high salinity, low temperature (HSLT) reservoirs due to their tolerance to high salinities where precipitation occurs in HPAM [15]. ...
Aim: Polymer flooding is used for enhanced oil recovery. Only polymers that can withstand harsh environments work best. HPAM is mostly the polymer used for enhanced oil recovery because it is available and cheap, but it does not withstand high temperatures and high salinity reservoirs. Xanthan Gum withstands high temperatures and high salinity reservoirs, but it is expensive and plugs the reservoir. The aim of this study is to compare the salinity stability of gum Arabic and Terminalia Mantaly, a novel biopolymer, with commercial Xanthan gum. Original Research Article Ezeh et al.; JENRR, 9(2): 33-46, 2021; Article no.JENRR.78165 34 Study Design: Locally formulated biopolymers from gum Arabic exudates bought from Bauchi State in Nigeria and from Terminalia Mantaly exudates obtained from the University of Port Harcourt. The appropriate rheological tests were carried out at the laboratory. Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory experiments were carried out at the department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota in Ogun State of Nigeria between 2020 and 2021.
The present study evaluated the impact of ultrasonic waves on the degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) gel structures, focusing on the effects of sonication time, NaCl concentration, and HPAM solution concentration. Results showed that both sonication time and salinity levels play a crucial role in the degradation of HPAM gel, with an increase in sonication time leading to a decrease in the remaining gel and the presence of NaCl in the solution decreasing the residual time required for degradation. The results also revealed that higher levels of salinity expedite the degradation of the gel. In addition, the study discovered that a rise in polymer solution concentration usually results in a reduction in gel degradation. The research suggests there might be an ideal combination of polymer solution and NaCl concentration for achieving the greatest decrease in the degradation rate. For 2‐min sonication, as the salinity of the HPAM solution, with a concentration of up to 5000 ppm, increases, the accumulated energy remains relatively constant. However, when the polymer solution concentration is increased, the accumulated energy becomes more sensitive to changes in salinity. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the interplay between polymer solution concentration, salt concentration, and the energy required for gel degradation, which can be applied in various fields including the oil and gas industry, petroleum processing, and environmental remediation.
In-depth isolation of flooded-out reservoir zones is widely used in water injection and water production control in oilfields. This paper looks at the research results of a new technological solution – a method and mechanism of deep-penetrating insulation of highly permeable reservoir areas. Approximate mathematical models are used to describe oil-saturated reservoirs flooding with chemical compositions used as a displaced fluid. The mathematical model of the problem is reduced to a partial differential equation with initial boundary conditions. The article also presents the results of the numerical implementation of the transfer equations of concentrations of gel-forming components and a thickener. In a non-uniform grid domain, the problem at hand is replaced by a discrete problem using a combination of an explicit and implicit-difference scheme that increases the order of accuracy and is solved by the run-through method. Effective algorithms for solving the one-dimensional problem are obtained, taking into account the equations of adsorption and convective diffusion. The developed method increases the efficiency of the in-deep isolation treatment of flushed zones and can be applied to related reservoir flooding projects.
