Fig 1 - uploaded by Solafa Omar Azzouz
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Shows experimental designed. Top view of the place of mobile phone in the upper level of the incubator. The RF meter placed inside the incubator to check the intensity of radiation.
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... mobile phone and each egg was used (3.5 cm). For sham group, another incubator was used and placed next to the treated group incubator. RF meter was placed inside the incubator to measure RF intensity. For the treated group, the intensity of RF was red1 (180 mw/m²). While for the sham group, the amount of RF was yellow 1 (5.8 mw/m²), as shown in Fig. ...
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... in the same incubation periods compared to the control (p<0.01). Moreover, the chick embryos eye diameter means in control group were 4.63 mm, 7.54 mm and 9.45 mm in E7, E10 and E14, respectively. Sham and treated embryos showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) in eye diameter in all incubation periods compared to the control which is shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10. Graph showing the effect of mobile phone electromagnetic radiations (EMR) on chick embryo head width, eye weight and eye diameter. Values are mean + SE taken from 30 samples for different incubation periods chick embryos for control, sham and treated groups. Significance ( * p<0.02), ( ** ...
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... in E10 and E14 compared to the control. The means of control group chick embryos neck length were 4.51 mm and 8.74 mm in E10 and E14, respectively. In addition, sham and treated embryos showed a decrease in neck length in E10 and E14 compared to the control. Where the decrease was significant in E10 (p<0.02) and E14 (p<0.01) which is shown in Fig. 11. ...
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... the results, control chick embryo started hatching between E21 and E25, while sham and treated embryos started hatching on E24. In both sham and treated group three eggs hatched with herniated embryos and died immediately after hatching. The eggs that did not hatch had malformed embryos that stopped growing at different stages which is shown in Fig. 12. The results revealed that hatching rate in the control group was 100%, while it was 15% in both sham and treated groups. ...
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... mobile phone and each egg was used (3.5 cm). For sham group, another incubator was used and placed next to the treated group incubator. RF meter was placed inside the incubator to measure RF intensity. For the treated group, the intensity of RF was red1 (180 mw/m²). While for the sham group, the amount of RF was yellow 1 (5.8 mw/m²), as shown in Fig. ...
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... in the same incubation periods compared to the control (p<0.01). Moreover, the chick embryos eye diameter means in control group were 4.63 mm, 7.54 mm and 9.45 mm in E7, E10 and E14, respectively. Sham and treated embryos showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) in eye diameter in all incubation periods compared to the control which is shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10. Graph showing the effect of mobile phone electromagnetic radiations (EMR) on chick embryo head width, eye weight and eye diameter. Values are mean + SE taken from 30 samples for different incubation periods chick embryos for control, sham and treated groups. Significance ( * p<0.02), ( ** ...
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... in E10 and E14 compared to the control. The means of control group chick embryos neck length were 4.51 mm and 8.74 mm in E10 and E14, respectively. In addition, sham and treated embryos showed a decrease in neck length in E10 and E14 compared to the control. Where the decrease was significant in E10 (p<0.02) and E14 (p<0.01) which is shown in Fig. 11. ...
Context 8
... the results, control chick embryo started hatching between E21 and E25, while sham and treated embryos started hatching on E24. In both sham and treated group three eggs hatched with herniated embryos and died immediately after hatching. The eggs that did not hatch had malformed embryos that stopped growing at different stages which is shown in Fig. 12. The results revealed that hatching rate in the control group was 100%, while it was 15% in both sham and treated groups. ...
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... Effects on otolith size could be due to retinoic acid signaling defects (Mackowetzky et al., 2022) or calcium metabolism (Han et al., 2019). Eye size reduction has been observed before in animals treated with RFR (Omar et al., 2020), and a possible mechanism behind this could be impaired ocular cell proliferation (Huang et al., 2013). It is clear that the effects of RFR on sensory organ development is an important subject for further study since they could have a significant role in behavioral problems and animal adaptation to its environment. ...
Telecommunications industries are rapidly deploying the fifth generation (5G) spectrum and there is public concern about the safety and health impacts of this type of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR), in part because of the lack of comparable scientific evidence. In this study we have used a validated commercially available setting producing a uniform field to expose zebrafish embryos (ZFe) to unmodulated 700 and 3500 MHz frequencies. We have combined a battery of toxicity, developmental and behavioral assays to further explore potential RFR effects. Our neurobehavioral profiles include a tail coiling assay, a light/dark activity assay, two thigmotaxis anxiety assays (auditory and visual stimuli), and a startle response - habituation assay in response to auditory stimuli. ZFe were exposed for 1 and 4 h during the blastula period of development and endpoints evaluated up to 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Our results show no effects on mortality, hatching or body length. However, we have demonstrated specific organ morphological effects, and behavioral effects in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation that lasted in larvae exposed during the early embryonic period. A decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity was also observed and could explain some of the observed behavioral alterations. Interestingly, effects were more pronounced in ZFe exposed to the 700 MHz frequency, and especially for the 4 h exposure period. In addition, we have demonstrated that our exposure setup is robust, flexible with regard to frequency and power testing, and highly comparable. Future work will include exposure of ZFe to 5G modulated signals for different time periods to better understand the potential health effects of novel 5G RFR.
... The eggs that failed to hatch even after the full term of incubation had dead embryos with arrested development and structural anomalies which further confirmed the adverse effect of RF-EMR on the embryonic development of organisms. Azzouz et al. (2020) reported a 15% hatchability rate in eggs exposed to EMR emitted from smart mobile phones. Earlier studies also reported an increased mortality rate and inhibition of development in chick embryos exposed to RF-EMR radiation from cell phones (Batellier et al., 2008;Bastide et al., 2001;Zareen and Khan, 2008). ...
... This could be due to the increase in the proliferation and rearrangement of cells and tissues during the early stages of development in response to the RF-EMR. The RF-EMR from mobile phones causes changes at the cellular and molecular level due to genotoxicity (Azzouz et al., 2020). Similar results are available in the scientific literature documenting an increase in body weight on exposure to RF-EMR from mobile phones during the early stages of embryonic development in chick embryos (Al-Qudsi and Azzouz, 2012;Azzouz et al., 2020;Jyoti and Bagai, 2014). ...
... The RF-EMR from mobile phones causes changes at the cellular and molecular level due to genotoxicity (Azzouz et al., 2020). Similar results are available in the scientific literature documenting an increase in body weight on exposure to RF-EMR from mobile phones during the early stages of embryonic development in chick embryos (Al-Qudsi and Azzouz, 2012;Azzouz et al., 2020;Jyoti and Bagai, 2014). ...
The present study was aimed at studying the effects of RF-EMR in causing teratogenic changes in the embryonic development of organisms using chick embryo as a model. The fertilized eggs of the hen were incubated in a digital humidified incubator and exposed to RF-EMR from 2G and 4G mobile phones by ringing at regular time intervals. The dose of RF-EMR was varied by increasing the call duration and number of calls per day, with the lower dose being a call duration of 50 min/day and the higher dose being 90 min/day. The phone kept had a range of radiofrequency between 900 and 1800 MHz and SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) 1.355 (2G) and 1.12 (4G) watts/ kg respectively. The batch of eggs incubated without any exposure to RF-EMR was taken as control. The hatchability of 2G and 4G experimental groups were respectively, 65% and 75% at lower radiation exposure and 40% and 55% at higher radiation exposure. The teratogenic effects of RF-EMR on the morphology of chick embryos manifested as the cross beak, non-retracted yolk sac, macrocephaly, malformed legs and toes, disability in standing and balancing the body and variations in body weight, body length and beak length. The results indicate that the RF-EMR poses potential threats to the developing stages of organisms.
... Effects on otolith size could be due to retinoic acid signaling defects (Mackowetzky et al., 2022) or calcium metabolism (Han et al., 2019). Eye size reduction has been observed before in animals treated with RFR (Omar et al., 2020), and a possible mechanism behind this could be impaired ocular cell proliferation (Huang et al., 2013). It is clear that the effects of RFR on sensory organ development is an important subject for further study since they could have a significant role in behavioral problems and animal adaptation to its environment. ...
