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Short-term spatial memory tested by modified T-maze in different studied groups: (A) the number of entries in the training phase; (B) the number of entries in the test phase; (C) the time spent in the training phase; (D) the time spent in the test phase; (E) the percentage of time spent in the training phase; (F) the percentage of time spent in the test phase. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 10). * p < 0.05, vs. control; ψ p < 0.05, vs. MSG.
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This study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Allium sativum against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced neurotoxicity with respect to its impact on short-term memory in rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were assigned into four groups. The control group received distilled water. The second group was administered Allium sativum powder (200...
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... Increased calcium levels led to mitochondrial over-activation with progressive damage to cell structures including the cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and DNA. Calretinin protein was increased in the brain tissue of the MSG-treated group to play a neuroprotective role by buffering excess calcium and maintained the calcium homeostasis (Hazzaa et al. 2020). The histological and immunohistochemical changes observed in the experiments were mostly reversed when GT was administered alongside MSG. ...
... Increased calcium levels led to mitochondrial over-activation with progressive damage to cell structures including the cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and DNA. Calretinin protein was increased in the brain tissue of the MSG-treated group to play a neuroprotective role by buffering excess calcium and maintained the calcium homeostasis (Hazzaa et al. 2020). The histological and immunohistochemical changes observed in the experiments were mostly reversed when GT was administered alongside MSG. ...
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium compound derived from glutamic acid. Excessive daily ingestion of MSG leads to elevated amounts of glutamic acid in the bloodstream, which can be detrimental to brain structures. Camellia sinensis, often known as green tea (GT), is a rich source of essential hexogen antioxidants that are necessary for the body. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 8). Group 1 served as a control -ve group. Group 2 was given GT (1.5 ml/rat/day). Group 3 was given MSG (600 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was given MSG (600 mg/kg/day) and GT (1.5 ml/rat/day). All treatments were given orally for 28 days. MSG administration resulted in significant neurotoxicity in rats that was revealed by the significant reduction of serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and nitric oxide (NO), and the significant elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) accompanied by the significant reduction of levels of serum monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) and histological changes in the hippocampus area CA1, dentate gyrus, and cerebellar cortex and positive immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) and calretinin. Administration of GT with MSG counteracted the MSG-mediated oxidative stress by significantly increasing serum concentrations of GPX and NO and significantly decreasing concentrations of TAC. Furthermore, GT significantly increased levels of serum monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine). Moreover, it ameliorated the histological changes, GFAP, and calretinin immunostaining in brain tissues. It is envisaged that GT will serve as a viable protective choice for the inclusion of the neurotoxicity treatment procedure.
... It shows that AGE significantly improves short-term recognition memory and minimizes the inflammatory response can be reduced by decreasing the activation of microglia and interleukin, as well as reducing tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the nervous system. The study suggests that Allium sativum helps in improving short-term recognition memory; neuroinflammation reduction was observed in mice caused by β-amyloid [88]. ...
Exposure to radiation, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, is a significant concern in modern society. The brain is the organ that is most sensitive to radiation exposure. This review describes how exposure to radiation can affect neurotransmitters in different brain regions, affecting brain function. This review covers neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and neuroinflammation due to changes in neurons in the central nervous system, and the effects thereon of medicinal plants such as Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Centella asiatica, Coriandrum sativum, and Crocus sativus plants, used for centuries in traditional medicine. These herbal medicines exert free radical scavenging, and antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties which can be beneficial in managing neurological diseases. The present review compiles the neuroprotective effects of selected natural plants against neurological damage, as well as highlights the different mechanisms of action elicited to induce and produce beneficial effects. The current review describes recent studies on the pharmacological effects of neuroprotective herbs on various neurological and mental illnesses, and shows the way further studies can impact this field, including potential effects on radiation-induced damage.
... It is The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted May 19, 2024. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.17.594779 doi: bioRxiv preprint neuronal damage, particularly in the hippocampus [43][44][45]. When glutamate accumulates in the synaptic cleft, neurons are overstimulated, leading to apoptosis and neurodegeneration [46,47]. ...
... In addition, MSG can induce oxidative stress, exacerbating its neurotoxicity. It increases malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the brain, both of which are indicators of oxidative stress [44]. The brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress because it has a high metabolic activity and limited antioxidant capacity. ...
Pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0), a curcumin analog, has antioxidant and HDAC2 inhibitory properties. It affects neurogenesis and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Targeting neurogenesis is a strategy currently being developed for AD treatment. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems loaded with PGV-0 (SNEDDS PGV-0) on spatial learning, memory impairment, and gene expression-related neurogenesis in mice with monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced AD-like symptoms. MSG 4 g/kg was injected (sc.) into 4-week-old Balb/C mice seven times every alternate day, followed by treatment for 60 days with CMC-Na 0.5%, PGV-0 suspension, SNEDDS PGV-0, and donepezil-HCl. The open-field test, novel object recognition, and 8-radial arm maze test were employed to assess the neurobehavioral performance of mice. Neurogenesis-related gene expression (dcx, nestin, Hes5, and NFIA) was quantified through qPCR analysis. Spatial learning and memory in mice declined with MSG treatment. SNEDDS PGV-0 effectively alleviates mice's cognitive and memory deficits, as shown in improvements in behavioral parameters, including the Discrimination Index, Recognition Index, and Memory Score. It also restores mRNA expression of several essential neurogenesis-related genes, including dcx, Hes5, and NFIA. SNEDDS PGV-0 demonstrates promising potential as a neurogenesis promoter, making it a viable drug candidate for AD or other neurodegenerative pathologies.
... According to several studies, consuming onion flavonoid containing quercetin protects brain tissues from aging by inhibiting apoptosis that causes brain degeneration Dorrigiv et al. 2021). Moreover, the active components found in garlic extracts have been shown to have protective effects against neurotoxicity (Galal et al. 2019;Hazzaa et al. 2020;Bigham et al. 2021). In a recent study, intracellular ROS generation in the brain of AD-induced rats was inhibited by treated with several doses of onion and garlic root extracts, which also reduced histopathological lesions, the expression levels of apoptotic genes, and the rate of DNA damage in the brain tissues (Hegazy et al. 2022). ...
Alzheimer's disease currently affects more than 35 million individuals worldwide. Aluminium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cognitive disorders. Meanwhile, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) has a significant impact on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The majority of Alzheimer's disease medications now on the market are cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the effectiveness of these drugs is limited because they can't totally arrest the progression of the disease. The utilization of medicinal plants and natural products may present excellent prospective options for Alzheimer's disease prevention and therapy. This study summarized medicinal plants and natural products for the prevention and treatment of AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's disease as an alternative therapy using published data in the literature from the years 2021-2023. The medicinal plants and natural products help to reduce Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by controlling different pathways and could be used as a therapeutic agent against the symptoms. The majority of the medicinal plants and natural products discussed in this review have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-apoptotic, and therapeutic actions. Therefore, medicinal plants and natural products may offer neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
... An increase in MDA may also be caused by damage to cell membrane tissue after MSG administration [30] . One of the possible causes of brain dysfunctions is changes in neurotransmitter levels and oxidative stress caused by MSG intake [31]. ...
Glutamate is one of the most exciting neurotransmitters in the brain. The current study investigates the effect of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) on Serum level of that include, glutamate, acetylcholinesterase, epinephrine and serotonin protective effect of vitamin B12. Rats were divided into five equal groups n=10, each group was further divided into two groups (A and B, n=5) and treated for 30 and 60 days, respectively. The 1st group received distilled water orally by gavage, the 2nd and 3rd group received MSG in a dose of 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight orally by gavage, respectively, the 4th and 5th groups received MSG and vitamin B12 in a dose of 20 or 40 mg MSG/kg in addition to 0.3m vitamin B12/kg, respectively. Monosodium glutamate causes a significant reduction in serum level of neurotransmitters. These changes were reversed by treatment with vitamin B12. There was improvement in the levels of neurotransmitters after treatment with vitamin B12
... The study by Nnadozie et al. [7] administering MSG Wistar albino rats for one year to observe mortality, fertility, major organ functions, and histopathological effects showed inflammation in the histological findings and a significant increase in biochemical parameters of the MSG group compared to the control group [7]. In the study by Hazza et al. [10], MSG was administered to Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) for 30 days. The study found that MSG caused oxidative stress [10] Vegetables significantly contribute to healthy nutrition with the antioxidants they contain. ...
... In the study by Hazza et al. [10], MSG was administered to Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) for 30 days. The study found that MSG caused oxidative stress [10] Vegetables significantly contribute to healthy nutrition with the antioxidants they contain. Red beetroot is one of these important vegetables [11,12]. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Betanin active ingredient in red beetroot plant (Beta vulgaris) in elderly rats exposed to chronic toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG). A total of 48 elderly rats were randomly divided into 4 different groups. At the end of the 28–day study, the rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), paraoxonase (PON), thiol, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were investigated in rat blood serum using the spectrophotometric method. Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated by dividing TOC by TAC. Total bilirubin was measured with the colorimetric method using an ELISA kit. Liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) for histopathological examination. The difference in serum levels of TAC, TOC, OSI, PON, MDA, and thiol was statistically significant between the groups (P<0.05). The difference in serum levels of NO and total bilirubin was not statistically significant between the groups (P>0.05). The analysis of histopathological findings revealed uncommon mild hydropic degeneration in the MSG group and almost normal histological appearance in the MSG+Betanin group. This study demonstrated that betanin could increase the antioxidant effect and reduce the histopathological damage caused by MSG.
... Additionally, MSG consumption was linked to genotoxicity, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity (Kazmi et al., 2017). Neurotoxic effects of MSG were highly studied and evidenced in both young (Quines et al., 2014;Hazzaa et al., 2020) and adult rats (Atef et al., 2021;Albrakati, 2023). ...
Strategies to prevent the health abnormalities associated with the extensive use of MSG (monosodium glutamate) as a flavoring booster are badly needed. The current study was conducted to investigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal lipid profile as the main risk factors of neurotoxicity in MSG-exposed female albino rats. Besides, the effect of concurrent consumption of Zingiber officinale rhizomes
powder was studied at low doses. Twenty rats (total) were split into 4 separate groups. The 1st group was a negative control group (without any treatment), while the others received 6 mg MSG/kg.
The 2nd group was left untreated, whereas the 3rd and 4th groups were given a regular laboratory diet that included ginger rhizome powder supplements (GRP, 0.5 & 1%, respectively) for six weeks. In brain tissue homogenates, exposure to MSG caused a significant depletion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and total protein levels, while triglycerides and cholesterol contents were significantly elevated.
Moreover, a noteworthy upsurge in oxidative load and inflammation markers was also noticed associated with a marked reduction of antioxidant levels, which histopathological staining verified further. The rat diet formulated with GRP, with a dose-dependent effect, resulted in increased GABA and total protein contents and attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid profile, and marked histological changes in cerebral cortical neurons of MSG-administered animals. Therefore, this study reveals that GRP shields rats against the neurotoxicity that MSG causes. The anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant, and lipid-normalizing properties of rhizomes of ginger may be accountable for their observed neuroprotective action.
... Additionally, MSG consumption was linked to genotoxicity, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity (Kazmi et al., 2017). Neurotoxic effects of MSG were highly studied and evidenced in both young (Quines et al., 2014;Hazzaa et al., 2020) and adult rats (Atef et al., 2021;Albrakati, 2023). ...
Strategies to prevent the health abnormalities associated with the extensive use of MSG (monosodium glutamate) as a flavoring booster are badly needed. The current study was conducted to investigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal lipid profile as the main risk factors of neurotoxicity in MSG-exposed female albino rats. Besides, the effect of concurrent consumption of Zingiber officinale rhizomes powder was studied at low doses. Twenty rats (total) were split into 4 separate groups. The 1st group was a negative control group (without any treatment), while the others received 6 mg MSG/kg. The 2nd group was left untreated, whereas the 3rd and 4th groups were given a regular laboratory diet that included ginger rhizome powder supplements (GRP, 0.5 & 1%, respectively) for six weeks. In brain tissue homogenates, exposure to MSG caused a significant depletion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and total protein levels, while triglycerides and cholesterol contents were significantly elevated. Moreover, a noteworthy upsurge in oxidative load and inflammation markers was also noticed associated with a marked reduction of antioxidant levels, which histopathological staining verified further. The rat diet formulated with GRP, with a dose-dependent effect, resulted in increased GABA and total protein contents and attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid profile, and marked histological changes in cerebral cortical neurons of MSG-administered animals. Therefore, this study reveals that GRP shields rats against the neurotoxicity that MSG causes. The anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant, and lipid-normalizing properties of rhizomes of ginger may be accountable for their observed neuroprotective action.
... Exploration was considered as directing the nose at a distance < 2 cm to the object and/or touching it with the nose. During the second trial (T 2 , 90 min after T 1 ), one of the objects presented in trial T 1 was replaced by a new object and the rats were left in the box for 5 min (Hazzaa et al., 2020). The time spent in the exploration of the familiar (F) and the new object (N) was recorded during the second trial. ...
Background: Excitotoxicity is a condition in which neurons are damaged/injured by the over-activation of glutamate receptors. Excitotoxins play a crucial part in the progression of several neurological diseases. Marsilea quadrifolia Linn (M. quadrifolia) is a very popular aquatic medicinal plant that has been utilised for a variety of therapeutic benefits since ancient times. Its chemical composition is diverse and includes phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and several others that possess antioxidant properties. Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of M. quadrifolia against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced excitotoxicity in rats. Methods: A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of chloroform extract of M. quadrifolia (CEMQ) was conducted to identify the major constituents. Further, the in silico docking analysis was carried out on selected ligands. To confirm CEMQ’s neuroprotective effects, the locomotor activity, nonspatial memory, and learning were assessed.
Results and discussion: The present study confirmed that CMEQ contains quercetin and its derivatives in large. The in-silico findings indicated that quercetin has a better binding affinity (−7.9 kcal/mol) towards the protein target 5EWJ. Animals treated with MSG had 1) a greater reduction in the locomotor score
and impairment in memory and learning 2) a greater increase in the blood levels of calcium and sodium and 3) neuronal disorganization, along with cerebral edema and neuronal degeneration in the brain tissues as compared to normal control
animals. The changes were however, significantly improved in animals which received standard drug memantine (20 mg/kg) and CEMQ (200 and 400 mg/kg) as compared to the negative control. It is plausible that the changes seen with CEMQ may be attributed to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonistic properties.
Conclusion: Overall, this study indicated that M. quadrifolia ameliorated MSG-induced neurotoxicity. Future investigations are required to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of M. quadrifolia and its active constituents, which will provide exciting insights in the therapeutic management of neurological disorders.
