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Primers for 10 polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis from the Clinch River, TN. Microsatellite loci also were amplified for individuals collected from the following additional populations or species: (1) E. capsaeformis from Duck River, TN; (2) E. florentina wal...
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... The female mussel holds the fish with recurved denticles on the posterior edge of the valves. Once "caught," the mussel uses her specialized spongy, inflatable mantle margins (cymapallia) to make a gasket seal around the fishes' snout, and pumps her glochidia into the host's buccal cavity with rhythmic pulses (Jones 2004, Barnhart 2005. A logperch with its snout trapped by a snuffbox was first observed in Davis Creek, Michigan, in 1999(Sherman Mulcrone 2004. ...
... A logperch with its snout trapped by a snuffbox was first observed in Davis Creek, Michigan, in 1999(Sherman Mulcrone 2004. Darters have been found inside live Epioblasma in the Clinch River, Tennessee (Jones 2004), and in laboratory-held northern riffleshell, Epioblasma torulosa rangiana (Lea, 1838), from the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania (G.T. Watters, Ohio State University Museum of Biological Diversity [OSUM], pers. comm., 2006). ...
Status review for an imperiled wide-ranging unionid mussel of the United States and Canada
... Type specimens, other shell material, and collection records for Epioblasma ahlstedti, E. capsaeformis, E. florentina aureola, E. florentina florentina and E. florentina walkeri were examined at the following museums: Academy of Jones (2004) for all examined lots]. Type specimens provided standard references for comparing shell material from various rivers, and collection records were used to construct species distributions. ...
... All PCR products were sequenced with a Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit with AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase (Applied Biosystems). Cycle sequence reactions were purified using a Qiagen DNA Purification kit (Qiagene), and subjected to electrophoresis and sequencing using an Applied Biosystems 3100 automated sequencer [detailed PCR methods are available in Jones (2004) and Jones et al. (2006)]. ...
... Co. and Maury Co., west-central Tennessee (Figure 1). Based on shells, the species likely occurred historically in the Buffalo River, TN (Parmalee and Bogan, 1998), a tributary to the Duck River, and the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals and Shoal Creek, Lauderdale Co., AL (Jones, 2004). ...
A new species and a new subspecies of Epioblasma are described from the Tennessee River drainage, USA. Epioblasma ahlstedti (Duck River Dartersnapper) currently is restricted to the Duck River in west-central Tennessee (TN). However, museum collections indicate that the species likely occurred in the Buffalo River, TN, a tributary to the Duck River, and in the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, Alabama (AL), and lower Shoal Creek, AL. The following diagnostic morphological characteristics of E. ahlstedti are based on the female: (1) pronounced posterior-ventral shell expansion of the adult female shell; (2) slate-gray to dark-purple mantle-pad; (3) spongy texture of the mantle-pad; and (4) display of a single, tan-colored micro-lure that moves slowly side-to-side. Epioblasma florentina aureola (Golden Riffleshell) currently is restricted to Indian Creek, a tributary to the upper Clinch River, Virginia. Historically , the species occurred in numerous tributaries in the Ten-nessee River drainage downstream at least to the Duck River. The following diagnostic morphological characteristics of E. florentina aureola are based on the female: (1) gray mantle-pad with a black mottled background; and (2) mantle-pad is pustuled but the pustules are rounded. The genus Epioblasma represents the most endangered group of freshwater mussels in North America; 18 of the recognized 25 species or subspecies are already extinct. Likewise, these newly described species and subspecies are critically endangered and despite being listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act remain in need of focused conservation to prevent their extinction.
... ). The number of Epioblasma glochidia infested per fish host (perhaps >50-100 glochidia per infestation) may be higher than other mussel species because species of Epioblasma have specialized shell morphologies and mantle-lures that can capture and hold their hosts (similar to a Venus fly-trap) to facilitate infestation of glochidia(Jones 2004; Jones et al. 2006: N. King, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, pers. obs. ...
... Most species of Lampsilis and V. iris use predacious bass (Micropterus sp.) as primary hosts (Coker et al., 1921;Watters and O'Dee, 1997a,b;Zale and Neves, 1982). The species of the critically imperiled genus Epioblasma use brightly coloured and textured mantle pads often in combination with micro-lures that appear to mimic the cerci of an aquatic insect to attract their hosts (Jones, 2004). These often very elaborate lures appear to be in close association with their darter hosts (genera Etheostoma and Percina). ...
... These often very elaborate lures appear to be in close association with their darter hosts (genera Etheostoma and Percina). An amazing behaviour has been observed in Epioblasma; that the pad structures are used to trap the host in order to assist in the infestation by the glochidia (Jones, 2004; Appendix A). ...
... The Epioblasma form a well-supported clade further strengthened by their unique and incredible lures and host infestation behaviour. The well-supported phylogeny of Epioblasma (including the type species E. t. rangiana) produced by our parsimony and Bayesian analyses largely agrees with classiWcations and phylogenies created by Johnson (1978), Buhay et al. (2002), andJones (2004). Species of Epioblasma show extreme sexual dimorphism. ...
Most freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) require a host, usually a fish, to complete their life cycle. Most species of mussels show adaptations that increase the chances of glochidia larvae contacting a host. We investigated the evolutionary relationships of the freshwater mussel tribe Lampsilini including 49 of the approximately 100 extant species including 21 of the 24 recognized genera. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data (COI, 16S, and ND1) were used to create a molecular phylogeny for these species. Parsimony and Bayesian likelihood topologies revealed that the use of an active lure arose early in the evolution of the Lampsiline mussels. The mantle flap lure appears to have been the first to evolve with other lure types being derived from this condition. Apparently, lures were lost independently in several clades. Hypotheses are discussed as to how some of these lure strategies may have evolved in response to host fish prey preferences.
... Early taxonomic uncertainty regarding E. capsaeformis can be traced to questions concerning the population in the Duck River, Tennessee (TN), USA. Bryant Walker, an early 20th century malacologist, noted in an unpublished letter that the large marsupial expansion of the female shell for this population was different from that of individuals in the Clinch River (Jones, 2004). More recently, field biologists have also questioned the taxonomic affinity of the Duck River population because of obvious differences in shell morphology and coloration of the mantle-pad. ...
... Collection records from Johnson (1978), Parmalee and Bogan (1998), and the U.S. Wildlife Service (1984, 2004) also were examined. A total of 11 type specimens and 421 collection lots of shell material were examined at the six museums (Jones, 2004). Type specimens provided standard references for comparing shells from various rivers, and collection records were used to determine historical levels of sympatry among taxa. ...
... Sequences of three regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and one region of nuclear DNA (nDNA) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers and conditions reported in the following sources: (1) 16S ribosomal RNA (Lydeard et al., 1996) (2) ND1, first subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (Buhay et al., 2002;, (3) cytochrome-b (Merritt et al., 1998;Bowen & Richardson, 2000), and (4) ITS-1 (King et al., 1999). The PCR conditions described earlier are also detailed in Jones (2004). ...
Species in the genus Epioblasma have specialized life history requirements and represent the most endangered genus of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the world. A genetic characterization of extant populations of the oyster mussel Ep. capsaeformis and tan riffleshell Ep. florentina walkeri sensu late was conducted to assess taxonomic validity and to resolve conservation issues for recovery planning. These mussel species exhibit pronounced phenotypic variation, but were difficult to characterize phylogenetically using DNA sequences. Monophyletic lineages, congruent with phenotypic variation among species, were obtained only after extensive analysis of combined mitochondrial (1396 bp of 16S, cytochrome-b, and ND1) and nuclear (515 bp of ITS-1) DNA sequences. In contrast, analysis of variation at 10 hyper-variable DNA microsatellite loci showed moderately to highly diverged populations based on FST and RST values, which ranged from 0.12-0.39 and 0.15-0.71, respectively. Quantitative variation between species was observed in fish host specificity, with transformation success of glochidia of Ep. capsaeformis significantly greater (p<0.05) on greenside darter Etheostoma blennioides, and that of Ep. f. walkeri significantly greater (p<0.05) on fantail darter Eth. flabellare. Lengths of glochidia differed significantly (p<0.001) among species and populations, with mean sizes ranging from 241-272 m. The texture and color of the mantle-pad of Ep. capsaeformis sensu stricto is smooth and bluish-white, while that of Ep. f. walkeri is pustuled and brown, with tan mottling. Based on extensive molecular, morphological, and life history data, the population of Ep. capsaeformis from the Duck River, Tennessee, USA is proposed as a separate species, and the population of Ep. f. walkeri from Indian Creek, upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA is proposed as a distinct subspecies.
... Recent studies using the ITS-1 marker in unionids suggest that it can provide useful information about divergence rates that may be more conservative than more commonly-used mtDNA markers (King et al. 1999; Kallersjo et al. 2005). Additionally, some strictly mtDNA-ZOOTAXA based studies have failed to diagnose cryptic unionid species that appear to be supported by ITS-1 data (Buhay et al. 2002; Jones 2004). Relatively small mtDNA differences between P. athearni and P. georgianum suggest that P. athearni may represent a recent evolutionary divergence from P. georgianum. ...
The Mobile Basin historically supported one of the most diverse freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) assemblages in North America. More than 65 species of mussels are known from the Basin, but it is difficult to determine how many species were present historically. The drainage's unique physical habitat was largely destroyed between the late 1800s and mid-1900s by impoundment and channel modifications of most of the larger rivers. Many species that were once common are now restricted to small headwater rivers and mid-sized tributaries. Recent Coosa River tributary surveys revealed a new, undescribed species of Pleurobema. This new species, Pleurobema athearni, is distinctive in outward appearance, shell morphometry and reproductive morphology, and can be distinguished from other Coosa River drainage unionids. Our analysis indicates that P. athearni is morphologically different from other similar taxa. It differs both in shell width/length and width/height ratios and thus provides a simple, quantitative means to differentiate this species from P. georgianum (Lea, 1841) Fusconaia barnesiana (Lea, 1838), and F. cerina (Conrad, 1838), which it superficially resembles and that also occur in the area. Our morphological diagnosis of this species is supported by recent molecular analyses that suggest this species is a Pleurobema and one closely related to other endemic Coosa River drainage unionids. The discovery of a new species of large, long-lived macroinvertebrate from a relatively well-sampled drainage in a populated region of the southeast United States underscores the need for more detailed surveys in isolated stretches of tributary streams. It should also serve as a reminder that almost 40 species of aquatic mollusks have been extirpated from the Mobile Basin before anything could be learned about their habitat or life history requirements.
... We have described the development and characteristics of 10 microsatellite primer pairs designed from DNA of the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis , collected from the Clinch River, TN. These primer pairs have been used in a taxonomic study of species belonging to the genus Epioblasma, and represent only the second set of microsatellite primers to be published for freshwater mussels (Jones 2004). The first set of microsatellite primers was developed by Eackles & King (2002) for the endangered pink mucket Lampsilis abrupta. ...
Primers for 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis from the Clinch River, Tennessee. Microsatellite loci also were tested in four other populations or species. Amplification was successful for most loci in these closely related endangered species or populations; therefore, a high level of flanking sequence similarity was inferred for this group of species and popu- lations. Allelic diversity ranged from nine to 20 alleles/locus, and averaged 13.6/locus. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to amplify microsatellite loci across freshwater mussel species to conduct population genetics studies.
