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Shells of Allodiscus (s. str.) species. Protoconch, protoconch sculpture detail, teleoconch sculpture detail, and whole shell ventral and dorsal views (sequentially). A-E, Allodiscus cooperi (Suter, 1907), Poor Knights Islands, Tawhiti Rahi, M.99799 (A-C), M.99811 (D, E, 2.85 x 4.40 mm); F-J, Allodiscus dimorphus (Reeve, 1852), NW of Kaikohe, S of Utakura, M.97954 (F-H), and Auckland, Birkdale, M.156778 (I, J, 5.30 x 7.90 mm); K-O, Allodiscus fallax Powell, 1952, Karikari Peninsula, M.30631 (K-M), M.180010 (N, O, 5.80 x 9.10 mm). Scale bars 100 µm (B, G, L), 200 µm (A, C, H, M), 300 µm (F, K).
Source publication
The New Zealand species referred to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 during the last 60 years are evaluated. A total of 60 species are recognised, of which 37 are described as new. The taxa are described, they are illustrated by colour photographs and scanning electron microscope images, their distributions are described and mapped, and their biology and c...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... & Goulstone, 1999: 130;Mahlfeld, 2000: appendix 3 & subseq.;Hazelwood et al., 2002: 30;Barker, 2005: 76;: 133. Flammulina (Allodiscus) dimorpha.-Suter, 1894b (in part = A. conopeus); Suter, 1894d: 250 (in part = A. conopeus); Pilsbry, 1893: 14;Suter, 1901: 207. Allodiscus (Allodiscus) dimorphus.-Climo, 1969bSchileyko, 2001Schileyko, : 1017 fig. 1334. Allodiscus cooperi.-O' Neill & Gardner, 1975;114 (not of Suter, 1907). NOT Psyra dimorpha.-Suter, 1892a: 272 (= A. conopeus). NOT Allodiscus dimorpha. -Mayhill, 1982: 12, text fig. (= A. conopeus);Mayhill, 1994: 31, 57, text fig. (= A. conopeus). NOT Allodiscus dimorphus. -Goulstone, 1976: 5, text fig. (= A. conopeus); Goulstone, ...
Context 2
... protoconch similar to that of Allodiscus erua is Charopidae sp. 171 ( Figs 38J-L, see below). Similar protoconch sculpture is characteristic of Radiodiscus Pilsbry & Ferris, 1906(type species Radiodiscus millecostatus Pilsbry & Ferris, 1906Arizona) (Solem 1977: figs 7, 8), Microcharopa Solem, 1982(Microcharopa mimula Solem, 1982Fiji) (Solem 1982: fig. 4), and Rotadiscus Pilsbry, 1926 (Helix hermanni L. Pfeiffer, 1866; Central America) (Solem 1982: 70), the latter type genus of Rotadiscinae Baker, 1927, currently grouped as a subfamily of Charopidae (Bouchet & Rocroi 2005, and references therein). MATERIAL EXAMINED (2 lots): Type material (see above). DESCRIPTION: Shell up to 2.10 ...
Citations
... These in turn exhibit patterns of apertural tooth deposition congruent with the continuous vs. episodic (spiral vs. axial) interpretation discussed above. Considerable variation in protoconch and teleoconch microsculpture has also been observed in charopids from Australia (Stanisic 1990;Hyman & Stanisic 2005;Stanisic et al. 2010), New Zealand (Marshall & Barker 2008) and the Pacific Islands (Solem 1983) and, as in Afrodonta s. lat., congruent patterns in this variation have provided useful taxonomic characters for the delimitation and diagnosis of genera. ...
The genus Afrodonta s. lat. is shown to comprise several lineages with distinctive shell characters primarily associated with the microsculpture of the protoconch and teleoconch, and the manner in which the apertural barriers are deposited. These lineages comprise Afrodonta s. str. and five new genera: Amatholedonta gen. nov., Biomphalodonta gen. nov., Costulodonta gen. nov., Iterodonta gen. nov. and Phialodonta gen. nov. Twelve new species are described, doubling the diversity of aperturally dentate charopid snails known from southern Africa. All new species are narrow-range endemics. A new subspecies of one of the more widely distributed species of Afrodonta s. str. is also described. Keys to genera and species are provided. New species and subspecies: Afrodonta geminodonta sp. nov., Af. inhluzaniensis leptolamellaris subsp. nov., Af. mystica sp. nov., Af. pentodon sp. nov., Amatholedonta fordycei gen. et sp. nov., Biomphalodonta forticostata gen. et sp. nov., Costulodonta bidens gen. et sp. nov., C. pluridens gen. et sp. nov., Iterodonta ammonita gen. et sp. nov., Phialodonta agulhasae gen. et sp. nov., P. atromontana gen. et sp. nov., P. aviana gen. et sp. nov. and P. rivalalea gen. et sp. nov. New synonyms: Afrodonta bilamellaris londonensis Solem, 1970 = Afrodonta bilamellaris Melvill & Ponsonby, 1908. New combinations: Afrodonta acinaces Connolly, 1933, Afrodonta burnupi Connolly, 1933 and Afrodonta trilamellaris Melvill & Ponsonby, 1908 are transferred to Costulodonta gen. nov.; Afrodonta bimunita Connolly, 1939 is transferred to Amatholedonta gen. nov.; Afrodonta introtuberculata Connolly, 1933 and Afrodonta perfida Burnup, 1912 are transferred to Phialodonta gen. nov.
... More than twice this number of undescribed endemic shelled species are also known (Spencer et al. 2009;subsequent unpublished records). That diversity of undescribed taxa is likely to be an underestimate, as suggested by Marshall & Barker's (2008) revision of Allodiscus and related genera (Charopidae), which included several species additional to those listed by Spencer et al. (2009); the Spencer et al. text was finalised some two years earlier. Of the described fauna, Charopidae (50 genera and 230 species), Punctidae (nine genera and 96 species) and Rhytididae (10 genera, 43 species and subspecies) are the most species rich. ...
Eight species of terrestrial Mollusca are recorded from Early–Middle Miocene sediments from palaeolake Manuherikia, near St Bathans, central Otago, New Zealand. Five new charopid species are described in Cavellia Iredale, 1915, Charopa Martens, 1860 and Fectola Iredale, 1915, a new genus Dendropa, based on the Recent
species Flammulina pilsbryi Suter, 1894, Neophenacohelix Cumber, 1961, which is resurrected from synonymy under Phenacohelix Suter, 1892, and two new species of punctid are described in Paralaoma Iredale, 1913 and Atactolaoma n. gen. All genera involved are endemic to New Zealand and are the first pre-Quaternary records. A rhytidid is also recorded, which, though indeterminable, is the earliest record of the family. The three other confirmed pre-Quaternary (Late Pliocene) records of land snails are briefly discussed.
... We could not assess the status of the entire known native gastropod fauna. We include recent major revisions in the genera Allodiscus, Pseudallodiscus, Granallodiscus, Costallodiscus, Canallodiscus, and Cytora (Mahlfeld 2005;Marshall & Barker 2007, 2008. We used Spencer et al. (2010) as a guide to the New Zealand taxa. ...
The conservation status of Gastropoda, excluding taxa in the genus Powelliphanta and those in freshwater, are listed. Forty-seven taxa are Threatened and comprise 28 that are Nationally Critical, 11 that are Nationally Endangered and eight that are Nationally Vulnerable. A further 259 are At Risk, comprising five Declining, 50 Relict and 204 Naturally Uncommon taxa. In addition, 138 taxa are Data Deficient; no taxa are listed as Extinct. Factors that contribute towards New Zealand landsnails becoming threatened are discussed.
Charopidae is a highly speciose family of land snails mostly distributed in the main landmasses and archipelagos of the Southern Hemisphere, with a few genera in the Northern Hemisphere. DNA sequencing is making substantial contributions to understanding the phylogeography of Charopidae and the systematic relationships of its subfamilies and related families in the Punctoidea. Here, new data from 28S rRNA are combined with available GenBank sequences to investigate whether Australian Charopidae comprise a single clade, exclusive of species from other regions. Phylogenetic analyses show that this is not the case, with most species from Australia and other regions included in a bootstrap-supported clade that excludes some Australian species. Analyses of concatenated 28S rRNA data and available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) also contradicted monophyly of Australian species, as did analyses of inferred COI protein sequences. In DNA analyses, the genus Hirasea and Australian taxa with an incomplete secondary ureter were basal within Charopidae. We also examined whether known doubts about the taxonomic status of supra-generic clades in Punctoidea could be resolved by considering autapomorphic COI amino acid changes. Such variation could not generally be applied as an objective criterion for taxonomic categorization but did identify some clades for taxonomic investigation.
Methodological and technological improvements are continually revolutionizing the field of ancient DNA. Most ancient DNA extraction methods require the partial (or complete) destruction of finite museum specimens, which disproportionately impacts small or fragmentary subfossil remains, and future analyses. We present a minimally destructive ancient DNA extraction method optimized for small vertebrate remains. We applied these methods to detect lost mainland genetic diversity in the large New Zealand diplodactylid gecko genus Hoplodactylus, which is presently restricted to predator‐free island and mainland sanctuaries. We present the first mitochondrial genomes for New Zealand diplodactylid geckos, recovered from 19 modern, six historic/archival (1898 to 2011) and 16 Holocene Hoplodactylus duvaucelii sensu latu specimens, and one modern Woodworthia sp. specimen. No obvious damage was observed in post‐extraction micro‐CT reconstructions. All ‘large gecko’ specimens examined from extinct populations were found to be conspecific with extant Hoplodactylus species, suggesting their large relative size evolved only once in the New Zealand diplodactylid radiation. Phylogenetic analyses of Hoplodactylus samples recovered two genetically (and morphologically) distinct North and South Island clades, probably corresponding to distinct species. Finer phylogeographic structuring within Hoplodactylus spp. highlighted the impacts of Late‐Cenozoic biogeographic barriers, including the opening and closure of Pliocene marine straits, fluctuations in size and suitability of glacial refugia, and eustatic sea‐level change. Recent mainland extinction obscured these signals from the modern tissue derived data. These results highlight the utility of minimally destructive DNA extraction in genomic analyses of less well studied small vertebrate taxa, and the conservation of natural history collections.
Eight species of terrestrial Mollusca are recorded from Early–Middle Miocene sediments from palaeolake Manuherikia, near St Bathans, central Otago, New Zealand. Five new charopid species are described in Cavellia Iredale, 1915, Charopa Martens, 1860 and Fectola Iredale, 1915, a new genus Dendropa, based on the Recent species Flammulina pilsbryi Suter, 1894, Neophenacohelix Cumber, 1961, which is resurrected from synonymy under Phenacohelix Suter, 1892, and two new species of punctid are described in Paralaoma Iredale, 1913 and Atactolaoma n. gen. All genera involved are endemic to New Zealand and are the first pre-Quaternary records. A rhytidid is also recorded, which, though indeterminable, is the earliest record of the family. The three other confirmed pre-Quaternary (Late Pliocene) records of land snails are briefly discussed.
Three new species of Punctoidea from Chilean - Argentine Patagonia are described in the family Charopidae: Lilloiconcha aysensis n. sp., Radiodiscus villarricensis n. sp. and Stephadiscus stuardoi n. sp. The new species of Lilloiconcha and Stephadiscus are known only from type localities in Chile, at Aysen and Concepción, respectively. In addition to this being the first record of Lilloiconcha in Chile; Stephadiscus celinae (Hylton Scott 1969) and S. testalbus (Hylton Scott 1970) previously known from Argentina are now recorded from southern Chile. The new species of Radiodiscus was collected from several localities ranging from Concepción in Chile to National Park Nahuel Huapí in Argentina, and thus extends eastward the range of Radiodiscus previously known from southern United States of America to Tierra del Fuego.
Aim Using New Zealand land snails as a case study, we evaluated recent spatial modelling approaches for the analysis of diversity in species‐rich invertebrate groups. Applications and prospects for improved conservation assessment were investigated.
Location New Zealand.
Methods The study used a spatially extensive and taxonomically comprehensive, plot‐based dataset on community structure in New Zealand land snails. Generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction (GRASP) was used to model and predict species richness as a function of environmental variables (including aspects of climate, soils and vegetation). Generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) was used to model turnover in species composition in relation to environmental and geographical distances, and to assess community similarity and the representativeness of the reserve network.
Results Observed land snail richness in 20 × 20 m plots ranged from 1 to 74 (mean 17.5). The GRASP model explained a modest 27% of the variation in richness. The GDM model explained 57% of the variation in species turnover and indicated approximately equal amounts related to environmental (Cody’s beta diversity) and geographical distance (Cody’s gamma diversity). Temperature and moisture were the most important environmental variables. Results indicate that snail distributions are not only sorted by environment but are also strongly influenced by historical effects consistent with those expected of poorly dispersing taxa that have persisted in refugia during past climatic change. The GDM model enabled spatial classifications of snail communities, highlighting diverse communities in heterogeneous regions, such as the South Island mountains, and also enabled continuous depictions of community similarity and adequacy of New Zealand’s protected natural areas network.
Main conclusions The GRASP and GDM analyses allowed us to model and depict spatial patterns of diversity in land snail communities involving 845 species, and produce community classifications and estimates of community similarity. These tools advance conservation assessment in species‐rich groups, but require further conceptual and methodological development.
