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In this paper, a novel microstrip feedline based dual-band frequency reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) patch-slot antenna design is presented. The antenna has a planar structure and comprises of four symmetrically placed rectangular patch antenna elements. A dual purpose hexagonal-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is introdu...
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... gain is 2.48 dBi with efficiency of 72 % at 2.61 GHz and lowest gain is −1.9 dBi with efficiency of 48 % at frequency of 1.74 GHz. To further support the radiation pattern performance of the proposed antenna design, 3-D radiation patterns at 2 GHz from HFSS are shown in Fig. 8. The setup for antenna radiation pattern measurement is shown in Fig. 9. Table 1 summarizes the proposed antenna performance characteristics such as simulated and measured bandwidth, gain and efficiency. The small difference between simulated and measured results is due to improper modeling of varactor diode in HFSS, parasitic effects of diode, manufacturing and measuring tolerances. These results suggest ...
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Citations
... 1.8-2.6 GHz) [3]. A defected ground structure (DGS) is designed to improve isolation; more than 12 dB isolation is achieved in the whole band. ...
... The reconfigurable antenna has been patented by Schaubert et al. [16]. A reconfigurable antenna adjusts its operating frequency [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern [32][33][34], and polarization [35][36][37][38] to provide the operating requirements of the host system. In addition to these adjustments, hybrid reconfigurable antenna structures alter at least two antenna performance parameters [39,40]. ...
... GHz. In the following comparison, the aspects and contributions of this paper are highlighted in comparison to the study mentioned in reference [19] titled "A dual-band frequency reconfigurable MIMO patch-slot antenna based on reconfigurable microstrip feed-line". This study presents a novel frequency-reconfigurable antenna design for sub-6 GHz applications. ...
... The reconfigurability is achieved by altering the electrical length and shape of the antenna using diodes or switches. In contrast, the referenced study [19] focuses on a dual-band MIMO patch-slot antenna that employs a reconfigurable microstrip feed line to achieve frequency reconfigurability. The proposed frequency reconfigurable antenna is designed specifically for sub-6 GHz applications, targeting a broader range of frequency bands relevant for modern wireless communication systems. ...
This paper presents a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design for sub-6 GHz applications, featuring a unique combination of antenna elements and control mechanisms. The antenna is composed of an outer split-ring resonator loaded with an inner spiral resonator, which can be adjusted through the remote control of PIN diode or Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switches. The compact antenna, measuring 22 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, operates in broadband, or tri-band mode depending on the ON/OFF states of switches. The frequency reconfigurability is achieved using two BAR64−02V PIN diodes or two CG2415M6 SPDT switches acting as RF switches. SPDT switches are controlled remotely via Arduino unit. Additionally, the antenna demonstrates an omni-directional radiation pattern, making it suitable for wireless communication systems. Experimental results on an FR-4 substrate validate the numerical calculations, confirming the antenna’s performance and superiority over existing alternatives in terms of compactness, wide operating frequency range, and cost-effectiveness. The proposed design holds significant potential for applications in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac), Bluetooth (5 GHz), ISM (5 GHz), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), wireless backhaul (4G and 5G networks), WLAN (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac/ax), 5G NR n1 band, and Wi-Fi access points due to its small size and easy control mechanism. The antenna can be integrated into various devices, including access points, gateways, smartphones, and IoT kits. This novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design presents a valuable contribution to the field, paving the way for further advancements in wireless communication systems.
... Micromachines 2023, 14, 1316 2 of 16 line, resulting in the array port isolation of up to 30 dB. By introducing defected ground structure (DGS), the mutual coupling has been increased effectively in [6,7]. ...
... During the design process of many proposed MIMO antennae [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], there exists a complex problem of maintaining the compact volume and achieving high isolation at the same time. Many tools have been used to decrease the mutual coupling, including defected ground structure (DGS), parasitic element, neutralization line, passive resonator, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) and so on. ...
... In [3], a near-field resonator was used as a decoupling structure to achieve a high isolation better than 20 dB. The neutralization line as a standard technique has also been used in [4][5][6]. In [4], a wideband neutralization line with a circular disc in it is connected and inserted between the antenna elements for high isolation. ...
A dual-band four-element MIMO antenna was designed and fabricated with enhanced isolation. The introduced antenna was fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and consisted of four identical monopole antenna elements placed perpendicular to each other. A cross-shaped stub and orthogonal placement of four elements were introduced for high isolation. Modified ground structure was used for extending bandwidths. The measured results demonstrate that the introduced antenna has double bands (S11 < −10 dB) covering 3.28–4.15 GHz and 4.69–6.01 GHz, with fractional bandwidths of 23.4% and 24.7% and a high isolation S21, S31 better than 19 dB. The curves of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG) were less than 0.0025 and higher than 9.999, respectively, indicating a low correlation between antenna elements. Furthermore, gain, efficiency, channel capacity loss (CCL), total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and mean effective gain (MEG) have all been investigated over the operating band to determine the antenna’s diversity performance. In accordance with the simulated and measured results, it confirms that the proposed antenna is appropriate for 5G applications.
... A reconfigurable antenna has significant potential to meet these demands because a single antenna can be reconfigured to have different resonant frequencies, radiation patterns or polarization properties. The conventional frequency-reconfigurable methods for antennas induce loaded switch, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [2], PIN diode [3], MOSFET [4], and varactor [5], on the antenna to change the effective electrical length or the current path to achieve frequency reconfigurability. ...
A novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)‐fed frequency reconfigurable antenna based on epsilon negative transmission line (ENG‐TL) is presented in this letter. By controlling the switch, the parameters of the ENG‐TL structure unit are changed, and the antenna can work on different frequency bands. By using varactor diode as a switch, the resonant frequency of the antenna continuously varies from 2.55 to 3.45 GHz while the bandwidth of 450 MHz keeps unchanged, which is suitable for n77 of sub‐6 GHz. But by using the PIN diode as a switch, the antenna can be reconfigured on three modes, lower single‐band (2.33–2.81 GHz), dual‐band (1.67–1.81 GHz and 3.32–3.60 GHz), and higher single‐band (3.98–4.22 GHz). The designed antenna is suitable for use in WLAN, DCS, and WiMAX (2.5/3.3 GHz). The simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results.
... A patch-slot-based antenna with microstrip feedline reconfiguration for operation from 1.3 to 2.6 GHz is described in Zhao and Riaz. 11 A hexagonal slot ring is exploited in Zhao and Riaz 11 for mutual coupling reduction and antenna size miniaturization. The research in Zhao et al. 12 reports a MIMO antenna operating in the UWB mode (1-4.5 GHz) and a tunable narrow band extending from 0.9 to 2.6 GHz. ...
A reconfigurable MIMO antenna for heterogeneous vehicular networks is reported in this paper. The frequency and bandwidth characteristics of the MIMO antenna can be reconfigured to meet multi‐standard and multi‐frequency requirements in automobiles. The antenna element evolved from an edge‐chamfered ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna operating from 2.1 to >15 GHz. The bandwidth reconfiguration is achieved through the selection of excitation paths connecting the feed and radiator. The feedline selection is performed using PIN diodes, making the antenna operate in three distinct modes, namely, UWB mode (Mode 1: 2.1–>15 GHz), industrial, scientific and medical/Internet of Things (ISM/IoT) mode (Mode 2: 2.45 GHz), and wireless local area network (WLAN) mode (Mode 3: 5–6 GHz). The feed path corresponding to Mode 2 and Mode 3 is incorporated with a suitable filtering network to shape the frequency response of the antenna based on the user's requirements. Owing to the requirement of cognitive selection of frequency bands, the frequency tunability in Mode 2 is realized using varactor diodes. The varactor‐incorporated feed path reconfigures the center frequency between 2.45 and 3.5 GHz. The proposed MIMO antenna offers gain and total efficiency greater than 2.94 dBi and 76%, respectively. The prototype of the 4‐port MIMO antenna is being fabricated to test its functionality in real time.
... Many researchers found diferent techniques to improve the mutual coupling for closely spaced antenna elements to cancel the self-induced currents by antenna elements. For instance, by introducing the defected ground structure (DGS) [7][8][9], complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) [10][11][12], neutralization line (NL) [13][14][15], frequency reconfgurable (FR) [16][17][18], electromagnetic band gap (EBG) [19][20][21][22], metamaterial (MM) [23][24][25], decoupling network (DN) [26][27][28], dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) [29][30][31], and parasitic strip (PS) [32,33] and introducing diferent shapes like inverted L [34], modifed T shape [35,36] F shape [37], and meta surface [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] improve mutual coupling and the isolation of more than 20 dB is achieved. However, MIMO antenna parameters like diversity gain (D.G.), envelope correlation coefcient (E.C.C.), and radiation efciency (RE) need to be considered for improving the channel capacity with any additional power [45]. ...
An isolation improvement for a closely spaced quad port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for WLAN applications is presented. The proposed antenna consists of four L-shaped monopole microstrip patch antennas with a rectangular slot at the center and truncated edges at the corner of each patch element. Interelement isolation is improved by more than 12 dB by considering the patch size, ground size, and distance between the patch elements. The designed antenna uses λ/4 distance between the patch elements. The slot in each patch improves the bandwidth, and truncated edges at the corner of the patch improve the impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed with the overall dimensions of 45.5 mm × 45.5 mm × 1.96 mm. The MIMO parameters for the proposed technique, which include envelope correlation coefficient (E.C.C.) are less than 0.5, and the diversity gain (D.G.) is 10 dB, suggesting this antenna’s suitability for MIMO operations. The average peak realized gain (A.P.R.G.) and radiation efficiency (RE) is 2.8 dBi and greater than 80% for the prescribed band of interest. The antenna element is fabricated and tested using microwave analyzer N9917A. The measured result seems to be in good contact with the simulation. The proposed MIMO antenna is well-suitable for WLAN applications.
... The most populous parameters on microstrip antennas include; S-Parameter used to characterize a high-frequency circuit in place of an impedance or reception parameter. It is used to model the linear N-port of the electrical network [1], while the feedline is used for the link between the working patches of receiving or emitting electromagnetic waves [2][3][4][5]. Furthermore, impedance matching is one of the significant applications that play an important role in improving system performance. ...
... Many other methods have been presented in the literature to get isolated MIMO antennas [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The majority of the previous works have utilized H-coupling to arrange the MIMO antenna elements. ...
... Miniaturization of antenna size while maintaining multiband operation has become critical for new, rapidly developing communication systems. A hexagonal-shaped antenna fed by a microstrip-line is widely used to achieve dual-band [11,12]. ...
In this paper, a dual-band Circularly Polarized (CP) compact-sized four elements Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented. The proposed MIMO system consists of four monopoles radiating elements with the same hexagonal shape, and each one has three hexagonal rings. The orthogonal geometry of the proposed antenna is used to provide good isolation and polarization diversity. The dual-band notches are achieved, 3.28–3.77 GHz (13.9%; fc 3.53 GHz) for the lower operating frequency band and 4.02–7.79 GHz (63.84%; fc 5.9 GHz) for a higher operating frequency range. Moreover, the evaluation of MIMO antenna performance shows good diversity performance with Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) less than 0.01, and Diversity Gain (DG) nearly 9.99 dB. The proposed dual-band orthogonal port MIMO antenna is proper for Wi-MAX and WLAN wireless applications.
... Considering the above advantages, significant research has been reported on them. [3][4][5][6][7][8] By controlling the switching of the PIN diodes on the radiators corresponding to different frequencies, the antenna can achieve two single-band conversions. 3 By adding varactor diodes to the feedline, the MIMO antenna achieved overall tuning of dual-frequency. ...
... 3 By adding varactor diodes to the feedline, the MIMO antenna achieved overall tuning of dual-frequency. 4 By using a switchable slotted structure on the ground plane, the antenna achieved five switchable states. 5 By adding frequencyagile multiband filter, the antenna can switch between four operating bands. ...
A dual‐band printed monopole antenna with frequency‐independent reconfiguration is proposed. Two varactor diodes are placed at the zero point of the current distribution in the third‐ and fifth‐order modes of the traditional monopole radiator. By separately regulating the reverse bias voltage of the two varactor diodes, the corresponding two frequency bands can be controlled independently. A fully functional prototype is fabricated and characterized, which exhibits a continuously dual frequency‐tunable characteristic. The designed antenna has a simple structure and compact size of 98 × 40 mm2. The antenna can be used in multi radio wireless systems, which has a good potential for use in cognitive radio.
