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![FIGURE 2. Constituents of nanocomposites polymer [35].](profile/Mohd-Ahmad-28/publication/352013548/figure/fig1/AS:1029702013693952@1622511499107/Constituents-of-nanocomposites-polymer-35_Q320.jpg)
Polymer nanocomposites have gained much attention among researchers due to their excellent characteristics, such as high thermal resistivity and the ability to withstand higher electrical stress. Introducing nanoparticles into the polymer matrix can further improve the insulation characteristics. However, the effectiveness of nanocomposite polymer...
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... plasma is discharges made under low gas pressures compared to the gas at atmospheric pressure. Fig. 8 illustrates the setup diagram for plasma production under low-pressure conditions. This type of discharge benefits from less power requirement of sustenance of the discharge as the rate of volume-recombination is low [122]. At low pressure of gases, it is easier to achieve uniform discharges at once to produce a better quality of ...
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... plasma is discharges made under low gas pressures compared to the gas at atmospheric pressure. Fig. 8 illustrates the setup diagram for plasma production under low-pressure conditions. This type of discharge benefits from less power requirement of sustenance of the discharge as the rate of volume-recombination is low [124]. At low pressure of gases, it is easier to achieve uniform discharges at once to produce a better quality of ...
Citations
... Considering that most space charge accumulation takes place at the interface between electrodes and polymers, it is therefore more effective to alleviate space charge accumulation by manipulating the trap distribution at the interface rather than doping nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. Currently, the prevailing techniques employed for interface tailoring encompass primarily surface fluorination treatment [28,29], magnetron sputtering [30,31], plasma surface modification [32,33], and chemical vapor deposition [34][35][36], among others. However, it is noteworthy that these methods typically necessitate the utilization of intricate experimental apparatus. ...
Polymeric dielectrics exhibit remarkable dielectric characteristics and wide applicability, rendering them extensively employed within the domain of electrical insulation. Nevertheless, the electrical strength has always been a bottleneck, preventing its further utilization. Nanocomposite materials can effectively improve insulation strength, but uniform doping of nanofillers in engineering applications is a challenge. Consequently, a nanocomposite interfacial coating was meticulously designed to interpose between the electrode and the polymer, which can significantly improve DC breakdown performance. Subsequently, the effects of filler concentration and coating duration on DC breakdown performance, high field conductivity, and trap distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results indicate that the composite coating introduces deep traps between the electrode-polymer interface, which enhances the carrier confinement, resulting in reduced conductivity and enhanced DC breakdown strength. The incorporation of a composite coating at the interface between the electrode and polymer presents novel avenues for enhancing the dielectric insulation of polymers.
... Polymers are the most common materials in industries with medical, construction, energy, water treatment, and electronic applications [1,2] in particular, thermoplastic polymers such as polystyrene (PS), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), have become a material mainly used for microfluidic devices due to advantages such as transparency and biocompatibility [3,4] research to obtain surface properties suitable for each application has been actively carried out while maintaining the advantages of polymer [5,6] in addition, surface modification techniques have broadened the applications and have been used effectively [7,8] in this study, Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was the focus, which is one of the most common plastics for microfluidic devices due to its excellent biocompatibility, high optical transparency, and suitability for mass production [9,10] the wettability of polymers is an important property directly related to adhesion, color ability, biocompatibility, and electrical properties various surface treatment methods, such as physical, chemical, plasma, annealing, and patterning, have been developed and reported to increase the surface energy of (PMMA) to enhance the wettability of (PMMA) and to positively affect its adhesive characteristics [11,12]. ...
In this research, the materials used are poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as base material with chloroform as pure solvent (99.8%) aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) as support material as base material in percentages (25%, 50%, and 75%) several tests were carried out on the models, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results showed the characteristic of crystallization through the characteristic peaks with a reinforcement percentage (75%) while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the highest effect (ammonium sulfate, cadmium sulfate) in the form of nodular structures dimensions (84.45nm - 88.84nm) with a support reinforcement percentage (75%) representing gas liberation sites as a result of surface reactions with (ammonium sulfate, cadmium sulfate) atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the thick film surface had a lower roughness with a reinforcement percentage (25%) which gave the highest stability of the thick film surface.
... Under the electric field's influence, the electron's high-energy species are accelerated to collide with the gas molecules contained in the DBD chamber. The formation of the radical species through the plasma discharge process is highly reactive to functionalizing the surface of nano-silica with a specific chemical functional group [18]. The mechanism of surface modification can be explained by considering two sequences of the process: bond cleaving and surface functionalization [19]. ...
... These results are also in line with the previous research by Fang et al. [21]. Furthermore, more oxygen atoms and hydroxyl groups attached to the surface of nano-silica through the reaction with radical oxygen species would contribute to the surface functionalization and enhanced interfacial interaction [22], which are needed to form a nanocomposite with superior electrical insulation properties [18]. ...
Polymeric insulating materials have been widely used in high voltage equipment, particularly in power cables, as insulating material, due to their excellent performances. This study investigates the significance of atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) treatment on silicon dioxide (SiO
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) nanoparticles in enhancing the partial discharge (PD) resistance and breakdown strength of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites. The duration of plasma treatment was manipulated for 15 and 30 minutes to identify the effects of treatment duration on their dielectric properties. The loading of fillers was varied into 1, 3, and 5 wt% to identify the promising formulations. The results exhibited that the dielectric properties of LDPE nanocomposites have improved as the SiO
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nanoparticles were treated, anticipated due to the surface activation via functionalizing hydroxyl group on the fillers as ultimate oxidation agent, resulting in reduced size of agglomerated clusters. The PD resistance and breakdown strength have increased up to 47% and 70% of the unfilled samples, respectively, as the SiO
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nanoparticles were treated using plasma. Plasma treatment was found to be an alternative technique for improving the filler-polymer surface interaction, at once promising the better dielectric properties of LDPE nanocomposites, potentially prolonging the lifetime of the insulating materials.
... Research to obtain surface properties suitable for each application has been actively carried out while maintaining the advantages of polymer [9][10][11]. In addition, surface modification techniques have broadened the applications and have been used effectively [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
... The wettability of polymers is an important property directly related to adhesion, colorability, biocompatibility, and electrical properties. Various surface treatment methods, such as physical, chemical, plasma, corona, annealing, and patterning, have been developed and reported to increase the surface energy of PMMA to enhance the wettability of PMMA and to positively affect its adhesive characteristics [12,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. ...
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is commonly applied to microfluidic devices due to its excellent biocompatibility, high optical transparency, and suitability for mass production. Recently, various surface treatment methods have been reported to improve the wettability of polymers, which is directly related to adhesion. In this research, the effect of a UV irradiation technique and an IPA rinsing technique as surface treatments for PMMA is investigated regarding the water contact angle of the PMMA surface. PMMA sheets that were 1.62 mm thick and commercially available were exposed to UV light with four different exposure times. Significant decreases in the water contact angle were observed after exposure to UV light, and the lowered contact angles due to the UV irradiation increased over time. According to the measurement, the water contact angle is a function of UV exposure dose as well as storage time after UV exposure. We examined the effect of a IPA rinsing process after UV irradiation and observed an increase in the water contact angle.
... This enhanced interest is caused by the fact that CAPPs are able to perform both chemical and physical action on the treated surfaces by creating/removing functional groups and changing the surface roughness [1][2][3][4]. For a large quantity of materials, surface modifications are required or desired to facilitate the occurrence of other processes, such as adhesion, or to enhance another surface property [5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
The plasma jet transfer technique relies on a conductive wire at floating potential, which, upon entering in contact with a primary discharge, is capable of igniting a small plasma plume at the distal end of a long flexible plastic tube. In this work, two different long tube configurations were employed for the surface modification of polypropylene (PP) samples using argon as the working gas. One of the jet configurations has a thin copper (Cu) wire, which was installed inside the long tube. In the other configuration, the floating electrode is a metallic mesh placed between two plastic tubes in a coaxial arrangement. In the first case, the tip of the Cu wire is in direct contact with the working gas at the plasma outlet, whereas, in the second, the inner plastic tube provides an additional dielectric barrier that prevents the conductor from being in contact with the gas. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements on treated PP samples revealed that different surface modification radial profiles are formed when the distance (d) between the plasma outlet and target is changed. Moreover, it was found that the highest WCA reduction does not always occur at the point where the plasma impinges the surface of the material, especially when the d value is small. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was confirmed that the WCA values are directly linked to the oxygen-functional groups formed on the PP surfaces after the plasma treatment. An analysis of the WCA measurements along the surface, as well as their temporal evolution, together with the XPS data, suggest that, when the treatment is performed at small d values, the plasma jet removes some functional groups at the point where the plasma hits the surface, thus leading to peculiar WCA profiles.
... Natural cellulosic fibers (Geremew et al., 2021;Ravindran et al., 2020) have increasingly been applied in the development of composites for engineering applications. The ability to tailor and enhance the properties of composite materials to meet expected performances have increasingly made them find applications in manufacturing and engineering (Karthi et al., 2020;Nagaraj et al., 2020;Saroia et al., 2020;Feng et al., 2020;Eslahi et al., 2020;Zheng et al., 2020;Saman et al., 2021). As a result of modifications in its preparation processes, content, etc. variable material properties, such as low water absorption, can be obtained for the intended application (Sadasivuni et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2020;Su et al., 2020). ...
... Hybridization in fiber reinforcement implies the inclusion of two or more distinct (in physical attributes or type) fibers in a matrix for the development of a single composite material such as the development of a natural fiber and glass fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composite (Ramasamy et al., 2021;Gangil et al., 2020;Shahzad et al., 2017;Ali-Eldin et al., 2021;Genc et al., 2020). Beyond distinct fibers, hybridization may involve the reinforcement of a matrix material with a single kind of fiber but with different features like diameter, length, etc. Ahmad et al., 2021;Potluri, 2019;Alhijazi et al., 2020). Different factors like fiber length, fiber percentage content, fiber orientation, fiber source, fiber treatment, fiber, etc., have shown to be of significant effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material (Yashas et al., 2018;Ansari et al., 2018;Tang et al., 2020;Todkar et al., 2019;Sun et al., 2018). ...
The manufacturing process of a material is a strong determinant of its performance in service. Different applications like ships, wind turbine blades, oil rigs, etc. demand materials with low water absorption due to their operational environment. Previous studies have reported the water absorption behavior of cellulosic fiber-reinforced composites but the optimization of the water absorption properties of pineapple leaf/glass fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composites by optimizing its manufacturing parameters have not been studied even with its possible wide range of application. This paper uses the Taguchi robust optimization technique and statistical analysis to optimize the water absorption properties of a pineapple leaf/glass fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composite material PxGyE z (with x, y, and z representing the volume fraction of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) (P), the volume fraction of glass fiber (G), and fiber length in an epoxy matrix, respectively). P15G15E 20 was the optimum having the lowest water absorption of 0.2667%. A notable observation was that fiber length had a significant contribution to the water absorption properties of the material. The interaction effect percentage contribution of fiber length with the cellulosic fiber and the glass fiber on the percentage water absorption at mean values was found to be 49.37% and 14.24% respectively. SEM and FTIR analysis showed microstructural and chemical formations that explained the water absorption behavior of the optimized hybrid composite. The percentage water absorption of the material was modeled mathematically and the equations proved to be 95.6% accurate in predicting the water absorption of the material at different combinations.
... This interfacial region is key in improving insulation properties due to its role in trapping the charges distributed in the nanofluids. The mechanism of trapping the charges would reduce the accumulated space charge and eventually minimize the distortion of the local electric field [68]. This brings positive implications to the insulation properties, such as improving the breakdown strength and the partial discharge resistance of the nanofluids. ...
Mineral oil has been chosen as an insulating liquid in power transformers due to its superior characteristics, such as being an effective insulation medium and a great cooling agent. Meanwhile, the performance of mineral oil as an insulation liquid can be further enhanced by dispersing nanoparticles into the mineral oil, and this composition is called nanofluids. However, the incorporation of nanoparticles into the mineral oil conventionally causes the nanoparticles to agglomerate and settle as sediment in the base fluid, thereby limiting the improvement of the insulation properties. In addition, limited studies have been reported for the transformer oil as a base fluid using Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) as nanoparticles. Hence, this paper reported an experimental study to investigate the significant role of cold plasma treatment in modifying and treating the surface of nano-alumina to obtain a better interaction between the nano-alumina and the base fluid, consequently improving the insulation characteristics such as breakdown voltage, partial discharge characteristics, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of the nanofluids. The plasma treatment process was conducted on the surface of nano-alumina under atmospheric pressure plasma by using the dielectric barrier discharge concept. The breakdown strength and partial discharge characteristics of the nanofluids were measured according to IEC 60156 and IEC 60270 standards, respectively. In contrast, the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids were determined using Brookfield DV-II + Pro Automated viscometer and Decagon KD2-Pro conductivity meter, respectively. The results indicate that the 0.1 wt% of plasma-treated alumina nanofluids has shown the most comprehensive improvements in electrical properties, dispersion stability, and thermal properties. Therefore, the plasma treatment has improved the nanoparticles dispersion and stability in nanofluids by providing stronger interactions between the mineral oil and the nanoparticles.
The outstanding properties and chemistry of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) are not sufficiently understood due to their relatively complex systems and transient properties. In this paper, we tried to present a detailed review of the applications of CAP in modern medicine, highlighting the biochemistry of this phenomenon. Due to its unique characteristics, CAP has emerged as a promising tool in various medical applications. CAP, as a partially—or fully ionized—gas-retaining state of quasi-neutrality, contains many particles, such as electrons, charged atoms, and molecules displaying collective behaviour caused by Coulomb interactions. CAP can be generated at atmospheric pressure, making it suitable for medical settings. Cold plasma’s anti-microbial properties create an alternative method to antibiotics when treating infections. It also enhances cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, leading to accelerated tissue regeneration. CAP can also be a powerful tool in anti-tumour therapies, stem cell proliferation, dental applications, and disease treatment, e.g., neurology. It is our belief that this article contributes to the deeper understanding of cold plasma therapy and its potential in medicine. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of this relatively novel approach as a promising treatment modality. By covering a range of various biomedical fields, we hope to provide a comprehensive overview of CAP applications for multiple medical conditions. In order to gain further insight into the subject, we attempted to gather crucial research and evidence from various studies, hopefully creating a compelling argument in favour of CAP therapy. Our aim is to highlight the innovative aspects of CAP therapy where traditional methods may have limitations. Through this article, we intend to provide a convenient reference source for readers engaged in the examination of CAP’s potential in medicine.
