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Serpula similis (URM 89847): A. Fresh basidiomata. B. Hymenial Surface. C. Generative hyphae with clamp connections. D. Yellow basidisopores. Scale bars: a, b=10 cm. c, d= 5 μm. Figure: A.M.S. Soares and R. Alvarenga. The macro-(morphology, color, consistency, size) analyses were performed on both fresh and dehydrated basidiomata. Free-hand sections from hymenium and context were visualized under optical microscopy using 3 % KOH + 1 % phloxine, and Melzer's reagent (Ryvarden 1991) Color designation followed Watling (1969).
Source publication
Here, Diaporthe myracrodruonis is introduced as new species from Brazil, isolated as endophyte from Myracrodruon urundeuva. Asterina mandaquiensis is epitypified and ilustrated for the first time. Serpula similis is reported as new to the Neotropics, while Perenniporia centrali-africana is reported for the first time as endophyte and Preussia afric...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... It was originally described from Sri Lanka and it was previously reported from tropical regions in Africa, Southeast Asia and Australia ( Skrede et al. 2011). In the phylogenetic tree, the specimens of S. similis from Brazil clustered with specimens from Australia and Thailand with strong support (100 %/1.00). The specimens from Brazil (Fig. 3) are characterized by distinctly pileate basidiomata, white to pale cream (when fresh) and yellow to dark orange (when dried). The hyphal system is monomitic, with generative hyphae with larges clamps (3−5 mm). These morphological features are slightly different from the original description, which reports an effused basidioma and a ...
Citations
... Several new species of endophytic fungi have been described (Bezerra et al. 2017a;Oliveira et al. 2016;Silva et al. 2019a; and many studies have been carried out on the endophytic fungal communities of important crop plants, such as coffee, rice, grapes, and soybeans (Pimentel et al. 2006;Sette et al. 2006;Naik et al. 2009;Lima et al. 2014;Oliveira et al. 2014a;Vaz et al. 2014;Varanda et al. 2016). Initial studies of endophytic fungi in palm species (Arecaceae) were carried out by Rodrigues & Samuels (1990) in Australia, who isolated fungi from the leaves of Licuala ramsayi. ...
The diversity of endophytic fungi in healthy coconut palm leaves (Cocos nucifera) was assessed by analyzing fungal isolates from three coconut cultivars (yellow dwarf, green dwarf, and a hybrid cultivar PB121) used agriculturally in Brazil. The influence of season (rainy or dry) on the endophytic fungal community was also analyzed. Overall, 318 fungal isolates were obtained from 972 coconut leaf fragments. The rDNA ITS region was sequenced from representative species of the isolated endophytic fungi and the most common species identified were Nigrospora oryzae, Pestalotiopsis sp., and Zasmidium musae. The alpha diversity of the endophytic fungi was also calculated. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant seasonal effects on the composition of the endophyte community. However, practically no influence was observed on the fungal communities for the different cultivars of coconut.
The genus Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) is a large group of fungi frequently reported as phytopathogens, with ubiquitous distribution across the globe. Diaporthe have traditionally been characterized by the morphology of their ana-and teleomorphic state, revealing a high degree of heterogeneity as soon as DNA sequencing was utilized across the different members of the group. Their relevance for biotechnology and agriculture attracts the attention of taxonomists and natural product chemists alike in context of plant protection and exploitation for their potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. While more than 1000 species are described to date, Africa, as a natural habitat, has so far been under-sampled. Several endophytic fungi belonging to Diaporthe were isolated from different plant hosts in Cameroon over the course of this study. Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene, and partial fragments of the calmod-ulin, beta-tubulin, histone and the translation elongation factor 1-α genes, demonstrated that these isolates represent four new species, i.e. D. brideliae, D. cameroonensis, D. pseudoanacardii and D. rauvolfiae. Moreover, the description of D. isoberliniae is here emended, now incorporating the morphology of beta and gamma conidia produced by two of our endophytic isolates, which had never been documented in previous records. Moreover, the paraphyletic nature of the genus is discussed and suggestions are made for future revision of the genus.
Diaporthe is a large and taxonomically complex genus, with over a thousand epithets listed in Index Fungorum. The placement of many Diaporthe species remains confusing, and there is a lack of consensus on their taxonomy and phylogeny. In this study, we provide annotated notes on accepted or presumed species of Diaporthe up to 2023. Our notes cover 832 species and include information on their morphology, ecology, geographic distribution, molecular data, and pathogenicity, where available. Diaporthe cyatheae comb. nov., D. pseudobauhiniae nom. nov., D. xishuangbannaensis nom. nov., D. krabiensis sp. nov., and D. pseudobiguttulata nom. nov. are introduced in this paper. In addition, we list 331 species that were previously classified as Diaporthe but are no longer accepted as members of the genus. Our comprehensive review of Diaporthe species provides a resource for researchers and taxonomists, enabling accurate identification and classification, and enhancing our understanding ecological roles of these fungi.
Chemical investigation of an endophytic fungus herein identified as Diaporthe cf. ueckeri yielded four known compounds, named cytochalasins H and J and dicerandrols A and B. Reports
of acid sensitivity within the cytochalasan family, inspired an attempt of acid-mediated conversion of cytochalasins H and J resulting in the acquisition of five polycyclic cytochalasins
featuring 5/6/5/8-fused tetracyclic and 5/6/6/7/5-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Two of the obtained polycyclic cytochalasins constituted unprecedented analogues for which the trivial names cytochalasins J4 and J5 were proposed whereas the others were identified as the known phomopchalasin A, phomopchalasin D and 21-acetoxycytochalasin J3. The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive spectral analysis, namely HR-ESIMS, ESIMS and 1D/2D NMR. The stereochemistry of cytochalasins J4 and J5 was proposed using their ROESY data, biosynthetic and mechanistic considerations and by comparison of their ECD spectra with those of related congeners. All compounds except for cytochalasins H and J were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Cytochalasins J4 and J5 showed neither antimicrobial nor cytotoxic activity in the tested concentrations, with only weak antiproliferative activity
observable against KB3.1 cells. The actin disruption properties of all cytochalasins obtained in this study and of the previously reported cytochalasins RKS-1778 and phomopchalasin N were
examined, and monitored by fluorescence microscopy using human osteo-sarcoma U2-OS cells. Compared to their precursor molecuacetoxycytochalasin J3, cytochalasins J4 and J5 revealed a strongly reduced activity on the F-actin network, highlighting that the macrocyclic ring is crucial for bioactivity.
During the course of a study on the biodiversity of endophytes from Cameroon, a fungal strain was isolated. A multigene phylogenetic inference using five DNA loci revealed that this strain represents an undescribed species of Diaporthe , which is introduced here as D. breyniae . Investigation into the chemistry of this fungus led to the isolation of two previously undescribed secondary metabolites for which the trivial names fusaristatins G ( 7 ) and H ( 8 ) are proposed, together with eleven known compounds. The structures of all of the metabolites were established by using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data in combination with High-Resolution ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HR-ESIMS) data. The absolute configuration of phomopchalasin N ( 4 ), which was reported for the first time concurrently to the present publication, was determined by analysis of its Rotating frame Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY (ROESY) spectrum and by comparison of its Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectrum with that of related compounds. A selection of the isolated secondary metabolites were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and compounds 4 and 7 showed weak antifungal and antibacterial activity. On the other hand, compound 4 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against all tested cancer cell lines with IC 50 values in the range of 5.8–45.9 µM. The latter was found to be less toxic than the other isolated cytochalasins ( 1 – 3 ) and gave hints in regards to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the studied cytochalasins. Fusaristatin H ( 8 ) also exhibited weak cytotoxicity against KB3.1 cell lines with an IC 50 value of 30.3 µM.
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