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In this paper we employ dichotomous, multinomial and conditional logit models to analyze the employment-migration behavior of some 380,000 U.K. university graduates. By controlling for a range of variables related to human capital acquisition and local economic conditions, we are able to distinguish between different types of sequential migration b...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... order to identify the effects of gender, human capital, and other personal characteristics on determining the types of sequential migration behavior exhibited by individuals, we can employ a MNL model to estimate the likelihood of an individual exhibiting one of these five alternative migration types, as a function of a range of personal characteristics. The results of this estimation process are given in Tables 3 and 4. ...Similar publications
In this paper we employ dichotomous, multinomial and conditional logit models in order to analyse the employment-migration behaviour of some 300,000 UK university graduates. By controlling for a range of variables related to human-capital acquisition and local economic conditions, we are able to distinguish between different types of sequential mig...
Citations
... As urbanization continues to shape the global landscape, understanding the nuanced dynamics between female entrepreneurship, urban liveability and the technological underpinnings of smart cities becomes imperative. This convergence of economic, social and technological domains holds potential for synergistic growth, where fostering female entrepreneurship aligns with the goals of creating sustainable and inclusive urban ecosystems (Faggian et al., 2007;Nguyen, 2021;Shayan and Kim, 2023). However, to fully grasp the intricacies of this interplay, it is essential to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework that encapsulates the multifaceted dimensions of this relationship. ...
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the synergies between the economic environment and the smart living dimension embedded in the current smart city initiatives, focusing on the localization of female entrepreneurship in contemporary cities. This interaction is under-investigated and controversial as it includes cities' practices enabling users and citizens to develop their potential and build their own lives, affecting entrepreneurial and economic outcomes. Building upon the perspective of the innovation ecosystems, this study focuses on the impact of smart living dimensions and R&D investments on the localization of female entrepreneurial activities.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and a panel dataset that considers 30 Italian smart city projects for 12 years to demonstrate the relationship between smart living practices in cities and the localization of female entrepreneurship. The complementary effect of public R&D investment is also included as a driver in the “smart” city transition.
Findings
The study found that the advancement of smart living practices in cities drives the localization of female entrepreneurship. The study highlights the empirical results, the interaction over the years and a current overview through choropleth maps. The public R&D investment also affects this relationship.
Practical implications
This study advances the theoretical discussion on (1) female entrepreneurial intentions, (2) smart city advancement (as a context) and (3) smart living dimension (as a driver) and offers valuable insight for governance and policymakers.
Social implications
This study offers empirical contributions to the preliminary academic debate on enterprise development and smart city trajectories at the intersection between human-based practices and female entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
This study offers empirical contributions to the preliminary academic debate on enterprise development and smart city trajectories at the intersection between human-based practices and female entrepreneurship. The findings provide valuable insights into the localization of female entrepreneurship in the context of smart cities.
... La littérature identifie de nombreux facteurs ayant un impact sur le choix d'un lieu de résidence, tels que les opportunités de carrières et de revenus, mais également une certaine qualité de vie, des facteurs sociaux tels que la proximité des amis et de la famille, ainsi que les caractéristiques individuelles de chacun. Tous ces facteurs font l'objet d'une attention croissante dans les études sur les déterminants de la migration et d'un lieu de résidence (Florida, 2002(Florida, , 2003Faggian et al., 2007 ;Pethe et al., 2009 ;Venhorst et al., 2011 ;Sykes, 2012 ;Musterd et Gritsai, 2013 ;Sleutjes, 2014). ...
... En premier lieu, l'âge est souvent un facteur majeur. Plusieurs études montrent qu'à mesure que l'âge augmente, la tendance à la migration diminue (Faggian et al., 2007 ;Charlier et al., 2016). Il semblerait que les individus auraient la plus forte propension à migrer au début de la vingtaine, une fois diplômés et à la recherche de leur premier emploi, et que cette propension diminuerait par la suite, à cause de leur famille et de l'acceptation d'un emploi plus permanent (Venhorst et al., 2011). ...
... Alors que, dans l'esprit des gens, les hommes sont souvent supposés et imaginés plus mobiles que les femmes, certaines études démontrent que les femmes diplômées sont plus mobiles que les hommes, et plus particulièrement en termes de migrations internes. L'explication avancée est qu'elles utilisent la migration pour accéder à des opportunités d'emploi plus nombreuses et de meilleures qualités afin de compenser les discriminations fondées sur le sexe, et non pas parce qu'elles suivraient un partenaire éventuel (Faggian et al., 2007 ;Venhorst et al., 2011). ...
Les diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur étant couramment considérés comme une plus-value pour le développement d’une région, comprendre ce qui détermine leurs intentions de migration est devenu un enjeu pour de nombreux territoires. C’est le cas des régions semi-périphériques telles que Liège. Cet article examine si les étudiants de la province de Liège ont l’intention de rester dans l’Eurégion Meuse-Rhin ou non, ainsi que leur destination privilégiée. Des données d’enquête permettent d’étudier le rôle et l’importance dans l’intention de migration, des caractéristiques individuelles, des facteurs de localisation directs et indirects ainsi que des facteurs sociaux, à l’aide de statistiques descriptives et d’une régression logistique multinomiale. Il apparait que les intentions de mobilité sont principalement liées à la perception de la qualité de vie, aux perspectives de carrière et aux liens sociaux.
... On the other hand, rising urbanisation may come at the expense of rural regions. Many studies emphasise that migration is not only 'selective of the younger, better-educated, and more highly productive workers' (Greenwood, 1975, p. 415, see also Faggian et al., 2007) but also not uniform across the urban hierarchy (Corcoran et al., 2010;Stockdale, 2006). In this context, rural communities suffer from selective out-migration, especially of highly skilled young adults (Corbett, 2007), creating urban 'winner' (Costa and Kahn, 2000;Ritsilä and Ovaskainen, 2001) and rural 'loser' regions with increasing spatial disparities over time (Fratesi and Percoco, 2014;Granato et al., 2015;Iammarino and Marinelli, 2011). ...
We conduct a discrete choice experiment to investigate how the location of a firm in a rural or urban region affects the perceived job attractiveness for university students and graduates and, therewith, contributes to the rural–urban divide. We characterize the attractiveness of a location based on several dimensions (social life, public infrastructure and connectivity) and vary job design and contractual characteristics of the job. We find that job offers from companies in rural areas are generally considered less attractive, regardless of the attractiveness of the region. The negative perception is particularly pronounced among persons of urban origin and singles. In contrast, for individuals with partners and kids this preference is less pronounced. High-skilled individuals who originate from rural areas have no specific regional preference at all.
... Owing to the essential differences between these two migration types, the existing literature either focuses on the first stage of migration from domicile to university (also called student mobility) (Faggian & Franklin, 2014;Tosi et al., 2019) or the second stage of migration from university to work (Haussen & Uebelmesser, 2018;Kotavaara et al., 2018;Krabel & Flöther, 2014;Venhorst et al., 2010). Second, among the previous studies that identified the two stages of migration, most of them integrated the two stages into five migration types (Faggian et al., 2007Yue & Qiu, 2019). Few studies have recognized that the two-stage migration is not independent of each other but correlated, apart from a few exceptions, such as Ciriaci (2014), Du (2018), and Ma et al. (2017). ...
... Individual-level factors also affect the university-to-work migration of graduates. It has been verified that the migration choice of graduates is diversified by their demographic characteristics-family background, discipline, type of degree, academic performance, and work experience (Faggian et al., 2007;Tano, 2014). Focusing on gender differences, Faggian et al. (2007) discovered that UK female graduates were generally more mobile than their male counterparts. ...
... It has been verified that the migration choice of graduates is diversified by their demographic characteristics-family background, discipline, type of degree, academic performance, and work experience (Faggian et al., 2007;Tano, 2014). Focusing on gender differences, Faggian et al. (2007) discovered that UK female graduates were generally more mobile than their male counterparts. Gottlieb and Joseph (2006) indicated that science and technology graduates in the US were concentrated in places with an educated population, and Ph.D. graduates were more conscious of amenity factors than other degree holders. ...
As the core driving force of technological innovation and economic development, talent is considered a scarce resource that cities and nations compete for. Facing the pressure of transitioning to high-quality development, many Chinese cities have launched various policies to retain and attract talent since 2017. Talents are comparatively more mobile flowing between regions. Educated talents, who have attended higher education, first move from domicile to university, and then move from university to work after graduation; it is a dynamic process and should be analyzed as a continuum. However, most of the existing studies analyze these two stages separately, namely, student migration and university graduate migration. This study, using the Graduate Employment Quality Report released by 12 universities in Shanghai and questionnaires collected in Shanghai, explored the spatial patterns and driving factors of the two-stage migration of graduates employing a bivariate probit model. The results showed that graduates’ place of origin is relatively diverse and geographically determined by the quota-allocation system of China’s higher-education system, while upon graduation, the majority of them stayed in Shanghai and the surrounding provinces for employment. Path dependence is revealed between domicile-to-university migration and university-to-work migration, and both of them are significantly affected by graduates’ human capital, family background, as well as city-level attributes. Among talent policies, hukou-related policies play an important role in affecting graduates’ choice of place of employment. This study contributes to the understanding of the sequential migration of human capital in a specific institutional setting, thereby providing policy implications to optimize the allocation of talents between regions.
... Other potential pull factors include the absorptive capacity of the labour market (Gottlieb & Joseph, 2006), wage opportunities (Di Cintio & Grassi, 2013;Faggian et al., 2007), and the general prosperity of a region (Ishitani, 2011). ...
Following the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine since February 2022, Poland adopted institutional solutions and policies to facilitate the inclusion of Ukrainian refugees in the schooling system. We analyse geographical patterns and local determinants of the participation of children and young people from Ukraine in education in Poland. Applying a computer‐based geographic information system and statistical analysis to administrative data from schools and municipalities in Poland, we found that about 50% of the Ukrainian refugees at schools in Poland are of primary school age, while the rates for other age groups are significantly lower. Ukrainian refugees are more likely to attend public schools in affluent urban municipalities and places with more developed accommodation infrastructure. Clearly, the role of local resources was of key importance in the territorial distribution of refugee families in Poland during the first year of the war. Another factor that proved to be important in attracting refugees was the presence of pre‐war Ukrainian immigrants in schools. Observed patterns differ between spring and autumn 2022, which partly reflects the changes in migration to Poland and then back to Ukraine. We anticipate that much of the Ukrainian migration to Poland may outlast the current conflict. This situation creates further challenges for education in Poland—and even more so for Ukraine.
... As urbanization continues to shape the global landscape, understanding the nuanced dynamics between female entrepreneurship, urban liveability and the technological underpinnings of smart cities becomes imperative. This convergence of economic, social and technological domains holds potential for synergistic growth, where fostering female entrepreneurship aligns with the goals of creating sustainable and inclusive urban ecosystems (Faggian et al., 2007;Nguyen, 2021;Shayan and Kim, 2023). However, to fully grasp the intricacies of this interplay, it is essential to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework that encapsulates the multifaceted dimensions of this relationship. ...
The appeal of "smart" cities in the current urban trajectories has prompted cities across the globe to pursue smart city initiatives. However, in this transformation from city to smart city, a large part of the research corpus has mostly focused on technology and digital advancement in the city as a driver of this transformation, losing the intrinsic sense that cities should be human-based rather than tech-based or capital-based. In this article, we aim to investigate the relationship between the economic environment and the current smart city trajectories, focusing on the dimension of smart living. This dimension is under-investigated and controversial as it includes cities' practices that enable users and citizens to develop their potential and build their own life in a proper environment. Building on this state-of-the-art, this paper investigates the relationship between smart living practices in cities and the promotion of entrepreneurial activities focusing on female entrepreneurship, as women are identified as the most sensitive actors in the "smart living" dimension in the city. In doing this, we also include the complementary effect of public R&D investment as a driver in the "smart" city transition. Using a GMM method and a panel dataset that considers 30 Italian cities for 12 years, we demonstrate that the advancement of smart living practices in cities drives the promotion of female entrepreneurship. Furthermore, we highlight that public R&D affect this relationship. In doing so, this paper offers empirical contributions to the public and academic discourse on smart city trajectories at the interception between human-based practices and female entrepreneurship in contemporary cities.
... The issue of gender in migrations has been widely discussed, observing that throughout history, it is usually men who participate the most in migratory processes (Gulati, 1993;Hernando, 2005). However, as we will see below, this is not a monolithic reality since there are various cases in which women are as mobile as men in migratory contexts (Faggian, 2007;Kifeyesus, 2012). ...
... The result is a self-reinforcing process that leads to greater regional employment and skill disparities. The reasons for this seem extremely varied; findings vary but still suggest a general link between educational attainment, wages and settlement choice [102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109]. ...
Smart cities have been heralded as new powerhouses of economic growth and their capacity to fill this promise strongly depends on how attractive they are to highly skilled people. In fact, talented professionals can be regarded as their precondition and the fuel of innovation. In this article, we try to articulate how outstanding smart cities have managed to consolidate and retain a highly skilled graduate workforce. To this end, we analyse recent institutional developments in the cities with smart ambitions that achieve the highest smartness scores and compare them to parallel developments in those that obtain the lowest scores or no score across four countries: Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Poland. Taking from theories of economics of agglomeration and urban economics, and following a careful review of the relevant literature, we first highlight reasons that draw highly skilled workers to a smart city before identifying the cities which have proven most able to capitalise on them. In line with existing theories, this article finds that cities which enjoy greater administrative autonomy tend to successfully use this leeway to implement pro-growth policies and amplify them via a regulatory setting that itself encourages business development. Hence, our conclusion provides recommendations towards a pathway of reforms for smart cities willing to authorise more comprehensive policies in order to boost their attractiveness as locations of employment and reach their stated objectives.
... This is of paramount importance because contributions on female migration are still rather scarce (e.g. Faggian et al., 2007) and results are mixed. ...
Survival and growth-oriented entrepreneurs follow qualitatively different logics. In this chapter we retrace the scattered previous theorization of this distinction and present a consolidated set of key characteristics of the two types of enterprises, enriched by our own observations in the field. Our main purpose is to typify the different rationalities of the two groups of entrepreneurs. Secondly, we argue that because most existing interventions are based on the implicit assumption that all entrepreneurs are growth-oriented, they often fail to address the specific needs of survivalists. Finally, we outline an intervention rationale more attuned to the logic of survival entrepreneurs.
... Cohesion policy may be hampered by human capital migration. People make decisions to move based on better job opportunities (Haapanen & Tervo, 2012), higher wages (Di Cintio & Grassi, 2013;Faggian et al., 2007), culture (Kontuly & Smith, 1995), etc. Human capital migration favors metropolitan areas, often leading to a brain drain of people from economically weaker regions (Hoare & Corver, 2010). This is a challenge for cohesion policy and what course of intervention to use to make development more sustainable. ...
... The assessment of the impact of the EU Operational Programs Human Capital and Innovative Economy operating in 2007, and the Knowledge, Education, Development (2014-2020 as well as the earlier sectoral programs (e.g., Integrated Regional Operational Program, IROP) from 2004 to 2006, was based on the concept of functional data. In the testing, it was assumed that the level of human capital development and innovation potential was a derivative of the previously selected partial variables. ...
Unlabelled:
The European Union and the whole world are facing the problem of increasing income and wealth inequalities at the country and regional levels. Inequalities are a severe obstacle to sustainable and balanced growth. Politicians perceive this problem by trying to implement different types of development models. The cohesion policy is the European Union's response to the development differences between countries and regions. It is clearly defined that development has to be sustainable and inclusive, which is reflected in the objectives of all leading EU development strategies. The aim of this paper is (1) to examine how effective the EU cohesion policy is in reducing regional disparities (2) to assess that the main cause of regional disparities is the misallocation of human capital. The authors base their study on the regions of Poland, estimating the state of their human capital and innovation between 2004 and 2018. We examine the effectiveness of cohesion policy using functional data analysis-the Wilcoxon test, which was used for the first time for this type of issue. The current question is whether to help metropolises and large cities, which will entail the development of smaller units, or whether to try to increase the rate of development of smaller and economically weaker territorial units in the first place.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-022-03048-8.
