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Background
Influenza-like illnesses (ILI), a subset of acute respiratory infections (ARI), are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. ILI can be caused by numerous pathogens, however; there is limited information on the etiology and epidemiology of ILI in China.
Methods
We performed a one-year surveillance study (2010) of viral...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... available kits (Huayin Biology Company, China) were used to identify sFluA, sFluB, and H1N1pdm09. The oligo- nucleotide sequences [50][51][52] used to detect RSV, PIV, ADV, and HMPV are displayed in Table 4. The reactions were set up in a total volume of 25 μl containing 5 μl of genomic RNA or DNA template and 20 μl of universal master mix (TAKARA one-step PCR kit (AML)). ...
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Citations
... Children infected with these pathogens exhibited overlapping symptoms, rendering unreliable clinical diagnoses and prolonging the length of hospital stay during the COVID-19 pandemic. [11][12][13] Despite the high burden of ARTIs in children, epidemiological data in southeastern China during the COVID-19 pandemic is STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY ⇒ By examining multiple factors and outcomes, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in southeastern China. ⇒ The collected data and results were verified by two paediatricians. ...
Objective
Children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) pose significantly burden on healthcare facilities due to high hospitalisation rates and mortality. However, limited epidemiological and clinical characteristics data on ARTIs in southeastern China during the COVID-19 pandemic exists.
Design
Cross-sectional.
Setting
Tertiary hospital associated with the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China.
Participants
1007 hospitalised children diagnosed with ARTIs, aged 30 days to 15 years, were enrolled in this study from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021.
Outcome measure
The primary outcomes are the rate of pathogen infections in children with ARTIs. Secondary outcomes are the description of risk factors associated with ARTIs in children.
Results
Of the 1007 enrolled children, 28.2%, 42.2%, 21.8% and 7.7% were diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis and pneumonia, respectively. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) was the most prevalent pathogen (31.9%), followed by influenza B virus (IFVB; 29.1%) and influenza A virus (IFVA; 19.1%). The study found that children under 1 year old (older than 30 days: OR IFVB =12.50; OR MP =8.53), children aged 1–3 years (OR MP =1.62), the winter season (OR IFVA =1.36), the time from symptoms onset to hospitalisation (OR MP =1.10) and increased precipitation (OR LP =1.01) were high-risk factors for ARTIs.
Conclusion
This investigation offers significant insights into the prevalence and distribution of common pathogens among children experiencing ARTIs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The discernment of high-risk factors linked to these pathogens enhances our understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of ARTIs in children.
... Second, adolescents aged 5-14 years congregate in schools, facilitating the spread of respiratory infections. Patients with ILI ≥60 years usually have underlying diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, or chronic bronchitis [20], and only seek medical attention when these primary diseases worsen; this group of patients might self-administer medications, which might account for the lower number of ILI cases among the elderly. Additionally, influenza epidemics tend to be seasonal and occur in winter and spring in Northern China [21], where dry and cold conditions are more suitable for IFV survival and transmission. ...
To determine the epidemiological status of influenza and understand the distribution of common respiratory viruses in adult patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China, epidemiological data between 2018 and 2019 were retrieved from the China Influenza Surveillance Information System, and two sentinel ILI surveillance hospitals were selected for sample collection. All specimens were screened for influenza virus (IFV) and the other 14 common respiratory viruses using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results of the 2-year ILI surveillance showed that 26,205 (1.37%) of the 1,907,869 outpatients and emergency patients presented with ILI, with an average annual incidence of 297.75 per 100,000 individuals, and ILI cases were predominant in children <15 years (21,348 patients, 81.47%). Of the 2713 specimens collected from adult patients with ILI, the overall detection rate of respiratory viruses was 20.13%, with IFV being the most frequently detected (11.79%) and at a relatively lower rate than other respiratory viruses. Further subtype analysis indicated an alternating or mixed prevalence of H1N1 (2009), H3N2, Victoria, and Yamagata subtypes. This study provides a baseline epidemiological characterization of ILI and highlights the need for a nationwide detection and surveillance system for multiple respiratory pathogens.
... By contrast, in tropical and subtropical regions, influenza is prevalent throughout the year. Some studies indicated that high ambient temperature contributes to influenza activity and influenza peaks in tropical and subtropical regions (Dai et al., 2018;Li et al., 2013), while other studies showed that influenza activity was associated with humidity (Chan et al., 2009;Emukule et al., 2016;Thai et al., 2015) and high local precipitation (Emukule et al., 2016;Shek and Lee, 2003;. Another study has also suggested that precipitation was the best predictor of seasonal influenza peaks (Tamerius et al., 2013). ...
Background:
Numerous studies have suggested that meteorological conditions such as temperature and absolute humidity are highly indicative of influenza outbreaks. However, the explanatory power of meteorological factors on the seasonal influenza peaks varied widely between countries at different latitudes.
Objectives:
We aimed to explore the modification effects of meteorological factors on the seasonal influenza peaks in multi-countries.
Methods:
Data on influenza positive rate (IPR) were collected across 57 countries and data on meteorological factors were collected from ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5). We used linear regression and generalized additive models to investigate the spatiotemporal associations between meteorological conditions and influenza peaks in cold and warm seasons.
Results:
Influenza peaks were significantly correlated with months with both lower and higher temperatures. In temperate countries, the average intensity of cold season peaks was stronger than that of warm season peaks. However, the average intensity of warm season peaks was stronfger than of cold season peaks in tropical countries. Temperature and specific humidity had synergistic effects on influenza peaks at different latitudes, stronger in temperate countries (cold season: R2=0.90; warm season: R2=0.84) and weaker in tropical countries (cold season: R2=0.64; warm season: R2=0.03). Furthermore, the effects could be divided into cold-dry and warm-humid modes. The temperature transition threshold between the two modes was 16.5-19.5 °C. During the transition from cold-dry mode to warm-humid mode, the average 2 m specific humidity increased by 2.15 times, illustrating that transporting a large amount of water vapor may compensate for the negative effect of rising temperatures on the spread of the influenza virus.
Conclusion:
Differences in the global influenza peaks were related to the synergistic influence of temperature and specific humidity. The global influenza peaks could be divided into cold-dry and warm-humid modes, and specific thresholds of meteorological conditions were needed for the transition of the two modes.
... Annual records show that each year, about 4.5 million children, most of them in developing countries, die from SARS [2]. The pediatric population is indeed the part of the population most affected by SARS worldwide, with approximately 1.9 million deaths per year, 70% of them occurring in developing countries and 30% resulting from infection [3][4][5][6][7]. Within the same population, newborns are at the greatest risk of death due to respiratory infections [8,9]. ...
An infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 greatly affects the pediatric population and is 3 times more prevalent in newborns than in the general population. In newborns, the overexpression of immunological molecules may also induce a so-called cytokine storm. In our study, we evaluated the expression of cytokines in newborns admitted to a neonatal ICU whose mothers had SARS-CoV-2 and symptoms of SARS. The blood of newborns of infected and healthy mothers was collected to identify their Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles, and via flow cytometry, the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 were identified. Overexpression was observed in the Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles of newborns from infected mothers compared with the control group. Statistical analysis also revealed significant differences between the cellular and humoral responses of the infected group versus the control group. The cellular versus humoral responses of the newborns of infected mothers were also compared, which revealed the prevalence of the cellular immune response. These data demonstrate that some cytokines identified relate to more severe symptoms and even some comorbidities. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 may especially be related to cytokine storms in neonates of mothers with COVID-19.
... Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) affect individuals at an early stage (within seven days), with fever symptoms (≥38°C), cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing and require hospitalization. Children are very affected by SARI around the world, generating about 1.9 million deaths per year, 70% of these deaths occur in developing countries, and 30% of child deaths are due to this infection [2][3][4][5][6]. ...
Viruses are the main pathogens that cause SARI, and children are much affected around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the frequency of SARI and SARS cases caused by seasonal viruses in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Although clinical studies have been conducted to assess the contribution of different viruses to ILI (Li et al., 2013;Galindo-Fraga et al., 2013;Gilca et al., 2014;Bollaerts et al., 2013;Sansone et al., 2019;Rudge et al., 2019), the reliance on syndromic diagnostics and the consequent impact on identification of novel threats has not been assessed until recently (Pei and Shaman, 2020). Thus, there are no tailored discriminatory diagnostics for use at the point of care, to evaluate pathogens that impact 9-49 million people every year in the United States alone (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2020). ...
The many respiratory viruses that cause influenza-like illness (ILI) are reported and tracked as one entity, defined by the CDC as a group of symptoms that include a fever of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, a cough, and/or a sore throat. In the United States alone, ILI impacts 9-49 million people every year. While tracking ILI assingle clinical syndrome is informative in many respects, the underlying viruses differ in parameters and outbreak properties. Most existing models treat either a single respiratory virus or ILI as a whole. However, there is a need for models capable of comparing several individual viruses that cause respiratory illness, including ILI. To address this need, here we present a flexible model and simulations of epidemics for influenza, RSV, rhinovirus, seasonal coronavirus, adenovirus, and SARS/MERS, parameterized by a systematic literature review and accompanied by a global sensitivity analysis. We find that for these biological causes of ILI, their parameter values, timing, prevalence, and proportional contributions differ substantially. These results demonstrate that distinguishing the viruses that cause ILI will be an important aspect of future work on diagnostics, mitigation, modeling, and preparation for future pandemics.
... Many respiratory viruses have seasonal distributions. 20,21 Therefore, it is not clear how a virus is present during a non-epidemic season. The long-term detection of the RV in asymptomatic adults seems to indicate that such persons are carriers of the respiratory virus. ...
... Moreover, Rhinovirus infection has also been associated with lower respiratory tract disease, asthma exacerbations and fatal pneumonia [33][34][35] . On the other hand, the spectrum of diseases in this study could be also explained by the commonly isolated viruses; Influenza viruses, RSV, Parainfluenza viruses and Adenoviruses which are the common viruses responsible for most of the upper respiratory diseases as previously reported 36,37 . ...
Upper-respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the leading causes of childhood morbidities. This study investigated etiologies and patterns of URTI among children in Mwanza, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involving 339 children was conducted between October-2017 and February-2018. Children with features suggestive of URTI such as nasal congestion, dry cough, painful swallowing and nasal discharge with/without fever were enrolled. Pathogens were detected from nasopharyngeal and ear-swabs by multiplex-PCR and culture respectively. Full blood count and C-reactive protein analysis were also done. The median age was 16 (IQR: 8–34) months. Majority (82.3%) had fever and nasal-congestion (65.5%). Rhinitis (55.9%) was the commonest diagnosis followed by pharyngitis (19.5%). Viruses were isolated in 46% of children, the commonest being Rhinoviruses (23.9%). Nineteen percent of children had more than 2 viruses; Rhinovirus and Enterovirus being the commonest combination. The commonest bacteria isolated from ears were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Children with viral pathogens had significantly right shift of lymphocytes (73%—sensitivity). Majority (257/339) of children were symptoms free on eighth day. Viruses are the commonest cause of URTI with Rhinitis being the common diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic assays for URTI pathogens are urgently needed in low-income countries to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions which is associated with antibiotic resistance.
... activities of all six pathogens. Reporting on the proportion of ILI attributable to different respiratory pathogens has large variations depending on cohort and study location [48][49][50][51][52]. For reference, please see Table 1 in Reis & Shaman [21]. ...
Influenza-like illness (ILI) is a commonly measured syndromic signal representative of a range of acute respiratory infections. Reliable forecasts of ILI can support better preparation for patient surges in healthcare systems. Although ILI is an amalgamation of multiple pathogens with variable seasonal phasing and attack rates, most existing process-based forecasting systems treat ILI as a single infectious agent. Here, using ILI records and virologic surveillance data, we show that ILI signal can be disaggregated into distinct viral components. We generate separate predictions for six contributing pathogens (influenza A/H1, A/H3, B, respiratory syncytial virus, and human parainfluenza virus types 1–2 and 3), and develop a method to forecast ILI by aggregating these predictions. The relative contribution of each pathogen to the total ILI signal is estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method upon forecast aggregation. We find highly variable overall contributions from influenza type A viruses across seasons, but relatively stable contributions for the other pathogens. Using historical data from 1997 to 2014 at US national and regional levels, the proposed forecasting system generates improved predictions of both seasonal and near-term targets relative to a baseline method that simulates ILI as a single pathogen. The hierarchical forecasting system can generate predictions for each viral component, as well as infer and predict their contributions to ILI, which may additionally help physicians determine the etiological causes of ILI in clinical settings.
... The serious complications of ILI present as the greatest risk to the individuals with compromised immune system. 3,4 As per the recommendations of World Health Organization, the revised case definition (2011) of ILI is an acute respiratory illness with onset being within past 10 days presenting with measured temperature of ! 38°C along with cough. ...
Abstract
Introduction In view of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the rise in cases of influenza-like illness (ILI), there is urgent need of developing and scientifically establishing treatment strategies. Homoeopathy has been used effectively in various pandemics for a long-time showing potential of combating such outbreaks effectively. This study aims at evaluating the methodological quality of the clinical trials conducted with a motive of assessing the efficacy of homoeopathy in management of ILI.
Methods The randomised clinical research manuscripts from various databases were included for the systematic review. In this study, the Jadad scale was applied as an assessment tool with the criteria of randomisation, blinding and withdrawals to evaluate the methodological quality of the selected randomised controlled trials.
Results The seven randomised controlled trials fulfilling the inclusion criteria evaluated on Jadad scale lay between the ranges of 2 to 5 with a mean score of 3.71 implicating the efficacy of homoeopathy in ILI. Six studies showed significant role of homoeopathy in the faster recovery of ILI symptoms. One trial, however, reported no noticeable difference in intergroup (treatment and placebo group) improvement but distinct intragroup comparison was observed.
Conclusion It was concluded from this systematic review that homoeopathy has significant role in faster recovery of ILI symptoms in comparison to placebo group, and it can be employed as a potential treatment strategy in the recurrent pandemics of ILI and the currently prevailing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. It is suggested that more clinical trials with standard methodology should be conducted in this regard.
