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The genus Eucalyptus is host to numerous species of Mycosphaerella, several of which are only known as anamorphs, and for which no Mycosphaerella state is known. In this study new Mycosphaerella teleomorph states are described for Nothostrasseria dendritica and Trimmatostroma excentrica. Two new hyphomycete genera are introduced. Of these, Cibiessi...
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Extensive blighting associated with root rot was seen in a 0.5-ha field of flowering corn (Zea mays inbred line ‘Tx714B’) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Weslaco, TX (Hidalgo County) in October of 2006. All plants were affected and most of the leaves of each plant were dead. Plants subsequently failed to produce any seed. Primary an...
Citations
... Sexual morph: unknown. Notes: Endophytium is morphologically similar to other meristematic-like fungi, such as Phaeotheca, Phaeosclera, Sarcinomyces (Sigler et al. 1981), Phaeothecoidea (Crous et al. 2007), Endosporium (Tsuneda et al. 2008) and Gobabebomyces (Crous et al. 2020). Endophytium differs from Phaeosclera by the production of bulbil-like masses of sclerotic cells by conversion of short strands of hyphae (Sigler et al. 1981), from Endosporium, which can be differentiated by the production of aerial and determinate hyphae on the surface of colonies and conidiogenous cellular clumps (Tsuneda et al. 2008) and from Gobabebomyces by the production of pycnidial conidiomata, phialidic conidiogenous cells and aseptate conidia, ellipsoid, thickwalled with obtuse ends and medium brown (Crous et al. 2020). ...
... Phylogenetically, Endophytium is also related to Lembosiniella, although easily differentiated morphologically by the production of ascomata ). In addition, Endophytium has morphological similarities to Phaeotheca that produce mother cells containing one to several endoconidia and no growth at 25 °C (Crous et al. 2007), but they are not phylogenetically related (Capnodiales, Phaeothecaceae). Sarcinomyces (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) which present blastic conidia from multicellular sclerotic bodies (Sigler et al. 1981) and Phaeothecoidea (Mycosphaerellales, Mychosphaerellaceae) differs from Endophytium by not producing blastic conidia and mainly having brown and thick-walled endoconidia (Crous et al. 2007). ...
... In addition, Endophytium has morphological similarities to Phaeotheca that produce mother cells containing one to several endoconidia and no growth at 25 °C (Crous et al. 2007), but they are not phylogenetically related (Capnodiales, Phaeothecaceae). Sarcinomyces (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) which present blastic conidia from multicellular sclerotic bodies (Sigler et al. 1981) and Phaeothecoidea (Mycosphaerellales, Mychosphaerellaceae) differs from Endophytium by not producing blastic conidia and mainly having brown and thick-walled endoconidia (Crous et al. 2007). Our phylogenetic analyses support the introduction of the new genus (Endophytium) with two new species (E. ...
Meristematic fungi are mainly defined as having aggregates of thick-walled, melanised cells enlarging and reproducing by isodiametric division. Dothideomycetes black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi have been allied to Myriangiales, which currently has two accepted families, Myriangiaceae and Elsinoaceae, with fungi mainly regarded as pathogens, parasites, saprobes and epiphytes of different plant species. This study aimed to verify the phylogenetic position using four nuclear markers (SSU, LSU, ITS and RPB2) of the incertae sedis genera associated with Myriangiales, namely Endosporium, Gobabebomyces, Lembosiniella and Phaeosclera, and the new genus, Endophytium gen. nov. (including E. albocacti sp. nov. and E. cacti sp. nov.), established for endophytic fungi occurring in cacti in Brazil. Based on morphology, lifestyle and phylogenetic inferences, these black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi cannot be accommodated in Myriangiales. Combining these results, three new orders and two new families are introduced: Endophytiales ord. nov. (including Endophytiaceae fam. nov. for Endophytium gen. nov.), Endosporiales ord. nov. (including Endosporiaceae for Endosporium) and Phaeosclerales ord. nov. (including Phaeoscleraceae fam. nov. for Phaeosclera). Gobabebomyces and Lembosiniella remained incertae sedis due to their disposition in the phylogenetic tree, that moved among clades accordingly with the gene analysed. Our results show that the inclusion of endophytic fungi obtained from plants in dry forests can contribute to the discovery of new taxa, clarify the phylogenetic position of allied taxa and confer information to the estimation of national and global fungal diversity.
... The members of this family are known to inhabit harsh environments; for instance, Acidiella was found in highly acidic soil with a pH below 3 in Europe, Teratosphaeria microspora has been discovered in indoor dust (Hujslová et al. 2013), and some isolations were reported as rock-inhabiting fungi (Ruibal et al. 2008). The monotypic genus Queenslandipenidiella, initially considered part of Penidiella due to their overlapping morphology, including penicillate conidiophores and brown conidia with inconspicuous hila (Crous et al. 2007b), was later established as an independent genus within Teratosphaeriaceae by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). This taxonomic revision was based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, with Queenslandipenidiella designated as a monotypic genus and Q. kurandae recognised as the type species (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). ...
... Queenslandipenidiella was introduced by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) for Penidiella kurandae (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Penidiella kurandae was synonymised under Queenslandipenidiella based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses (Crous, Braun et al. 2007a;Crous, Summerell et al. 2007b;Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Queenslandipenidiella includes only one accepted species, Q. kurandae (=Penidiella kurandae). ...
... Queenslandipenidiella includes only one accepted species, Q. kurandae (=Penidiella kurandae). Based on the asexual morphology, our new species, Q. lingcangensis matches the morphological features of the type species Q. kurandae, having forming raised, brown, septate, and branched conidiophores and producing hyaline to brown, thick-walled, one-cell conidia (Crous, Summerell et al. 2007b;Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). However, Q. lingcangensis can be distinguished from Q. kurandae by morphological characteristics (conidiophores) and molecular phylogeny. ...
... In the laboratory, Eucalyptus leaves with leaf spot symptoms were examined under a light microscope with an adhesive tape preparation, where the conidia characteristic of Stigmina were visualized ( Fig. 1B-C). The isolate was identified as S. eucalypti (Fig. 1D) according to Crous et al. (2007Crous et al. ( , 2019. The conidia were transferred to a microscopy slide containing 100 μL of sterilized deionized water using a histological needle. ...
In recent years, forestry companies have increasingly invested in research focused on hybrids resulting from the species crossing from genus Corymbia, because they present desirable wood quality for energy purposes while presenting high rusticity and high resistance to pests and diseases. In December 2019, leaf spots were observed in mini-stumps of the hybrid Corymbia torelliana × C. citriodora established in a clonal mini-garden in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. After morphological and molecular analyses, it was found that leaf spots were caused by Stigmina eucalypti Alcorn and Sulcosporium thailandicum Phook. & K.D. Hyde. Thus, this work reports the first occurrence of S. eucalypti and S. thailandica causing leaf spots in C. torelliana × C. citriodora in Brazil, as well as being the first record of disease associated with this hybrid in clonal mini-garden in Brazil. These findings are likely to have great importance for promoting Corymbia torelliana × C. citriodora forestation in Brazil.
... However, Mycosphaerella was dominant in non-bagging group at the beginning of the storage period which was significantly different from the bagging group. Mycosphaerella is widely distributed on trees, herbaceous plants, and cultivated crops such as saprophytes, plant pathogens, or endophytes [25][26][27][28]. It has been reported Mycosphaerella can cause leaf diseases such as leaf spot, leaf litter, and branch blight [29][30][31][32]. ...
Background
Fruit bagging is an effective technique for fruit protection in the orchard management. Bagging can create a micro-environment for fruit growth and affect fruit quality during storage, in which the diversity of microorganisms may play an important role. Therefore, various methods including biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and bioinformatics methods were used to reveal the influences of fruit bagging on postharvest fruit quality, physiological characters, decay and surface fungal community of ‘Yali’ pear fruit were investigated in this study.
Results
Fruit bagging significantly decreased the postharvest decay after 15 days of ambient storage. There were no significant differences in fruit firmness, titratable acid and ethylene production rate between the fruit-bagging and non-bagging group after 15 days of storage, while the soluble solids contents (SSC) and respiration rate in non-bagging fruit was significantly higher than that in fruit-bagging after 15 days of storage. Furthermore, the surface microbes of pear were collected and determined by the new generation sequencing technology. The alpha diversity of fungi in non-bagging fruit decreased significantly after 15 days of storage, while there were no significant changes in bagging fruit. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the two major phyla detected in the bagging fruit, and the dominant fungal genera were Alternaria (23.7%), Mycosphaerella (17.25%), Vishniacozyma (16.14%), and Aureobasidium (10.51%) after 15 days of storage. For the non-bagging pear, Ascomycota was the only phylum detected, and the dominant genera was Pichia (83.32%) after 15 days of storage. The abundance of Pichia may be regarded as the biomarker to indicate the degree of fruit decay.
Conclusions
This study showed that fruit bagging could significantly reduce postharvest fruit decay and respiration rate of ‘Yali’ pear. Significant differences were found in fungal composition between bagging and non-bagging pear after storage for 0 or 15 days. Fruit bagging maintained the diversity of fungi on the fruit surface, increased the abundance of non-pathogenic fungi, and even antagonistic fungi such as Aureobasidium , Vishniacozyma , and Mycosphaerella . A reduction in the abundance of pathogenic fungi and incidence of postharvest decay during the storage of ‘Yali’ pear were also recorded. In conclusion, fruit-bagging changed the fungal diversity on fruit surface of ‘Yali’ pear, which had significant effect on reducing postharvest fruit decay, and thus prolong the storage period of ‘Yali’ pears. The future thrust of this study will focus on the isolation of fungi or bacteria from pear fruit surface and identify their roles in causing fruit decay and changing fruit quality during storage.
... For example, dichomera-like asexual morphs in cultures of Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum (as Fusicoccum) were reported by Barber et al. [33]. In a second example, Cibiessia was introduced by Crous et al. [34] with a Readeriella synasexual morph in vivo. Later, Crous et al. [35] proposed to adopt Readeriella over Cibiessia, as this link was well established based on the cultures. ...
Culture techniques are vital in both traditional and modern fungal taxonomy. Establishing sexual–asexual links and synanamorphs, extracting DNA and secondary metabolites are mainly based on cultures. However, it is widely accepted that a large number of species are not sporulating in nature while others cannot be cultured. Recent ecological studies based on culture-independent methods revealed these unculturable taxa, i.e., dark taxa. Recent fungal diversity estimation studies suggested that environmental sequencing plays a vital role in discovering missing species. However, Sanger sequencing is still the main approach in determining DNA sequences in culturable species. In this paper, we summarize culture-based and culture-independent methods in the study of ascomycetous taxa. High-throughput sequencing of leaf endophytes, leaf litter fungi and fungi in aquatic environments is important to determine dark taxa. Nevertheless, currently, naming dark taxa is not recognized by the ICN, thus provisional naming of them is essential as suggested by several studies.
... Saprobic Dothideomycetes are frequently reported from woody debris, decaying leaves or dung, or in more extreme environments (Pem et al. 2018(Pem et al. , 2019aSenwanna et al. 2019;Doilom et al. 2017;Huang et al. 2018;Jayasiri et al. 2019;Hyde et al. 2020;Huanraluek et al. 2020). Many Dothideomycetes occur as pathogens or parasites causing diseases to their hosts (Hofmann and Piepenbring 2014;Crous et al. 2007;Wikee et al. 2011Wikee et al. , 2013Manamgoda et al. 2012a;Hyde et al. 2018;Jayawardena et al. 2019). ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... Most of the included species are biotrophic and encompass numerous economically important plant pathogens worldwide . The phylogeny and taxonomy of cercosporoid fungi is complex, challenging, and far from being completely examined (Baker et al. 2000, Crous & Braun 2003, Crous et al. 2007, 2009a, Videira et al. 2017, to name but a few). Maublanc (1913) introduced Asperisporium with A. caricae (≡ Cercospora caricae) as type species for a foliicolous, leafspotting hyphomycete on papaya, characterised by forming well-developed stromata giving rise to densely fasciculate, cicatrised conidiophores which produce verruculose ameroto phragmosporous conidia singly. ...
The leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata caused by an asperisporium-like asexual morph, which is usually referred to as Asperisporium pongamiae , is quite common during monsoon seasons in India. Phylogenetic analyses, based on LSU and rpb2 sequence data, and blast searches using ITS sequence data, revealed that this ascomycete forms a lineage within Mycosphaerellaceae distant from all other generic lineages. Pedrocrousiella gen. nov. , with P. pongamiae comb. nov. , based on Fusicladium pongamiae (≡ A. pongamiae ), as type species is introduced for this lineage. This species has been considered the asexual morph of Mycosphaerella pongamiae (≡ Stigmatea pongamiae ). However, this connection is unproven and was just based on the occasional association of the two taxa in some collections. Several attempts to induce the formation of a sexual morph in culture failed, therefore the putative connection between these morphs could not be confirmed. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae is reduced to synonymy with P. pongamiae . Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae was introduced because of the wrong assumption that F. pongamiae had been described on another host, Pongamia globosa . But Fusicladium pongamiae was actually described in India on Pongamia glabra , which is a synonym of P. pinnata , and hence on the same host as Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae . Pedrocrousiella pongamiae clusters in a clade containing Distocercospora , Clypeosphaerella , and “ Pseudocercospora ” nephrolepidicola , a species which is not congeneric with Pseudocercospora . Phylogenetically, Pedrocrousiella is distant from the Asperisporium s. str. clade (type species A. caricae ), which is more closely related to Amycosphaerella , Pseudocercosporella , Distomycovellosiella and Nothopassalora .
... The final tree with maximum likelihood bootstrap values is shown in Supplemental Figure S13. The final analysis placed AK1128 with certainty within the genus Teratosphaeria (Teratosphaeriaceae), likely in affiliation with T. associata (known from Eucalyptus [31] and Protea [30] from Australia). Given the distinctive geographical origin and host of AK1128, and the sister relationship of AK1128 to known strains of T. associata (Supplemental Figure S13), we designate the strain as Teratosphaeria sp. ...
Bioassay-guided fractionation of a cytotoxic extract derived from a solid potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture of Teratosphaeria sp. AK1128, a fungal endophyte of Equisetum arvense, afforded three new naphtho-γ-pyrone dimers, teratopyrones A–C (1–3), together with five known naphtho-γ-pyrones, aurasperone B (4), aurasperone C (5), aurasperone F (6), nigerasperone A (7), and fonsecin B (8), and two known diketopiperazines, asperazine (9) and isorugulosuvine (10). The structures of 1–3 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that nigerasperone A (7) was moderately active against the cancer cell lines PC-3M (human metastatic prostate cancer), NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer), SF-268 (human CNS glioma), and MCF-7 (human breast cancer), with IC50s ranging from 2.37 to 4.12 μM while other metabolites exhibited no cytotoxic activity up to a concentration of 5.0 μM.
... Although multiple gene regions were sequenced for selected isolates, none were sufficient to satisfactorily identify, e.g., species in the Botryosphaeriaceae or Calonectria at a species level. This is the first study to report Pseudoteratosphaeria and Pallidocercospora from eucalypts in Paraguay, although species in these genera have previously been observed on eucalypts in other countries in South America [46,47]. Similarly, stem canker in eucalypts related to species belonging to the genera Botryosphaeria [48] and Chrysoporthe [49] recorded in this study are common to South American eucalypt plantations. ...
Background and objectives: The global forest economy is threatened by eucalypt pathogens which are often latent or cryptic species that escape common quarantine and detection methods. Plantation forestry using eucalypts is of considerable importance to Paraguay, but knowledge regarding the pests and diseases affecting these plantations is limited. This study identified fungal diseases present in these plantations. Materials and Methods: We surveyed eucalypt plantations in four provinces in Paraguay and collected material from diseased trees for identification of the causal agents. The samples were analyzed using a combination of morphological and molecular methods. Results: Diseases encountered included Botryosphaeria stem canker, Calonectria leaf blight, Chrysoporthe stem canker, myrtle/eucalypt rust, Coniella leaf spot, heartwood rot and Teratosphaeria stem canker. Contrary to expectations, the causal agent of Teratosphaeria stem canker was identified as Teratosphaeria zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous and not Teratosphaeria gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous, that is commonly documented for the South American region. Conclusions: This study updates the knowledge on forest fungal pathogens in Paraguayan eucalypt plantations and is the first report of T. zuluensis in Paraguay and in South America.
... & Crous, Persoonia 33: 25 (2014 Notes -Austroafricana resembles Teratosphaeria, but is phylogenetically distinct (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). See description and illustration in Crous et al. (2007d) and Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). Notes -Publications by Sutton & Pascoe (1989), Taylor et al. (1999), Van Wyk et al. (1985) and Crous et al. (2008) re-visited the genus. ...
... The genus comprises three species. See description and illustration in Sutton & Ganapathi (1978), Crous et al. (2007d), and Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). ...
... However,Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that Phaeothecoidea resides in Teratosphaeriaceae. See description and illustration inCrous et al. (2007d);Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). ...
