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Source publication
Timing points used in running races and other competition events are generally based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. Athletes’ times are calculated via passive RFID tags and reader kits. Specifically, the reader infrastructure needed is complex and requires the deployment of a mat or ramps which hide the receiver antennae under...
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Context 1
... consumption when the device is not transmitting is so low that it can be neglected, so the main energy consumption depends on the number of transmissions done and their duration, i.e., the advertising interval and the packet size. We have tested the consumption of the devices at the laboratory taking into account these parameters and the results obtained are shown in Table 2. For example, with a CR-2032 lithium battery which has a 210 mAh capacity, the sensor battery life would be over 10,000 h of use. ...
Context 2
... consumption when the device is not transmitting is so low that it can be neglected, so the main energy consumption depends on the number of transmissions done and their duration, i.e., the advertising interval and the packet size. We have tested the consumption of the devices at the laboratory taking into account these parameters and the results obtained are shown in Table 2. For example, with a CR-2032 lithium battery which has a 210 mAh capacity, the sensor battery life would be over 10,000 h of use. ...
Citations
... Given the resources available to the study, as well as the ethical and logistical complications of using camera-based systems in multiple public clinics, an approach based on waiting time surveys was used. As described below, unique barcodes and hand-held barcode scanners were used instead of radio-frequency identification tags [37][38][39] or a paper-based system [30]. ...
Transmission of respiratory pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is more likely during close, prolonged contact and when sharing a poorly ventilated space. Reducing overcrowding of health facilities is a recognised infection prevention and control (IPC) strategy; reliable estimates of waiting times and ‘patient flow’ would help guide implementation. As part of the Umoya omuhle study, we aimed to estimate clinic visit duration, time spent indoors versus outdoors, and occupancy density of waiting rooms in clinics in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Western Cape (WC), South Africa. We used unique barcodes to track attendees’ movements in 11 clinics, multiple imputation to estimate missing arrival and departure times, and mixed-effects linear regression to examine associations with visit duration. 2,903 attendees were included. Median visit duration was 2 hours 36 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 01:36–3:43). Longer mean visit times were associated with being female (13.5 minutes longer than males; p
... While the results of the systematic review show excellent applicability of the model, it is evident it cannot be applied to all types of systems in the sports domain. For example, two systems [74,75], collecting and aggregating data for several athletes at the same time, were identified that cannot be modelled using DMC. The study by Figueira et al. cannot be modelled directly, as in this system, a single sensor collects data for all athletes at the same time [74]. ...
... The study by Figueira et al. cannot be modelled directly, as in this system, a single sensor collects data for all athletes at the same time [74]. For a similar reason, the study by Perez-Diaz-de-Cerio et al. also cannot be realised within DMC since, in this investigation, sensor nodes collect data about several athletes at the same time [75]. ...
... This would allow the modelling of studies such as [74] using DMC. Furthermore, this would also allow the modelling of [75] when no restrictions on the number of clients acting on behalf of/for an athlete exist. However, such relaxations of the model would potentially increase the software components used for (a) provisioning concurrent feedback and (b) user interfaces on the mobile client. ...
In sports feedback systems, digital systems perform tasks such as capturing, analysing and representing data. These systems not only aim to provide athletes and coaches with insights into performances but also help athletes learn new tasks and control movements, for example, to prevent injuries. However, designing mobile feedback systems requires a high level of expertise from researchers and practitioners in many areas. As a solution to this problem, we present Direct Mobile Coaching (DMC) as a design paradigm and model for mobile feedback systems. Besides components for feedback provisioning, the model consists of components for data recording, storage and management. For the evaluation of the model, its features are compared against state-of-the-art frameworks. Furthermore, the capabilities are benchmarked using a review of the literature. We conclude that DMC is capable of modelling all 39 identified systems while other identified frameworks (MobileCoach, Garmin Connect IQ SDK, RADAR) could (at best) only model parts of them. The presented design paradigm/model is applicable for a wide range of mobile feedback systems and equips researchers and practitioners with a valuable tool.
... Among available solutions, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is gaining more and more popularity [3]. Small, embedded sensors that communicate via BLE are used in everyday life for a wide number of applications such as wearable devices, smart homes, home automation, e-health systems, indoor positioning, traffic control, and telemedicine [4,5,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
One important aspect when choosing a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) solution is to analyze its energy consumption for various connection parameters and desired throughput to build an optimal low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) application and to extend the battery life. In this paper, energy consumption and data throughput for various BLE versions are studied. We have tested the effect of connection interval on the throughput and compared power efficiency relating to throughput for various BLE versions and different transactions. The presented results reveal that shorter connection intervals increase throughput for read/write transactions, but that is not the case for the notify and read/write without response transactions. Furthermore, for each BLE version, the energy consumption is mainly dependable on the data volume. The obtained results provide a design guideline for implementing an optimal BLE IoT application.
... The precise outdoor and indoor positioning requires very often some kind of infrastructure (external referencing systems). In the outdoor case, that is mainly global positioning system, mobile network [3] or other built speciality proprietary infrastructure [4]. Such systems are susceptible to failures due to unavailability of the required infrastructure [5]. ...
A completely new area of HoloLens usage is proposed. The Hololens is an augmented reality device, which provides the high precision
location information. Such an information is normally used to accurately position holograms within the real space with respect to the viewer
(user of HoloLens). The information is precise enough to use it for reporting the position for the purpose of autonomous driving. Several experiments have been executed in vast areas (20m x 40m) in order to find out the potential error coming from vibrations or other effects when
moving the HoloLens. The results show that the technology can be used for spaces, which are previously known by the system - pre-scan of the
space is needed. The big advantage of the system is its readiness for indoor positioning applications with no additional infrastructure needed,
simultaneous localization and mapping, complex space mapping and reached precision. The disadvantage is mainly the costs.
... A study in which each runner wore a Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) device and received the BLE device's broadcast signal from a mobile phone showed that this system could achieve a 100% acquisition rate of the timing score and actively transmitted information that individual runners required [6]. However, the trick is to track the time points that the runners pass through every radius of a fixed point on the track within 25 m or 12.5 m. ...
This study proposes and implements city marathon timing technology using Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) communication technology. This study also performs a prevalidation of the athletes’ physiological sensory data that is sent out by the same timing system—the BLE active communication technology. In order to verify the timing and positioning technology, 621 K records of static measurement of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) were first collected. The trend of the RSSI between the location and the BLE Receiver when the runners carried a BLE Tag was analyzed. Then, the difference between the runners’ passing timestamp and the runners’ actual passing time when the runners carried a BLE Tag and ran past the BLE Receivers was dynamically recorded and analyzed. Additionally, the timing sensing rate when multiple runners ran past the BLE Receivers was verified. In order to confirm the accuracy of the time synchronization in the remote timing device, the timing error, synced by the Network Time Protocol (NTP), was analyzed. A global positioning system (GPS) signal was used to enhance the time synchronization’s accuracy. Additionally, the timing devices were separated by 15 km, and it was verified that they remained within the timing error range of 1 ms. The BLE communication technology has at least one more battery requirement than traditional passive radio frequency identification (RFID) timing devices. Therefore, the experiment also verified that the BLE Tag of this system can continue to operate for at least 48 h under normal conditions. Based on the above experimental results, it is estimated that the system can provide a timing error of under ±156 ms for each athlete. The system can also meet the scale of the biggest international city marathon event.
