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As the nitrogen-containing compounds have broad scope in biological, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and material science, the C–N bond formation has vital role in synthetic chemistry. To provide a path for the inclusion of nitrogen in organic molecules, a facile establishment of C–N bonds is crucial. Manganese being inexpensive, nontoxic, and earth...
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... Catalytic direct activation of alcohols for nucleophilic substitution has become the preferred protocol among researchers; the different catalysts used include metal catalysts [5][6][7][8], Lewis acids [5,9,10], Brønsted acids [5,11], solid acids [12], and other promoters such as molecular iodine [5,13]. ...
We report an efficient and selective methodology for the direct cross-coupling of alcohols with N-nucleophiles mediated by N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) as the non-metal, commercially available, low-cost, and most effective precatalyst among the N-halosuccinimides (NXSs) under mild reaction conditions enhancing the green chemical profiles of these reactions. The scale-up procedure was accomplished with almost quantitative yield, verifying the presented method’s synthetic applicability and potential for industrial application.
Amination reactions play a pivotal role in synthetic organic chemistry, facilitating the generation of nitrogen-containing scaffolds with broad applications in drug synthesis, material production, polymer formation, and the generation of amino acids and peptides. Amination offers the potential to fine tune the properties of natural products and produce functional materials for various applications. Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (Pd–NHC) emerges as an innovative and highly effective catalyst in this context. Under favorable reaction conditions, this robust and simple catalyst efficiently facilitates the synthesis of a diverse range of compounds with varying complexity and utility. Pd–NHC complexes exhibit significant σ-electron donating potential, enhancing the ease of the oxidative addition process in their mechanistic pathway. Their steric topography further contributes to a rapid reductive elimination. These complexes demonstrate remarkable stability, a result of the strong Pd–ligand bond. The wide variety of Pd–NHC complexes has proven highly efficient in catalyzing reactions across a spectrum of complexities, from simple to intricate. The domain of aminations catalyzed by Pd–NHC has undergone significant diversification, presenting new opportunities, particularly in the realms of material chemistry and natural product synthesis. This review outlines the advancements in Pd–NHC-catalyzed amination reactions, covering literature up to date.
Graphical Abstract
Palladium (Pd) N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have amassed high recognition recently. They are efficient complexes with tuneable complexities promoting catalysis significantly. Amination reactions have paved way toward the formation of C–N bonds and, in turn, realizing structurally relevant molecules in organic chemistry. Inspired by these facets, we have tried to encompass in this review, the developments in Pd–NHC-catalyzed amination reactions and carries reports up to date.
Dimerization via C–H activation with Mn( ii ) ions, Complexation with Cu( ii ), Zn( ii ) and Cd( ii ) ions.
C(sp³)−H functionalization is a core part of organic chemistry because of the presence of C(sp³)−H bonds in various organic molecules. However, since most C(sp³)−H bonds are non‐reactive, their functionalization is an uphill task. Standard methods of functionalization employ pre‐functionalized reactants, expensive organometallic reagents, strong acids or bases and similar other harsh reaction conditions. These methods eventually affect the reaction and prevent it from yielding optimum results. Transition metal‐based catalysts like Pd, Rh and Ru provide a direct functionalization route without unwanted pre‐functionalization steps. These catalysts furnish superior results under mild reaction conditions. But, their expense, toxicity and low natural abundance prevent them from achieving ideality. Therefore, 3d transition metal catalysts like Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu catalysts have gained significance as an alternative for conventional transition metal catalysts due to their high natural abundance, low toxicity and affordability. Copper‐based catalysts are particularly important owing to the wide range of oxidation states of copper and the facile tunability of their catalytic properties. Hence, an immense amount of research is being conducted on the catalytic activity of copper for C(sp³)−H functionalization. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of some recent reports on C(sp³)−H functionalization using catalytic systems based on copper.
