Figure 3 - uploaded by Piotr Chachuła
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Selected species of rare fungi observed in 2016-2017 in Cieszyn. (A) Mature basidiomata of Hebeloma radicosum. (B) Ascomata of Tuber fulgens from the outside and in section. (C) Basidiomata of Hygrophorus discoxanthus. (D) Ascomata of Catinella olivacea. (E) Basidiomata of Arrhenia retiruga. (F,G) Stromata of Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza growing from mummified body of Carabus violaceus. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by M. Fiedor (B,D-G) and R. Rutkowski (A,C).
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In this paper, we present the results of mycological research carried out between 2015 and 2018 in the Cieszyn township, in the Silesian Foothills (Outer Western Carpathians). The list of 417 species of macrofungi from the Cieszyn area reported in our previous study, has been expanded further by the addition of 37 taxa found in the current study. A...
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Citations
... 383-385). Znany z około 70 kwadratów ATMOS i ponad 100 stanowisk, szeroko rozpowszechniony(Chmiel 2006, Chachuła 2020, dane Magurskiego PN oraz Nadl.: Pińczów, Pniewy, Radomsko, Ruszów, Węgliniec i Złotoryja). ochrony: w latach 1983-2014 objęty ochroną ścisłą, a od 2014 roku ochroną częściową. ...
... 383-385). Znany z około 70 kwadratów ATMOS i ponad 100 stanowisk, szeroko rozpowszechniony(Chmiel 2006, Chachuła 2020, dane Magurskiego PN oraz Nadl.: Pińczów, Pniewy, Radomsko, Ruszów, Węgliniec i Złotoryja). ochrony: w latach 1983-2014 objęty ochroną ścisłą, a od 2014 roku ochroną częściową. ...
Fungi, like other living organisms, are vulnerable when exposed to the harmful effects of human activity. Their populations may be reduced and threatened at different geographical scales and, for some species, there may even be a global risk of extinction. They are particularly sensitive to disturbance and loss of their natural habitats. Air pollution, changes to soil and water, ecosystems destabilized through global warming, transformed landscapes, intensified economies, the spread of invasive species, loss of associated organisms, and unsustainable harvesting with its concomitant damage to mycelium and its immediate environment are all threats. These threats affect not only rare fungi with a limited or dispersed occurrence, but also common species. Like other groups of organisms, fungi need and deserve protection.
In 1983, twenty three species of larger fungi were accorded legal protection in Poland, making our country the first in Europe and indeed the world to extend conservation law to this biological kingdom. Since then, protection has been increased and, at the time of writing, 117 species benefit from strict or partial protection in Poland. They have been selected using criteria applicable equally to all groups of organisms, depending on the degree of threat to individual species, the pressure exerted by human activities and the effectiveness of protective measures. Furthermore, that protection complies with international law and European Union regulations. Following the Polish Act on Nature Conservation of 2004, protection of fungi aims to ensure the survival and good conservation status of species and their habitats, as well as the preservation (as in the case of plants and animals) of fungal species and their genetic diversity. All organisms are interlinked through multidimensional relationships, and that makes it important not only to preserve fungal natural habitats but also to protect their associated organisms (e.g. mycorrhizal partners, hosts of parasitic fungi) and the substrata they live on (e.g. large pieces of standing or fallen wood).
Protected Fungi of Poland. Distribution, Threats, Conservation Recommendations is Poland’s first comprehensive and extensive monograph covering all fungal species currently protected in the country. Each species is presented in a uniform layout which includes a brief description of the morphology of the sporophores (with emphasis on features facilitating identification), information about ecological requirements listing the most frequently occupied habitats and substrata, followed by trophic status (mycorrhizal symbiont, parasite, saprotroph etc.) and sporophore seasonality. For each species, the history of its protection in Poland and the Polish Red List threat category are presented. The account also identifies the most important current threats affecting the species and includes recommended conservation measures. In addition, there is more general advice about identification of species, documentation and a uniform system for reporting and recording the localities in which they occur. Other important information is provided in a Notes section. This includes, for example, the current taxonomic status of the species, its accepted scientific (Latin) binomial, its threat status in red lists at different levels in Europe and worldwide, and additional notes on distribution. The description of each species is illustrated with original photographs which facilitate identification. In the cases of the 90 rarer species, distribution maps using the ATMOS square system (10 km by 10 km) are provided, and sites based on historical field observations or published records (up to and including 1970) can be distinguished from those which are contemporary (after 1970).
The monograph, the result of a project under the auspices of the Polish Mycological Society and produced by a team of twenty authors, compiles as much information as possible about the 117 species of fungi which currently enjoy legal protection in Poland. It includes many years of observation and research, thorough studies of scientific literature, on-line mycological databases, websites of amateur mycologists, data obtained from state institutions, and the personal unpublished records of the authors and their many collaborators. In several cases, information on individual species has been supported by examination of fungarium specimens and molecular analyses. Finally, the work also discusses the general principles, methods and goals for protection of fungi in Poland, reviews its history, and assesses the current situation and its most important problems, needs and perspectives.
The book addresses a wide audience of individuals and institutions involved in management and protection of Poland’s natural resources. These include governmental administration, State Forests, national and landscape parks, nature NGOs and their members, teachers, educators, students, amateurs, and all who care about protection of fungi and nature in Poland and beyond. We hope it will be not only a source of reliable information and help in practical nature conservation, but also an incentive to monitor existing localities and extend our knowledge of these protected fungi through the discovery of new sites.
... Over 20 species of hypogeous Basidiomycota and nearly 30 species of hypogeous Ascomycota were found in Poland before the year 2000 (Chmiel, 2006;Ławrynowicz, 1988;Wojewoda, 2003). Since then, several studies have reported on the localities of new species hitherto not known to occur in Poland (e.g., Chachuła, 2018;Chachuła et al., 2020;Hilszczańska et al., 2008;Mleczko et al., 2009Mleczko et al., , 2010Paz et al., 2017;Vidal et al., 2019;Wojewoda et al., 2016). Some recorded fungi are widespread and, at least locally, common; for example, Elaphomyces asperulus, E. granulatus, and Octaviania mutabilis (as O. asterosperma) (Ławrynowicz, 1988;Mleczko et al., 2009). ...
... The status of certain species regarded as very rare changed when more data on their distribution became available; for example, Chamonixia caespitosa (Kozak et al, 2013;Mleczko et al., 2010). However, several species have only been found in a single or only a few localities in Poland, for example, Elaphomyces aculeatus, Gautieria othii, Lactarius stephensii, Russula candidissima, and R. cerea (Chachuła et al., 2020;Ślusarczyk, 2018;Vidal et al., 2019). ...
... Sporocarp -shape Almost regular Young subglobose to oval, mature oval to elongated, to some degree irregular Irregular in shape, more or less spherical, but also reniform, knotted-lobed (Chachuła et al., 2020;Gierczyk et al., 2019;Hilszczańska et al., 2008Hilszczańska et al., , 2013Hilszczańska et al., , 2014Kujawa & Gierczyk, 2011;Ławrynowicz, 2009;Ławrynowicz et al., 2008;Rutkowski et al., 2014;Vidal et al., 2019;Wojewoda et al., 2016). Reports on single species have also come from other regions, such as the Eastern Sudetes (R. cerea), Lubuskie Lake District (Gautieria otthii), or Gdańsk and Wschodniopomorskie Lake District (Melanogaster macrosporus) (Kujawa & Gierczyk, 2011, 2013Ślusarczyk, 2018;Vidal et al., 2019). ...
Investigations carried out in recent years have provided new data on the localities of some rare hypogeous fungi in Central Europe. In this study, we present new localities of Leucangium carthusianum , Melanogaster luteus , and Rhizopogon melanogastroides , two of which are new for Poland. Sporocarps of L. carthusianum were found in seven new localities in mixed and coniferous forests in the Western Carpathians as well as in Sudetes. In Poland, the species was also recorded in a mixed forest in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Fir, Abies alba , accompanied the fungus in almost all known localities. Three localities of M. luteus were found in the Polish Western and Eastern Carpathians in Alnus incana communities mostly associated with streams. Knowledge of the distribution of this species in Europe is incomplete due to the complicated taxonomic history; nevertheless, it is regarded as rare, despite its wide distribution. One new locality of R. melanogastroides recorded in the Tatra Mts, Western Carpathians, is the fourth known to date. This species is mostly associated with Pinus mugo in high mountain localities (the Alps, the Tatra Mts). In this study, detailed descriptions and illustrations of the macro- and micromorphological features of the species are provided.
During field research conducted from August to November 2020, 63 species of macrofungi were found in the peak parts of Łysa Góra Mt in the Świętokrzyski National Park. These were, among others valuable species, i.e. seven under species protection, 23 on the national and regional red lists, incl. Hypsizygus ulmarius, considered ans extinct in this area, and three rarely recorded in the country, such as eg Henningsomyces candidus. The found valuable fungi found, were mainly associated with silver fir, Abies alba wood - 14 species, and common beech, Fagus sylvatica wood - 9 species. The sites of 23 valuable species were found in the buffer zone adjacent to the monastery and meadows. One species - Pleurotus dryinus, has been observed in the vicinity of buildings settlements. 20 of the species identified during this research are new taxa for the Świętokrzyski National Park.
