Table 3 - uploaded by Antti Wall
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Selected soil properties according to soil horizon (forest soils) and soil layer (afforested arable land).
Source publication
We used discriminant analysis to identify the key soil properties that discriminate among 30 forest sites representing a floristic site-type fertility gradient. Thereafter we classified 24 sites on afforested arable land into forest site types using these discriminant functions. The most important soil properties of the E horizon separating differe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the plant nutrients, extractable Ca in the soil was the only one to vary significantly in density among site types (Tables 1 and 3), increasing along the site type productivity continuum from the CT to the OMT sites. In addition, the densities of all nutrients varied significantly among soil hori- zons. ...
Context 2
... 2006 CT Note: Values are given as the mean, with the standard error of the mean in parentheses. were significantly higher, while the extractable-P density (p < 0.05) was lower than in forest soils (Tables 2 and 3). When we applied classification functions (Table 6) de- rived from the soil properties of the E horizon of forests to the soil properties determined from the 0-10 cm soil depth of soils from afforested arable land, the functions classified all the sites as OMT sites. ...
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Background:
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Citations
... Wild edible mushrooms are an important part of the livelihood of many people worldwide [1][2][3]. They have long been collected and used as valuable non-timber forest products, generating a cash income through market trade, as well as for local subsistence in the form classify the productivity of forests [21,22] and habitat selection [23]. ...
... OM comprises a small proportion of soil, but it has a substantial influence on soil fertility: soil fertility and OM content are positively correlated within a certain range when other conditions are similar. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrient elements for plants: nitrogen is a component of nucleic acid, chlorophyll, and protein in plants, phosphorus has a significant influence on plant nutrition and is a component of many important organic compounds in plant cells, and potassium primarily exists as ions in plants and is used in plant metabolism [5,6]. Soil spatial heterogeneity (SSH) is also an indicator of soil function, reflecting the soil characteristics and spatial structure of soil indicators and the spatial distribution of plants. ...
This study aimed to explore the basic characteristics of soil and improve the natural environment in arid desert areas. The study was conducted in the Liangucheng National Reserve in Minqin, Gansu, and SPSS, EXCEL and GIS software was used to analyze and process data. The semivariogram model and Kriging interpolation method were used to analyze the basic characteristics, mutual relationships, and spatial distribution patterns of the primary physical and chemical properties of the soil in the reserve, including the soil moisture content, conductivity, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The results show that the soil conditions in the reserve are poor, with low water content and nutrient content. The soil characteristics were correlated and were not substantially affected by soil pH and electrical conductivity. Additionally, the measured soil elements had a unique spatial distribution pattern and similarities in their spatial distribution patterns. The spatial correlation between total soil phosphorus and pH was strongest, and the northern part of the reserve, especially near Qingtu Lake, had the best soil conditions, and the central area had the worst soil conditions.
... Soil characteristics were characterized using data from the Probabilistic Remapping of SSURGO (POLARIS) database, a spatially contiguous soils dataset of ecologically relevant soils variables (Chaney et al. 2016). For each of our plots, we extracted depth to bedrock and soil clay content (Table 1) as two candidate predictors that can influence forest productivity and affect soil moisture and fertility (Romanyà and Vallejo 2004;Wall and Westman 2006). Although serpentine soils are common across the range of knobcone pine (Vogl et al. 1977), few plots occurred in areas mapped as serpentine (Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS] 2021) and serpentine was therefore not considered a factor in statistical models. ...
Background
Climate change is eroding forest resilience to disturbance directly through warming climate and indirectly through increasing disturbance activity. Forests characterized by stand-replacing fire regimes and dominated by serotinous species are at risk when the inter-fire period is insufficient for canopy seed bank development and climate conditions for recruitment in the post-fire growing season are unsuitable. Although both factors are critical to serotinous forest persistence, their relative importance for post-fire regeneration in serotinous forests remains poorly understood. To assess the relative effects of each factor, we established plots in severely burned knobcone pine ( Pinus attenuata Lemmon) forests in Oregon and California, USA, representing a range of past fire intervals (6 to 31+ years). Specifically, we evaluated effects of fire interval and pre-fire canopy seed bank (proxies for seed supply) and post-fire climate on three metrics of post-fire tree regeneration (seedling density, probability of self-replacement, percent population recovery).
Results
Seed supply consistently had the strongest effect on post-fire regeneration. Between 6- and 31-year fire intervals, post-fire seedling density increased from 1000 to 100,000 seedlings ha ⁻¹ , while probability of self-replacement increased from ~ 0 to ~ 100% and percent population recovery increased from 20 to 2000% of the pre-fire population, respectively. Similarly, increasing the canopy seed bank by two orders of magnitude increased seedling density and percent population recovery by two orders and one order of magnitude, respectively, and increased the probability of self-replacement by > 50%. Greater post-fire climatic moisture deficit exacerbated the effect of seed supply; an additional 4–6 years between fires was required under high moisture stress conditions to reach similar regeneration levels as under low moisture stress conditions.
Conclusion
The overriding effect of seed supply—strongly driven by pre-fire stand age—on post-fire regeneration suggests that altered fire frequency (an indirect effect of climate change) will have a profound impact on serotinous forests. Although direct effects of hot and dry climate are lower in magnitude, they can alter forest recovery where seed supply nears a threshold. These findings reveal how fire interval and climate combine to determine changes in forest cover in the future, informing management and vulnerability mapping.
... We also obtained spatial data that reflected soil characteristics from the Probabilistic Remapping of SSURGO (POLARIS) database, a spatially contiguous soils dataset that provides a suite of ecologically relevant soils variables (Chaney et al. 2016). We extracted depth to bedrock and percent soil clay as two candidate predictors as they represent a proxy for soil fertility and can influence forest productivity (Romanyà and Vallejo 2004;Wall and Westman 2006). However, depth to bedrock was strongly collinear with mean growing season CMD, so only percent soil clay was retained as a candidate predictor for model fitting. ...
The resilience of serotinous obligate-seeding plants to fire may be compromised if increasing fire frequency curtails time available for canopy seed bank accumulation (i.e., immaturity risk), but how various drivers affect seed availability at the time of fire is poorly understood. Using field data from California closed-cone pine (Pinus attenuata and P. muricata) stands, we assess two critical demographic processes during the inter-fire period—reproductive capacity and mortality. At tree- and stand-levels, we test how these processes are affected by stand age and are mediated by biotic and abiotic factors. We found that stand age was the key driver of reproductive capacity; older stands had a greater proportion of reproductively mature individuals and greater closed cone density. Stand density mediated the effect of age; greater stand density resulted in greater closed cone density and a lower proportion of reproductively mature individuals, but reproductive capacity in low- and high-density stands converged over time. Increased moisture stress reduced the stand-level proportion reproductively mature trees but had no effect on closed cone density. Mortality was strongly associated with density-dependent thinning and increased in stands with high moisture stress. Reproductive capacity began to increase sharply 10 years post-fire and by 20 years immaturity risk was low. However, prior to 20 years, low-density stands with high moisture stress may be more susceptible to immaturity risk. Understanding these relationships is critical to predicting serotinous population persistence under changing climate and disturbance conditions.
... Soil fertility is a comprehensive reflection of all aspects of soil properties and is commonly used to evaluate soil quality. Frequently used evaluation methods include factor analysis [32], cluster analysis [33], discriminant analysis [34], the Nemero index [35], and principal component analysis (PCA) [36,37]. PCA is widely used in soil fertility evaluations. ...
Permanent gullies are a serious type of soil erosion. A special type of permanent gully, called “Benggang” severly affects agricultural production in hilly areas. To reveal the influence of Benggang erosion on granitic soil restoration and fertility, we selected three stages (active, semi-stable and stable) of Benggang recovery in the subtropical granite hilly region, and corresponding soil samples were collected to analyze the spatial variation in the soil physical and chemical qualities in the early stage of recovery. The soil physical properties and nutrients were significantly different in the runoff direction of each Benggang gully. There were significant differences in soil chemical properties and no obvious differences in physical properties among the different Benggang recovery stages. The results of principal component analysis showed that the level of soil fertility in the different Benggang recovery stages, ranked from high to low, was as follows: stable, semi-stable and active. Benggang vegetation restoration was an important factor for soil fertility restoration. Benggang ecological restoration can significantly improve the physicochemical properties and fertility of the soil. However, the soil fertility in gully erosion areas in this study still needs to be improved.
... Similar results are quoted also by researchers of other countries (Hagen-Thorn et al. 2004, Kacalek et al. 2011, Kacalek et al. 2013. As concluded in a number of studies, forest floor humus on the soil surface is a completely new layer (Wall ad Hytonen 2005, Wall and Westman 2006, Olszewska and Smal 2008, Kacelek et al, 2013. ...
... Our findings reveal that afforestation of arable soils in some 7-10 years acidifies the topsoil layer (by 0.1 1.5 units at the depth 0-30 cm) agree with studies in other countries (Ritter et al. 2003, Wall and Hytonen 2005, Wall and Westman 2006, Kasparinskis et al. 2011. ...
Fifteen-year research results of afforestation and plantation on abandoned and marginal agricultural lands have been analysed. The annual growth of different tree species has also been determined performing measurements annually in the first five years and later each 2-3 years. The environmental impacts of afforestation have been assessed in terms of changes in the aboveground vegetation and soil chemical properties. The following tree species were included in the studies: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.),Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.),silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.),common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.),grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.),pedunculate oak (Quercus robur l.),small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.),and wild cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench syn. Prunus avium L.). In 15 years tree species such as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.),Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.),silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.),common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.),and grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) have reached maximum standing volume from 100 m³·ha⁻¹ (for conifers) to 248 m³·ha⁻¹ (for broadleaves) on soils with light and medium heavy texture and high density of stocking (2,500-3,300 trees ha⁻¹). In Latvian climatic conditions lime (Tilia cordata L.),pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.),as well as wild cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench.) have reached the standing volume of 18-39 m³·ha⁻¹ in 15 years. It implies that their suitability can be evaluated no sooner than after some 40-70 years. Soil chemical properties have changed during 15 years since forest was established on agricultural lands. In general,the humus content in the active root layer (depth 0-30 cm) has increased and the soil reaction has become more acidic. Changes were observed also in the ground cover vegetation. Before afforestation the trial sites were generally dominated by meadow or fallow plant communities. Shifts in ground cover vegetation are faster on dry lean soils,where in plantations of conifers typical forest bryophytes appear rapidly,but various nitrophyte species prevail on sites of fertile and moderately moist soils.
... However, these soils may still retain a legacy of former cultivation practices such as higher pH and higher extractable nutrients of the soil (Wall, Hytönen 2005;Oheimb et al. 2008). This legacy can be a great advantage for a new forest as the soils have medium to high forest site productivity (Wall, Westman 2006). This increased fertility plays an important role in the formation of a for-est floor rich in nutrients. ...
To keep forest soils fertile, forest practitioners plant mixed stands that are composed of both economically efficient trees such as conifers and soil-improving broadleaves. This is a mandated practice in the Czech Republic. As the new forest grows, it creates a dense canopy. The canopy is a principal source of organic matter to the forest soil. The formation of new forest humus is particularly important in first-generation forests on the former agricultural soil. Former meadow is a suitable site for forest floor and soil investigation since forest-floor humus covering the surface of the soil is a completely new layer. Both pure evergreen conifer and mixed treatments were planted in 2001. The experimental plot was established in order to investigate performance of tree species and restoration of forest-site conditions. We sampled dead-plant material and 0–10 cm topsoil to investigate their properties under the 10-year-old stands. We compared the treatments by descriptive statistics using both univariate and multivariate techniques. Dry mass (medians of weight) varied among the treatments from 11 to 19 Mg·ha –1. The forest floor nutrient concentrations appeared to be dependent on the presence of admixed deciduous tree species (sycamore maple, small-leaved linden and European larch) as these forest floors (EL1, EL2, NS3, SM) were higher in base cations and phosphorus compared to pure spruce (NS1, NS2) and pure Douglas fir (DF) treatments. The first axis of PCA ordination plot revealed 45% of total variability and showed a clear distinction between evergreen coniferous and mixed species treatments. Young plantations produced forest floors of different quality; however it was not reflected in the topsoil properties.
... The use of linear discriminant functions facilitates explicit consideration of fire impact and other relevant environmental factors on mushroom productivity when planning land-use activities. This approach has been previously used, for instance, to classify timber productivity (Bravo et al. 2011), soil types (Wall and Westman 2006) or habitat selection (Rodríguez et al. 2007). By using discriminant functions, we can interpret the ecological variables that characterise groups, to predict group assignment, validate the model and score new observations into groups with known probability. ...
This study was aimed at describing post-fire mushroom production in a Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by Pinus pinaster Ait. in the northwest of Spain and assessing the results by classificatory models. During the autumn periods of 2003–2006, fruit bodies from 115 fungal taxa were collected in burned and unburned areas and were further grouped into the following categories: saprotrophic/mycorrhizal; and edible/non-edible. After wildfires, a significant reduction in the number of fungal species and fruit body biomass production was observed. Based on this relevant information, the first simple classificatory model for this aim is provided. Nine alternative models based on classifications according to combinations of edibility and functional groups were fitted, and four fruiting body biomass production classes were defined as possible responses. As explanatory factors, time after fire and climatic variables significantly related to fruit body production were included. The best predictive results were obtained for edible and edible-mycorrhizal models, for which the correct classification rate of production classes was between 92 and 85 %. Moreover, the models obtained were applied to analyse the effect of time after fire on fungal production. Mycorrhizal and edible fungal production after fire was classified into the lowest class, whereas saprotrophic and non-edible species followed a contrary trend. The classificatory models can be useful to optimise management and harvest of these increasingly appreciated non-timber forest resources.
... Such ameliorative measures have long-term impacts on the properties of soils being altered to grow crops (Bedrna, 2002). The altered soil properties can be found decades and even centuries after afforestation (Szujecki, 1996; Ritter et al., 2003; Morris, 2004; Wall and Hytönen, 2005; Wall and Westman, 2006; Koerner et al., 1997; Verheyen et al., 1999; Richter et al., 2000; Dupouey et al., 2002) and can be considered as a legacy of former agriculture. For example, thick A horizons that are high in soil organic matter and phosphorus and which are key factors for classifying profiles as formerly cultivated (Singer and Munns, 1996) help to prove manuring in the past (Ellert and Gregorich, 1996; Oheimb et al., 2008). ...
Forest floor is considered a major feature distinguishing forest from agricultural soils. Forest floor develops as forest stands grow and is composed of more or less altered plant-tissue biomass accumulated on the soil surface. Our study's aim was to find whether properties of both the organic layers and mineral soil differ according to the land-use history of the sites compared. Each site included an afforested area of immature 50-year-old spruce forest (AFF) on formerly agricultural land plus an adjacent area of old-growth 100-year-old spruce stand (FOR). The localities are situated at altitudes ranging between 600 and 850 metres above sea level. From the results of our study it can be concluded that both forest floor and mineral soil had higher pH and Ca concentration at formerly agricultural sites. C/N ratio is significantly lower in afforested soil. First-generation humus was significantly higher in phosphorus.
The resilience of serotinous obligate-seeding plants to fire may be compromised if increasing fire frequency curtails time available for canopy seed bank accumulation (i.e., immaturity risk), but how various drivers affect seed availability at the time of fire is poorly understood. Using field data from California closed-cone pine (Pinus attenuata and P. muricata) stands, we assess two critical demographic processes during the inter-fire period—reproductive capacity and mortality. At tree- and stand-levels, we test how these processes are affected by stand age and are mediated by biotic and abiotic factors. We found that stand age was the key driver of reproductive capacity; older stands had a greater proportion of reproductively mature individuals and greater closed cone density. Stand density mediated the effect of age; greater stand density resulted in greater closed cone density and a lower proportion of reproductively mature individuals, but reproductive capacity in low- and high-density stands converged over time. Increased moisture stress reduced the stand-level proportion reproductively mature but had no effect on closed cone density. Mortality was strongly associated with density-dependent thinning and increased in stands with high moisture stress. Reproductive capacity began to increase sharply 10 years after fire and by 20 years immaturity risk is low. However, prior to 20 years, low-density stands with high moisture stress may be more susceptible to immaturity risk. Understanding these relationships is critical to predicting serotinous population persistence under changing climate and disturbance conditions.
