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![Selected mushrooms species with different rates of radiocaesium accumulation-analyses conducted in Europe within 5 years after the Chernobyl disaster [45]](profile/Julita-Regula/publication/257373082/figure/tbl1/AS:778701939691521@1562668418431/Selected-mushrooms-species-with-different-rates-of-radiocaesium-accumulation-analyses.png)
Selected mushrooms species with different rates of radiocaesium accumulation-analyses conducted in Europe within 5 years after the Chernobyl disaster [45]
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Edible macromycetes for ages have been used by humans, not only as a source of food, but medicinal resources as well; however, this happened first of all in the civilizations of the East. In recent years, they have become subjects of numerous scientific studies in Europe and United States. It was shown that they constitute a rich source of bioactiv...
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... was shown that certain mushroom species exhibit an exceptional capacity to accumulate 137 Cs. It is disturbing that high amounts of 137 Cs are accumulated by the tasty Xerocomus badius, X. chrysenteron and Rozites caperat, highly popular among enthusiasts of mushroom picking (Table 1). In contrast, Boletus edulis accumulates slight amounts of 137 Cs. ...Similar publications
Immuno-therapies are gaining more importance to treat certain forms of cancer. The goal of therapies is to enhance person’s own IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE and macrophages to combat with neoplastic cells hence the effectiveness of the immune system. Since, early civilization mushrooms are considered as potent food as well as medicine. Mushrooms are wel...
The present status of investigations about the anticancer activity which is inherent to medicinal mushrooms, as well as their biomedical potential and future prospects are discussed. Mushroom products and extracts possess promising immunomodulating and anticancer effects, so the main biologically active substances of mushrooms responsible for immun...
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... This study aims to utilise edible mushrooms as a functional ingredient for food products, as there are reported studies on the underutilisation of this ingredient [34,35]. Edible mushrooms are considered a superfood that is highly nutritious, low in calories and possesses other biological compounds beneficial to human health [36,37]. ...
Auricularia cornea, or wood ear mushroom (WEM), is an edible macrofungus that is popular as a delicacy and for various biological activities. This study aims to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro antioxidant activities and the effect on postprandial blood glucose in human subjects after consuming instant noodles incorporated with 5% WEM powder. The proximate composition of WEM powder was 9.76% moisture, 2.40% ash, 7.52% protein, 0.15% fat, 37.96% crude fibre, 42.21% carbohydrate, and a total dietary fibre was 69.43%. Meanwhile, the proximate composition of 5% WEM noodles was 10.21% moisture, 2.87% ash, 11.37% protein, 0.16% fat, 5.68% crude fibre and 68.96% carbohydrates, while the total dietary fibre was 13.30%. The mineral content of WEM powder in decreasing order: potassium > calcium > magnesium > sodium > iron > zinc > manganese > copper > selenium > chromium. The incorporation of 5% WEM powder significantly (p < 0.05) reduced carbohydrates and increased the ash, crude fibre and total dietary fibre, antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of the instant noodles. Furthermore, the incorporation of 5% WEM significantly increased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc content. The addition of WEM powder reduced the postprandial glycaemic response and produced a moderate glycaemic index (GI). In conclusion, the incorporation with WEM powder could be an effective way of developing nutritious and low GI instant noodles, thus, improving nutrient intake and human health.
... The mushrooms' mycelia and the fruit bodies contain antimicrobial constituents that may be used in biomedicine. Stachowiak and Regula [9] reported that mushrooms are an excellent source of natural antibiotics and their cell wall contain glucans that are immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, mycelium produces secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of viral and bacterial pathogenic species. ...
The present work aimed to find out a novel agent for green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from the fresh fruity bodies of edible mushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius), and it was characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, FT-IR, EDX, PSA, and Zeta potential analysis. UV–Vis spectra result reflects a typical absorption peak at 260 nm due to their significant excitation binding energy at room temperature. The chemical bond formation from the zinc oxide was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. XRD results revealed the hexagonal structure, and SEM analyses reflected the spherical shape ZnONPs with an average size of 27.10 nm. The outcome of the EDX spectrum confirmed the high purity of synthesized ZnONPs, and the zeta potential value indicates the aggregation of particles with good quality. The Hu-ZnONPs expressed a better larval toxicity effect against Culex quinquefasciatus (IVth instar larvae) with the least LC50 and LC90 values (21.52, 121.70 mg/L) after 24 h treatment. For the antibacterial assay, the maximum growth inhibition zone was recorded in S. aureus (14.2 ± 0.2), E. coli (10.1 ± 0.3), and K. pneumoniae (9.0 ± 0.1 mm). The anticancer assay results expressed a significant level of toxic effects (LC50 values 29.07 μg/ml) of Hu-ZnONPs against the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, even at a very low dose. The study’s findings suggest that the H. ulmarius can biosynthesize ZnONPs and could be an alternative biomedical agent for future therapeutic applications.Graphical Abstract
... Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom is an abundant source of bioactive polysaccharides that exert immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antiviral, hypocholesterolaemic, and prebiotic properties (Krakowska et al., 2020;Majtan, 2013;Stachowiak & Reguła, 2012). These polysaccharides belong mainly to high molecular weight branched (1 / 3), (1 / 6)-b-glucans (called pleuran). ...
The effect of polysaccharide fraction from oyster mushroom (POM) on texture, rheological and melting properties, density, water activity, colour, and antioxidative properties of acid casein model processed cheese was investigated. The samples were tested after 24 h and 21 days of cold storage. The hardness of cheeses with POM (0.125–0.25%) was lower than the control cheeses without POM. The oscillation rheology test indicated that the transition temperature (tan (δ) = 1) shifted as the POM content increased. The storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during the experiment. The initial storage and loss moduli values were higher after the storage period, correlated with the higher hardness. Non-stored and stored samples had good meltability (Schreiber test number > 4). The addition of POM increased antioxidant activity (FRAP). Considering good physicochemical and antioxidative properties, the optimal percentage of POM in processed cheese was 0.25%.
... Basidial macromycetes, one of the largest groups of fungi incorporating important ecological groups such as agaricoid, aphyllophoroid and gasteroid fungi, have been recognized worldwide as sources of medicine and food (Shiryaev et al., 2018;Martínez-Escobedo et al., 2021). In many countries around the world, edible macromycetes species are dietary staples for humans mainly due to their organoleptic properties such as aroma, taste and texture, in addition to their culinary and market value (Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012). Currently, molecular identification of PCR-based methods is believed to be a reliable alternative tool for accurate authentication (Sun et al., 2014). ...
In this study, phylogenetic analysis of some fungal species distributed in West Kazakhstan was performed based on ITS sequences. All of the mushroom samples were collected from different regions of West Kazakhstan and brought to the laboratory. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a GeneMark commercial kit. ITS1 and ITS4 primers were used for the amplification of the ITS region in PCR analyses. The resulting DNA sequences were then edited using BioEdit and FinchTV. For phylogenetic analysis used MEGA 6.0 program. As a result of the study, ITS sequences ranged from 532 to 715 nucleotides, while the divergence values of the sequences differed between 0.000 and 0.468. The maximum likelihood tree constructed using ITS sequences consists of two clades. According to the phylogenetic analysis results obtained using other fungal species, ITS results were found to be a good indicator for the differentiation of fungal genera.
... Potential applications of mushroom polysaccharides 1. Immunostimulating and Antitumor Properties: Mushrooms, having a place to the lesson basidiomycetes and some of the time ascomycetes, are a broadly disseminated nourishment asset on oil and have been devoured since of their wholesome esteem. Mushrooms can act as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiatherogenic or prebiotic dietary fiber(Giavasis 2013, Kim et al., 2006, Mizuno and Nishitani, 2013, Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012, Wasser 2002. Lentinan and schizophyllan are two of the most all around examined mushroom glucans and numerous analysts underline their immunostimulating properties (incitement of emission of tumor rot factor-α (TNF-α) by human monocytes and enactment of macrophages, or platelet haemopoietic movement(Chang and Wasser 2012, Giavasis 2013, Ikekawa 2001, Lo et al., 2011, Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012. ...
... Mushrooms can act as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiatherogenic or prebiotic dietary fiber(Giavasis 2013, Kim et al., 2006, Mizuno and Nishitani, 2013, Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012, Wasser 2002. Lentinan and schizophyllan are two of the most all around examined mushroom glucans and numerous analysts underline their immunostimulating properties (incitement of emission of tumor rot factor-α (TNF-α) by human monocytes and enactment of macrophages, or platelet haemopoietic movement(Chang and Wasser 2012, Giavasis 2013, Ikekawa 2001, Lo et al., 2011, Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012. ...
Mushrooms have been eaten and valued for many years for their nutritious value and medicinal properties. More than 2000 species of mushrooms have been identified so far which are widely known for their health-promoting benefits. These health-promoting benefits are attributed to a variety of bioactive compounds produced by them which include polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, proteins, mineral substances, terpenoids, sterols, and other secondary metabolites, etc. which have been more recently isolated from different types of mushrooms. Of all these compounds polysaccharide is considered to be one of the major groups which have found huge applicability in various fields. The extracellular, intracellular, or the cell wall polysaccharides produced by the mushrooms are known to exhibit immuno-stimulating, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, prebiotic, hypoglycemic, and hypo-cholesterolemic effects. However, their application in fields apart from pharmaceutical applications is still at an early stage. So, here an inclusive and illustrative review is given on mushroom polysaccharides. The goal of this review is to provide thoroughly restructured information on the development, extraction, and purification of mushroom polysaccharides, their structural characteristics, their biological structure, and their industrial applications.
... The fruiting bodies as well as mycelia possess constituents with extensive antimicrobial effects. Mushrooms are excellent sources of naturally occurring antibiotics; glucans (Plate 2) on their cell wall are renowned for immunomodulatory effects, besides their many secondary metabolites expressed and produced by the mycelia inhibit bacterial and viral pathogenic species [5]. Furthermore, the mycelial exudates from the mushroom show activity against protozoa, for instance, Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria and other microorganisms [6]. ...
... Cordyceps contains many nutritionally important compounds such as different essential amino acids, vitamin K, and B-complex vitamins, as well as different nucleosides proteins, polysaccharides, and sterols [10]. This mushroom strengthens the immune system, reduces aging problems, promotes life longevity, and improves the functioning of the liver in hepatitis B patients [5]. In a most recent citation, it has been established in both a systematic review and a meta-analysis study that large quantities of mushroom consumption are highly correlated with lower risks of cancer development [11]. ...
Mushroom consumption has grown extraordinarily owing to their high nutritional value, desirable taste, and aroma. Mushrooms continue generating lots of interest chiefly in their consumption as food, as a cure for different ailments, as well as important goods for commerce throughout the globe owing to their dietary, anti-oxidant, and therapeutic values. Higher Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes mushrooms have different properties with anticancer and immunological potential. They as well provide vital health benefits and display a wide-ranging continuum of pharmacological effects. The antioxidant activity of different mushrooms was reviewed for different radicals including DPPH, ABTS, OH, Nitrite, metals, and lipid peroxidation. The present review presents pharmacological activities of different species of edible and medicinal mushrooms. This review provides tangible evidence that these mushrooms are an excellent source of natural constituents and antioxidants with potential application in pharmaceuticals and in treating and managing different diseases.
... 69 According to Saman et al., 70 increased numbers of Bifidobacterium bifidum TISTR 2129, B. breve TISTR 2130, B. animalis TISTR 2195, and B. longum TISTR 2194 have already been achieved with glucans extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, and P. abalonus. Similar results with glucans derived from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii were obtained in the study conducted by Stachowak et al. 71 Our literature survey also showed that pleuran from Pleurotus ostreatus and lentinan from L. edodes are currently the most frequently used b-glucans as prebiotics. Aside from them, b-glucans from Pleurotus tuber-regium, Polyporus rhinocerus, and Wolfiporia cocos have been exploited for their prebiotic potential as well, since they were shown to affect gut homeostasis by selective modulation, i.e. by increasing the number of probiotic bacteria. ...
... β−glucans linked with chitin chains ensure the simultaneous rigidity and flexibility of the fungal cell wall. These compounds most often have the structure of β-D-glucans or β-mannans [100,101]. Their activity is determined by their molecular weight, solubility in water, number of branches and tertiary structure. The β (1 → 3) glucans with the β (1 → 6) and β (1 → 4) branches have the highest immunoactivity. ...
Many species of fungi including lichenized fungi (lichens) and algae have the ability to
biosynthesize biologically active compounds. They produce, among others, polysaccharides with anticancer and immunostimulatory properties: (1) Background: This paper presents the character�istics of the most important bioactive compounds produced by fungi and algae; (2) Methods: Based on the example of the selected species of mushrooms, lichens and algae, the therapeutic properties of the secondary metabolites that they produce and the possibilities of their use are presented; (3) Results: The importance of fungi, especially large-fruited mushrooms, lichens and algae, in nature
and human life is discussed, in particular, with regard to their use in the pharmaceutical industry and their nutritional value; (4) Conclusions: The natural organisms, such as fungi, lichenized fungi and algae, could be used as supplementary medicine, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and food sources. Further advanced studies are required on the pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds of these organisms.
... These polysaccharides act as immune modulators by enhancing human immune responses against cancer cells, bacteria, viruses and oxidative stress via non-specific mechanisms. These polysaccharides also act as dietary fibres with hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiatherogenic and prebiotic properties Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012;Giavasis, 2013;Mizuno and Nishitani, 2013). Numerous fungal formulations are used in traditional Eastern medicine for prevention and treatment of diseases like migraine, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hepatitis (Lawal et al., 2019). ...
... On administering a combination with the conventional antitumor drugs or radiotherapy, the polysaccharides prove effective against gastric, breast, lung, cervical and colorectal cancers. They are also known to prevent metastasis and minimise the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on healthy tissues (Ikekawa, 2001;Lo et al., 2011;Chang and Wasser, 2012;Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012;Giavasis, 2013). The glucans from Grifola frondosa and Trametes versicolor have also been used in clinical trials, where they have increased the survival rate and survival time of patients suffering from different types of cancers, especially when supplied in combination with chemotherapy or on administration after surgery in order to prevent metastasis Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012). ...
... They are also known to prevent metastasis and minimise the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on healthy tissues (Ikekawa, 2001;Lo et al., 2011;Chang and Wasser, 2012;Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012;Giavasis, 2013). The glucans from Grifola frondosa and Trametes versicolor have also been used in clinical trials, where they have increased the survival rate and survival time of patients suffering from different types of cancers, especially when supplied in combination with chemotherapy or on administration after surgery in order to prevent metastasis Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012). Ganoderan is another white rot fungal biopolymer that has been used as an adjuvant in cancer therapy as it increases the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy besides enhancing the immune responses in patients with prostate cancer (Yuen and Gohel, 2005;Mahajna et al., 2008;Vannucci et al., 2013). ...
... In its purified form, lentinan is usually added to pharmaceuticals for treatment or adjunct therapy of various types of cancer and in nutraceuticals (in the form of food supplements) for prophylaxis or to ameliorate the side effects of chemo-therapy and radiotherapy Chen et al., 2013;El Enshasy and Hatti-Kaul, 2013;Chang and Wasser 2012;Stachowiak and Reguła, 2012). Nevertheless, Chen et al. (2013) have demonstrated that there is a great degree of inconsistency among different sources (producers) of lentinan and also among batch-to-batch samples from the same producer, with regard to MW and helical conformation. ...
