Figure 3 - available from: Scientific Reports
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Segmentation of the substantia nigra and red nucleus in the second experiment, as in Fig. 2a, overlaid on T1-weighted (top) and proton density-weighted (bottom row) images from the ICBM atlas. In T1-weighted images, the iron-rich region of the substantia nigra is slightly hypointense (SNhr). In proton density-weighted images, it is enclosed in a slightly hyperintense area. The color scale refers to the percent of individuals in which the voxel was classified as belonging to the hypointense region in the T2*-weighted EPI images. MNI coordinates, abbreviations as in Fig. 2a.
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Theoretical models of dopamine function stemming from reinforcement learning theory have emphasized the importance of prediction errors, which signal changes in the expectation of impending rewards. Much less is known about the effects of mean reward rates, which may be of motivational significance due to their role in computing the optimal effort...
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The locus coeruleus (LC), a small subcortical structure in the brainstem, is the brain’s principal source of norepinephrine. It plays a primary role in regulating stress, the sleep-wake cycle, and attention, and its degradation is associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive deficits (e.g., Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s...
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... The effects of reward predictability on tasks that involve the inhibition of prepotent responses have generally been evaluated in children over 8 years old (Ozcelik et al., 2013;Padmanabhan et al., 2011;Tanaka et al., 2006;Viviani et al., 2020), which suggests the advisability of conducting research on younger children. ...
Early childhood is a key period for the development of self-regulation skills. Inhibitory control is one of the self-regulation skills that are necessary in academic and social contexts to achieve better results. Studies have shown that older children’s inhibitory control improves when a reward is presented. However, types of rewards and individual differences have never been fully investigated in a controlled situation. 149 children aged 4 to 5 years from a low socioeconomical background were assessed to measure inhibitory control (IC) in two different conditions embedded in a tablet game: IC with a predictive reward and IC with a non-predictive reward. Additionally, a measure reported by parents on their children’s temperament was analysed. Results showed that (1) inhibition was higher in the predictive condition, (2) girls performed better than boys in both inhibition games, and (3) boys, whose temperament is characterised by a higher level of sociability had a better performance in the non-predictive reward condition. Moreover, boys whose temperament is characterised by a high energy level have poorer performance in the same task. In educational terms, having more background in the subject of rewards can allow more appropriate planning according to the objective, temperament characteristics and sex of the children.
... Reward anticipation refers to the ability to anticipate or represent future incentives [9]. As an appetitive motivational process, reward anticipation plays a crucial role in adaptive decision-making and goal-directed behavior [10,11]. On the neural level, reward anticipation elicits activity in a network of brain regions comprising the bilateral ventral striatum (VS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula (AI), and supplementary motor area (SMA) [12][13][14][15][16]. ...
Aberrant activation in the ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation may be a key mechanism linking adverse childhood experiences (ACE) to transdiagnostic psychopathology. This study aimed to elucidate whether retrospectively reported ACE, specifically maternal antipathy, relate to monetary and social reward anticipation in a transdiagnostic adult sample. A cross-sectional neuroimaging study was conducted in 118 participants with varying levels of ACE, including 25 participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 32 with major depressive disorder (MDD), 29 with somatic symptom disorder (SSD), and 32 healthy volunteers (HVs). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary and social incentive delay task, and completed a self-report measure of ACE, including maternal antipathy. Neural correlates of monetary and social reward anticipation and their association with ACE, particularly maternal antipathy, were analyzed. Participants showed elevated activation in brain regions underlying reward processing, including the VS, only while anticipating social, but not monetary rewards. Participants reporting higher levels of maternal antipathy exhibited reduced activation in the brain reward network, including the VS, only during social, but not monetary reward anticipation. Group affiliation moderated the association between maternal antipathy and VS activation to social reward anticipation, with significant associations found in participants with PTSD and HVs, but not in those with MDD and SSD. Results were not associated with general psychopathology or psychotropic medication use. Childhood maternal antipathy may confer risk for aberrant social reward anticipation in adulthood, and may thus be considered in interventions targeting reward expectations from social interactions.
... Differential responses of NAcc and septo-hypothalamic activity to reward outcomes reiterates their respective functional, histological and network organization as striatal and magnocellular ( Agostinelli et al., 2019 ;Heimer et al., 2008aHeimer et al., , 2008b, and their respective involvement in reward anticipation versus outcomes ( Alcaro et al., 2007 ;Viviani et al., 2020 ). Septo-hypothalamic nuclei critically differ from the NAcc both anatomically and functionally. ...
Humans are intrinsically motivated to bond with others. The ability to experience affiliative emotions (such as affection/tenderness, sexual attraction, and admiration/awe) may incentivize and promote these affiliative bonds. Here, we interrogate the role of the critical reward circuitry, especially the Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) and the septo-hypothalamic region, in the anticipation of and response to affiliative rewards using a novel incentive delay task. During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI), participants (n=23 healthy humans; 14 female) anticipated and watched videos involving affiliative (tenderness, erotic desire, and awe) and nonaffiliative (i.e., food) rewards, as well as neutral scenes. On the one hand, anticipation of both affiliative and nonaffiliative rewards increased activity in the NAcc, anterior insula, and supplementary motor cortex, but activity in the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) increased in response to reward outcomes. On the other hand, affiliative rewards more specifically increased activity in the septo-hypothalamic area. Moreover, NAcc activity during anticipation correlated with positive arousal for all rewards, whereas septo-hypothalamic activity during the outcome correlated with positive arousal and motivation for subsequent re-exposure only for affiliative rewards. Together, these findings implicate a general appetitive response in the NAcc to different types of rewards but suggests a more specific response in the septo-hypothalamic region in response to affiliative rewards outcomes. This work also presents a new task for distinguishing between neural responses to affiliative and non-affiliative rewards.
... To verify the sustained attention hypothesis, in the present functional imaging study we investigated the effects of CYP2D6 genotype on the neural substrates elicited by a continuous performance task in which the amount of reward obtained from correct responses varied. The task was designed to assess possible effects of CYP2D6 genotype on both cognition and reward sensitivity 28 . Each trial consisted of two phases: the brief initial appearance of a cue informing participants about the reward level of the trial (high or low), followed by a sustained attention task block in which participants worked to collect rewards by pressing one of two buttons, depending on the side on which dots appeared in a rapid sequence (for details, see the "Materials and methods" section below). ...
... Hence, the sustained attention phase that follows allows assessing activation of neural substrates at the net of the orienting attentional response elicited by the cue. As shown in a previous study, the on-task second phase activated prevalently right-lateralized parietal-prefrontal networks 28 known to be involved in sustained attentional tasks [31][32][33] . Reward levels modulated activity in this network as well as in known subcortical substrates of dopamine function, such as the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra 34 . ...
The polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6, which is responsible for the metabolism of most psychoactive compounds, is expressed not only in the liver, but also in the brain. The effects of its marked genetic polymorphism on the individual capacity to metabolize drugs are well known, but its role in metabolism of neural substrates affecting behavior personality or cognition, suggested by its CNS expression, is a long-standing unresolved issue. To verify earlier findings suggesting a potential effect on attentional processes, we collected functional imaging data, while N = 415 participants performed a simple task in which the reward for correct responses varied. CYP2D6 allelic variants predicting higher levels of enzymatic activity level were positively associated with cortical activity in occipito-parietal areas as well as in a right lateralized network known to be activated by spatial attentional tasks. Reward-related modulation of activity in cortical areas was more pronounced in poor metabolizers. In conjunction with effects on reaction times, our findings provide evidence for reduced cognitive efficiency in rapid metabolizers compared to poor metabolizers in on-task attentional processes manifested through differential recruitment of a specific neural substrate.
While substance experimentation typically begins in adolescence, substance use disorders (SUDs) usually develop in late teens or early adulthood, often in individuals who are vulnerable because of biological and socioeconomic risk factors. Severe SUDs-synonymous with addiction-involve changes in limbic and prefrontal brain areas after chronic drug exposure. These changes involve learned associations between drug reward and cues that trigger the anticipation of that reward (known as incentive salience), as well as heightened dysphoria during withdrawal and weakened prefrontal circuits needed for inhibiting habitual responses.
Le projet GOQUAPI met en oeuvre, dans un premier temps, une construction didactique qui intègre les quatre piliers de l’apprentissage (attention, engagement actif, retour immédiat, consolidation) en tenant compte des quatre filtres de l’attention (plaisir, inférence, mouvement et imaginaire) avec un travail sur la dimension psychosociale par le biais de certains exercices de l’outil Go-NoGo® adapté par Fahim (2020). Dans un deuxième temps, en fonction des expériences vécues et après les aménagements qui s’imposent, de construire un canevas d’élaboration de cours afin de garantir un minimum de reproductibilité et de transversalité. Les résultats préliminaires montrent que les jeunes apprenants (âgés entre 17-25) ont beaucoup apprécié l’approche neuropédagogique. Par le biais de ce projet, j’ai aussi développé l’envie de travailler plus en profondeur sur les fonctions exécutives. L’inhibition pose problème à certains jeunes qui préfèrent rester en mode heuristique et ses automatiques car ils ont encore trop souvent peur de l’échec. La flexibilité cognitive avec la capacité de « jongler » entre les tâches reste un point à travailler car elle se révèle précieuse lors de leur stage. Et la métacognition reste une fonction essentielle afin d’évoluer dans la vie de manière réflexive J’ai apprécié l’attitude des jeunes face à mes requêtes qui pouvaient dans certains cas les déstabiliser comme le remplissage de la grille d’auto-observation sur les émotions et le stress. Les échanges avec eux durant le projet m’ont fait prendre conscience de l’importance de la guidance et de la prise en considération de la théorie d’autodétermination. La gestion de conflits a été une belle expérience car il y a un pour certains un réel déclic et je suis curieux de les entendre à ce sujet dans le futur. Abstract The GOQUAPI project initially implements a didactic construction that integrates the four pillars of learning (attention, active engagement, immediate feedback, consolidation) taking into account the four filters of attention (pleasure, inference, movement and imagination) with work on the psychosocial dimension through certain exercises from the Go-NoGo® tool adapted by Fahim (2020). In a second step, depending on the experiences and after the necessary adjustments, to build a course development framework in order to guarantee a minimum of reproducibility and transversality. Preliminary results show that young learners (age 17-25) greatly appreciated the neuropedagogical approach. Through this project, I also developed the desire to work more in depth on executive functions. Inhibition is a problem for some learners who prefer to stay in heuristic mode and its automatics because they are still too often afraid of failure. Cognitive flexibility with the ability to "juggle" between tasks remains a point to work on because it proves to be invaluable during their internship. And metacognition remains an essential function in order to evolve in life in a reflective way I appreciated their attitude towards my requests which could in certain cases destabilize them, such as filling in the self-observation grid on emotions and stress. The exchanges with them during the project made me realize the importance of guidance and taking into account the theory of self-determination. Conflict management has been a great experience because for some there is a real click and I am curious to hear them on this subject in the future Keywords : Motivation, brain, education, adolescence, adolescents, school, neuroeducation, learning
Treatment with interferon (IFN) has been associated with depressive side effects. Previous neuroimaging studies have provided information about changes in brain activation patterns in patients under treatment with IFN-alpha, but the effect of other IFNs, or the role of the underlying disease, has yet to be clarified. In the present fMRI study, we looked at brain changes after 8 days of IFN-beta treatment in N = =17 healthy volunteers, thus avoiding the possible confound of the effects of underlying pathology in studies of IFN-treated patients with neurological or other medical disorders. We followed a symptom dimensional approach by simultaneously investigating two distinct symptom domains of depressiveness: negative affect (amygdala) and appetitive motivation (ventral striatum). In these early phases of IFN treatment we detected a selective change in neural substrates of appetitive motivation, consistent with the predominant symptomatic change recorded in psychopathology ratings. In contrast, the fMRI phenotype of negative affect, which is known to characterize disorders of affect involving anxiety and depressiveness as well as individual vulnerability to depression, was unchanged after treatment. These findings suggest that IFN may induce an affective syndrome through a mechanism involving down-regulation of appetitive motivation.
