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Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North Americ...
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... klamathica was found interspersed in a non-supported clade including Z. resinae specimens (Fig. S2). No clear relationships among the main nuLSU lineages were inferred. On the other hand, three-locus phylogenies inferred with RAxML and MrBayes showed high support (100 % BP, PP = 1) for the clades comprising the genera Zythia, Atrozythia and Sarea (Fig. 4). In Zythia, these two phylogenetic reconstruction methods were not coherent in delimiting well-supported subclades; only a basal lineage containing samples from Northern and Central Europe, North America, the Iberian Peninsula, and Macaronesia (Cape Verde Is.) showed strong nodal support by both methods, whereas the Bayesian method ...
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... on the topology (i.e., branch lengths) and clade support obtained with the three-locus dataset, at least four lineages in Zythia (orange specimens) and five in Sarea (epruinose black specimens) might correspond with different species (grey column on the right margin of Fig. 4). The ABGD analyses conducted on nuITS datasets of those genera did not reveal clear barcode gaps. In Zythia, ABGD rendered 6, 10, 24 and 52 different partitions (i.e., putative species) when the relative gap width (X) was set to 0.5 (Figs. S1, S4), but initial and recursive partitions only converged in the 52-partitions solution. With ...
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... (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 4 Three-locus RAxML phylogram of Sareomycetes with different species delimitation scenarios for Zythia and Sarea. Phylogram based on a three-locus matrix (nuITS, nuLSU and mtSSU) that depicts relationships among lineages within Sareomycetes. The voucher code, the geographic region, and the tree host genus on which each specimen occurred ...
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... undescribed and one not previously recognised as a relative of this group, it was determined that the black and orange fungi deserve to each be treated in separate genera. However, species concepts in Zythia and Sarea cannot be assessed straightforwardly. The phylogenetic structure combined with the distribution of the internal clades in Fig. 4 strongly suggests that cryptic speciation is occurring in both genera, with at least five and four species in Sarea and Zythia, respectively. The black fungi are recognised as the core genus Sarea and are conservatively interpreted here as three phylospecies and two morphospecies based on tree topology and the combined ABGD-BFD species ...
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... to issues addressed in our discussion of mixed collections. The existence of cryptic speciation is even more evident in the orange fungi, which are recognised in the genus Zythia and are provisionally retained as a single species, Zythia resinae. The results of morphological and ABGD analyses together with the phylogenetic structure observed in Fig. 4 indicate, however, that there are likely many species. The least conservative estimates in our ABGD analyses suggested the existence of up to 24 or 52 putative species, which in our opinion represent inflated estimates, as is often the case when non-distance based methods for species delimitation are used, such as those that use tree ...
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... delimitation are used, such as those that use tree branch lengths or the coalescent (e.g. Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) models; Pons et al. 2006;Zhang et al. 2013). In contrast, the ABGD solutions involving 6 or 10 species are more in accordance with the phylogenetic structure represented in Fig. 4. Given the contradictions between the different approaches, and due to inability to examine the type specimen of Lecidea resinae and the issues caused by mixed collections, we refrain from formally proposing and naming any new species in Zythia. Our adoption of this much more conservative vision of species diversity in Zythia aims at ...
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... coeloplata est un lichen qui a été observé en avril 2022 sur le campus. Or, des analyses génétiques associées à des descriptions microscopiques ont permis récemment de conclure que cette espèce est en réalité un complexe de deux espèces, différentes de l'espèce soeur Sarea difformis(Mitchell et al., 2021). Par ailleurs, cette étude a pu mettre en évidence que des observations auparavant référencées sous S. difformis appartenaient au complexe S. coeloplata, incluant des observations faites en France dans le Finistère, antérieures à 2021, comme le confirment finalementMonnat et al. (2022). ...
À la demande du Groupe NAturaliste de l’Université de Montpellier (GNAUM), et plus de dix ans après sa mise en place, le projet de sciences participatives Inventaire Fac’ est ici analysé à l’échelle du campus Triolet de la Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier. Les données disponibles ont été rassemblées, et des analyses ont été réalisées pour informer notamment sur les espèces qui sont présentes sur le campus, avec un focus sur les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes, les taxons à enjeu de conservation et les espèces rares. Un point social avec les autres partenaires du projet Inventaire Fac’, qui rappelons-le a pour objectif de référencer la biodiversité des campus universitaires à l’échelle nationale, a été réalisé. Les résultats sont discutés, et des préconisations d’action en faveur de la connaissance (e.g., groupes ou zones du campus à échantillonner davantage), de la conservation (e.g., pratiques de gestion et d’aménagement) et de la sensibilisation à la biodiversité sont proposées dans ce rapport.
... Состав лишайниковых веществ изучен методом высокоэффективной тонкослойной хроматографии (HPTLC) в системах A и C (Arup et al., 1993). Номенклатура цитируемых таксонов дана в основном согласно последней сводке лишайников и лихенофильных грибов Фенноскандии (Westberg et al., 2021) с учетом ряда других современных источников (Kondratyuk et al., 2019;Hongsanan et al., 2020;Mitchell et al., 2021). Определенные образцы хранятся в лихенологическом гербарии БИН РАН (LE) и личной коллекции авторов; часть образцов передана в гербарий Керженского заповедника. ...
An annotated species list of the lichenflora of the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve is presented. It includes 425 species belonging to 161 genera, including 375 lichens, 27 lichenicolous fungi, and 23 allied saprobic fungi. The information on the substrates, frequency and distribution of the species in the Reserve is provided. Species included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and in the Red Data Book of the Nizhny Novgorod Region are marked.
... A birth-death process tree prior was imposed, and an uncorrelated relaxed lognormal molecular clock was chosen for the four markers, fixing the mean clock rate to 1.0 for nrITS whereas rates were co-estimated for the remaining markers under a uniform prior (1 × 10 -5 , 6). Remaining analysis parameters were set as in Mitchell et al. (2021). Ten replicate *BEAST runs of 2 × 10 8 generations were conducted for each model, saving every 20000th tree, using the CIPRES Science Gateway. ...
... Speciation events in the genus Lichina were time-framed using two alternative strategies. First, the inferred time tree published in the Mitchell et al. (2021) study was considered. It was based on a calibration approach that used six fossils and a dataset of six loci comprising members of all major ascomycete lineages (169 specimens in total), including data of nine Lichina specimens representing all known species, as well as the outgroup Lichinella sp. and Peltula sp. ...
... GenBank accession numbers are in Supplementary Table S1 and alignments were deposited in FigShare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21762803). The remaining outgroup mtSSU and RPB2 sequences, as well as the ingroup and outgroup nuSSU, nuLSU, RPB1 and TEF1α sequences were already published in Mitchell et al. (2021). The locus with the highest nucleotide diversity (π), the highest number of haplotypes (h), polymorphic sites (S), and parsimony-informative sites was the nrITS (Supplementary Table S4). ...
Lichens thrive in rocky coastal areas in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres. Species of the genus Lichina, which form characteristic black fruiting thalli associated with cyanobacteria, often create distinguishable bands in the intertidal and supralittoral zones. The present study uses a comprehensive specimen dataset and four gene loci to (1) delineate and discuss species boundaries in this genus, (2) assess evolutionary relationships among species, and (3) infer the most likely causes of their current geographic distribution in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A dated phylogeny describes the time frame in which extant disjunctions of species and populations were established. The results showed that the genus is integrated by four species, with Lichina pygmaea, L. confinis and the newly described L. canariensis from rocky seashores in the Canary Islands, occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas L. intermedia is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Lichina intermedia hosted a much higher intraspecific genetic diversity than the other species, with subclades interpreted as species-level lineages by the different species delimitation approaches. However, a conservative taxonomic approach was adopted. This species showed a striking disjunct distribution between Australasia and southern South America. The timing for the observed interspecific and intraspecific divergences and population disjunctions postdated continental plate movements, suggesting that long-distance dispersal across body waters in the two hemispheres played a major role in shaping the current species distributions. Such ocean crossings were, as in L. canariensis, followed by speciation. New substitution rates for the nrITS of the genus Lichina were inferred using a tree spanning the major Ascomycota lineages calibrated using fossils. In conclusion, this work lays the foundation for a better understanding of the evolution through time and space of maritime lichens.
... Для видов, новых для Центральной России и России в целом, приводятся необходимые комментарии. Названия таксонов даны в основном по сводке лишайников и близких к ним нелихенизированных грибов Фенноскандии (Westberg et al., 2021) с учетом других современных источников (Titov, 2006;Baloch et al., 2009;Wirth et al., 2013;Diederich et al., 2018;Kondratyuk et al., 2019;Esslinger, 2021;Mitchell et al., 2021;Cannon et al., 2022;Košuthová et al., 2022). ...
The first data on the lichen flora of the Manturovskii cluster of the Kologriv Forest Reserve are provided. In total, 313 species are listed including 278 lichen species, 18 species of lichenicolous and 17 species non-lichenized saprobic fungi. Sixty five species are recorded for the Kologriv Forest Reserve for the first time; 54 of them newly recorded for the Kostroma Region. Of these, Cryptodiscus pini, Lecanora variolascens, and Micarea isidioprasina are new to Russia; Arthonia destruens, Libertiella fennica, Rostania pallida, Talpapellis beschiana are new to the Central Russia. New localities of three species included in Red Data Book of Russia, Leptogium burnetiae, Lobaria pulmonaria, Menegazzia terebrata are given.
... The kingdom of fungi, proposed by Hibbett et al. (2007), includes one subkingdom (Dikaria) and seven Chapter 1 • World of fungi and fungal ecosystems 9 phyla: Blastocladiomycota, Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota; four subphyla, namely Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, Zoopagomycotina, and a total of 31 classes (Hibbett et al., 2007) (Fig. 2). Over the last few years, different approaches, reclassifications, and updates on fungal taxonomy have been made (Gryganskyi et al., 2012;Hyde et al., 2013;Slippers et al., 2013;Phookamsak et al., 2014;Ariyawansa et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016;Spatafora et al., 2016;Marin-Felix et al., 2017, 2019R eblová et al., 2018;Voglmayr et al., 2019;Mitchell et al., 2021). Tedersoo et al. (2018) described and proposed an updated classification for the fungal kingdom based on divergence time and phylogenies of particular taxa. ...
... The RPB1 and RPB2 regions were most successful using the high-fidelity platinum Taq by Invitrogen (Waltham, MA #11304011) for PCR amplification. The PCR cycling parameters used for RPB1 and RPB2 are described respectively in Mitchell et al. (2021) and Pfister et al. (2020). ...
The occurrence and distribution of morels in Nothofagaceae forests of South America are addressed based on our field studies in Southern Chile and Argentina. Both ascomata and mitosporic colonies were collected. In addition, ascomata were procured from commercial harvesters. A four-gene (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, TEF1-α) and ITS phylogeny assigned these Morchella ascomatal and mitosporic collections to four Elata clade lineages, M. andinensis, M. aysenina, M. eximia, and M. tridentina, which were each well supported by ML and Bayesian analyses. The placement of our collections of the two lineages unique to South America, M. andinensis (previously cited as Mel-37) and M. aysenina, expands their known distribution in South America. Most of the field-collected mitosporic colonies in our study belong to the M. eximia “fire adapted lineage.” This is the first report of M. eximia, under this name, in Chile. Since the mitosporic colonies are frequent in the field, these collections help to expand the geographical range of currently described species.
... The RPB1 and RPB2 regions were most successful using the high-delity platinum Taq by Invitrogen (Waltham, MA #11304011) for PCR ampli cation. The PCR cycling parameters used for RPB1 and RPB2 are described respectively in Mitchell et al. (2021) and P ster et al. (2020). ...
The occurrence and distribution of morels in Nothofagaceae forests of South America is addressed based on our field studies in Southern Chile and Argentina. Both ascomata and mitosporic colonies were collected and ascomata were procured from commercial harvesters. A four-gene (ITS, RPB1 , RPB2 , TEF1-α ) and ITS phylogeny assigned these Morchella ascomatal and mitosporic collections to four Elata clade lineages, M. tridentina, M. eximia, M. andinensis and M. aysenina , which were each well supported by ML and Bayesian analyses. The placement of our collections of the two lineages unique to South America, M. andinensis (previously cited as Mel-37) and M. aysenina expand their known distribution in South America. Most of the mitosporic colonies collected in our study belong to the M. eximia “fire adapted lineage.” This is the first report of M. eximia , under this name, in Chile. Since the mitosporic colonies can be found frequently, these collections help to expand the geographical range of currently described species.
... Five species were determined to be resinicolous based on the literature (A. pseudoglaucous [51], H. conorum [86][87][88], R. kalkhoffii [40,[86][87][88], and S. difformis [87,88]), and nine species were identified as xylophytic (A. alternata [28], A. flavus [29], C. globosum [75,89], F. rabenhorstii [90,91], P. formosus [35,36], P. albobadia [37], S. commune [40], and X. badia [decay fungus] [41,42]). ...
... Five species were determined to be resinicolous based on the literature (A. pseudoglaucous [51], H. conorum [86][87][88], R. kalkhoffii [40,[86][87][88], and S. difformis [87,88]), and nine species were identified as xylophytic (A. alternata [28], A. flavus [29], C. globosum [75,89], F. rabenhorstii [90,91], P. formosus [35,36], P. albobadia [37], S. commune [40], and X. badia [decay fungus] [41,42]). ...
... Five species were determined to be resinicolous based on the literature (A. pseudoglaucous [51], H. conorum [86][87][88], R. kalkhoffii [40,[86][87][88], and S. difformis [87,88]), and nine species were identified as xylophytic (A. alternata [28], A. flavus [29], C. globosum [75,89], F. rabenhorstii [90,91], P. formosus [35,36], P. albobadia [37], S. commune [40], and X. badia [decay fungus] [41,42]). ...
This study examined the viability and diversity of fungi harbored in imported wooden handicraft products sold in six retail stores in Florida, United States. Despite being subjected to trade regulations that require various sterilization/fumigation protocols, our study demonstrates high survival and diversity of fungi in wood products originating from at least seven countries on three continents. Among these fungi were nonendemic plant and human pathogens, as well as mycotoxin producers. Several products that are sold for use in food preparation and consumption harbored a novel (to North America) plant and human pathogen, Paecilomyces formosus. In addition, a high number of species isolated were thermophilic and included halophilic species, suggesting adaptability and selection through current wood treatment protocols that utilize heat and/or fumigation with methyl-bromide. This research suggests that current federal guidelines for imports of wooden goods are not sufficient to avoid the transit of potential live pathogens and demonstrates the need to increase safeguards at both points of origin and entry for biosecurity against introduction from invasive fungal species in wood products. Future import regulations should consider living fungi, their tolerance to extreme conditions, and their potential survival in solid substrates. Mitigation efforts may require additional steps such as more stringent fumigation and/or sterilization strategies and limiting use of wood that has not been processed to remove bark and decay. IMPORTANCE This study, the first of its kind, demonstrates the risk of importation of nonendemic foreign fungi on wooden handicrafts into the United States despite the application of sanitation protocols. Previous risk assessments of imported wood products have focused on potential for introduction of invasive arthropods (and their fungal symbionts) or have focused on other classes of wood products (timber, wooden furniture, garden products, etc.). Little to no attention has been paid to wooden handicrafts and the fungal pathogens (of plants and humans) they may carry. Due to the large size and diversity of this market, the risk for introduction of potentially dangerous pathogens is significant as illustrated by the results of this study.
... Hardly distinguishable from S. difformis, but distinct in the DNA sequence data. According to Mitchell et al. (2021), our specimen JV24514 belongs to the "clade 2" of this species. ...
Biodiversity is a key criterion in nature protection and often indicates habitats and
localities rich in endangered species. Our research, using 48 one-man one-day field trips,
located an exceptional lichen diversity hotspot and refugium for rare species, the Týřov
National Nature Reserve (Czech Republic, central Bohemia). Within its 410 hectares, we
detected 787 species of lichens and related taxa (675 lichens, 35 semilichens, 58 lichenicolous
fungi and 19 bark microfungi). This is more species of these organisms than has ever been
recorded from such a small area, up to 10 km2
, anywhere in Europe (and probably anywhere in
the world). The species richness is positively correlated with the habitat heterogeneity within
Týřov, which is very far from uniform. In most of the reserve, the species richness is fairly typi�cal for the broader region, and only three sites, with an overall area of a mere 80 hectares, have
distinctly higher species richnesses. The most species-rich site, with 502 species, is only about
25 hectares and is distinctly more diverse in habitats than other sites. The enormous importance
of Týřov for biodiversity protection is emphasized by the nine species described as new to sci�ence: Acarospora fissa, Bacidia hyalina, Buellia microcarpa, Micarea substipitata, Micro�calicium minutum, Rufoplaca griseomarginata, Verrucaria substerilis, V. tenuispora and
V. teyrzowensis. Three species are new to Europe, 55 to the Czech Republic and 191 species are
included in the national Red-list.
New taxa and new combinations published by P. A. Karsten in “Fungi Fenniae Exsiccati” in the second half of the 19th century are listed and annotated, supplemented by copies of the labels with the original descriptions or new combinations. References, citations, and the synonymy are corrected when necessary. The nomenclature of some taxa is discussed in more detail. The new combinations Byssonectria deformis, Calycellina leucella, Calycellina microspis, Echinosphaeria canescens, Hymenoscyphus suspectus, Keissleriella culmifida, Lachnellula abietis, Leiosphaerella lycopodina, Paraleptosphaeria praetermissa, Pezoloma ciliiferum, Rhodotarzetta euchroa, Sydowiella depressula, and Tephrocybe cessans and the replacement name Niptera bispora are introduced.
