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![Securing the foundation pit with Larsen planks [29]](profile/Nenad-Sekularac-2/publication/281395871/figure/fig5/AS:311226371461127@1451213557867/Securing-the-foundation-pit-with-Larsen-planks-29.png)
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![Fig. 1. Forms of folded structures [17]](profile/Nenad-Sekularac-2/publication/281395871/figure/fig1/AS:311226371461120@1451213557083/Forms-of-folded-structures-17_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 5. Mezzanine ceiling called "Kielsteg"[26]](profile/Nenad-Sekularac-2/publication/281395871/figure/fig3/AS:311226371461125@1451213557664/Mezzanine-ceiling-called-Kielsteg26_Q320.jpg)
Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and they belong to the structural systems. The term folded structure defines a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual relationship in space. For very long time this type of construction has been real...
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... using this piles the foundation pits of great depth can be secured. Joints are constructed to allow certain rotation, and thus the opportunity to carry out the walls of steel sheet piles in the bends as well. This type of security of the foundation pits represents a vertical folded structure of steel and this type of pile is called Larsen planks (Fig. 7). The application of profiled sheet is also present when performing light wall partitions. If the partition wall of plaster cardboard has great height, the classical form of substructure in CW or UA profile cannot satisfy the condition of necessary rigidity and therefore it is introduced as a substructure another kind of a substructure ...
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Citations
... Confounded folded structures are implemented on a complex geometric base, combining simple geometric shapes, rectangles and semi-circles on one or both sides ( Fig. 11(a)). Among the buildings whose skin was constructed in the form of a folded surface is Cadet Chapel at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, in the United States of America (Fig. 11(b)), as the primary construction consists of triangular panels -metal plates that form a folded structure [26]. The elements may be repeated in the building skin's fabric form. ...
... . 10. (a) Selfridges Building, (b) Round seed replaced with triangle seed, (c) Round seed replaced with a hexagonal grid [25] (a) United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel (b)building skins with surfaces and folded structures[26] ...
Building facades and skins are the most important components in enhancing the building's aesthetics and attractiveness. Over the past decades, digital technologies have provided architects with tools that helped create designs characterized by richness, diversity, and formal complexity while addressing environmental performance. This paper deals with building skins that depend on formal patterns and elements as a basis for their designs and focuses on exploring the aspects responsible for their formal diversity. The research relies on previous studies and contemporary realistic designs to extrapolate the characteristics affecting formal diversity. The paper identifies the most important diversifying features, such as the sources of intellectual inspiration for the skin designs, the relationship of the skin to the structure, the characteristics of the geometric form for both the building's surface and skin and the number of skins used. The formal variations among building skins have mostly resulted from the geometric form of skin elements and their distribution method. In addition, some skin elements are changeable by adopting formal transformations such as scaling, bending, twisting, and expanding; or they are movable according to specific forces. Finally, the impact of the building materials used on the formation of buildings' skins is highlighted, especially the features of rigidity, flexibility, smartness, etc.
... Origami devices and machines at the micrometer scale were thus produced for sensing, robotics, energy harvesting, and interacting with biological systems on the cellular level [11]. Origami structures have been adopted in many modern architectures for both mechanical and aesthetic purposes [12]. Other applications of origami structures lie in thermal [13], electromagnetic metamaterials [14], mechanical metamaterials [15], and flexible electronics [16], to name a few. ...
... Origami structures have attracted great interest not only in arts, but also in mathematics, computer science and engineering. In the field of engineering application, origami structures have made some achievements, including space deployable structure [7,8], origami robots [4], medicines [9], architecture and civil engineering [10], lightweight structure design [11][12][13], energy absorption [1,14], vibration absorption [15], etc. Contrary to closed cell sandwich cores like honeycombs which are prone to moisture accumulation, the continuous channels in origami cores enable efficient moisture removal [16]. They also offer [23, [38][39][40], origami structures can also be stacked by changing certain geometric parameters. ...
The mechanical properties of cellular materials made by stacking layers of origami sheets could be designed over a wide range due to its rich suite of geometry parameters. However, due to the nature of high-volume fraction of air in the structure, these materials may show low stiffness and low strength. Fiber reinforced composites show both higher specific strength and specific stiffness compared with homogeneous materials such as metals and plastics. It could be expected that both the stiffness and strength of stacked origami structures can be improved by introducing fiber reinforced composites. In this investigation, hot molding process is used to produce composite fiber reinforced stacked origami structures. Composite stacked origami structures with different stacking angles and thickness of origami sheets are designed and fabricated. Finite element simulation and experimental compression tests are carried out to investigate their mechanical properties and auxetic characteristics. The effects of origami sheets thickness and stacking angles on the in-plane and out-of-plane auxetic characteristics of the structure are discussed. Finally, the failure modes of the structures during compression are analyzed, and their energy absorption capacity are compared with other honeycomb materials.
... Deployable structures can use mechanisms to achieve their changing circumstances, such as their shape or function [6]. At a basic level, a deployable structure is a kind of spatial structure formed by plates or sticks based on different configurations in space [7]. Deployment refers to the transformation of these structures from small, tight and compact configurations to unfolded and open configurations with load-carrying capacity [8,9]. ...
This paper proposes a novel deployable panel structure integrated with a bistable composite structure and thick panel based on the thick origami technique. To overcome the interference effects between thick panels, the axis shift method is used in this deployable structure design. Bistable composite structures are employed as hinges for morphing characteristics. The trigger force and load-displacement curves of the structure are obtained by experiments and numerical simulations. The factors that affect the coverage area-to-package volume ratio and trigger force are discussed. The experimental and numerical results verify that the structure has two stable configurations and a large coverage area-to-package volume ratio.
... Examples of planar boundary surfaces are the middle six images of Fig. 3, in the case of a curved surface, see the middle two images of the last column of Fig. 3 when the images are conceived as a reinforced concrete structure, and Fig. 9. Rigid surface structures composed of flat surface structures that fit together along edges are also commonly referred to as either plate work (system) [10] or folded structures [12]. The elementary classification of forms of folded structures is given by Sekularac [13]. Three types are distinguished by [13]: folded plate, folded frames and spatial folded plate structures. ...
... The elementary classification of forms of folded structures is given by Sekularac [13]. Three types are distinguished by [13]: folded plate, folded frames and spatial folded plate structures. ...
... Some other examples are given in [12,13,[15][16][17]. ...
In this study, the relationship between the structure of the supporting frame and cells is addressed.
The possible arrangements of the four primary structural elements – foundation, walls and pillars, slabs, roof – in global form as well as in a single cell are looked at. The types of connections of each support member to the support elements below are examined. In line with this, the layout and possible structure of the foundation, and the possible layout of walls and pillars as well as slab is reviewed. The main possibilities for structural design of the roof structure are outlined.
Using the concepts of cells, and arrangement and division of cells there is given some applications. The different building types that can be interpreted using arrangement of cells as well as some applications are shown.
... Origami is attracting increasing attention from not only artists but also mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers. Many origami-inspired applications have been developed in various engineering fields including lightweight structures [4], space deployable structures [5], robotics [6,7], energy absorbers [8,9], impact protection [10], sound absorption [11], electromagnetic absorption [12], medicines [13], metamaterials [14], constructions [15]. Origami provides a new approach to building complex 3D structures normally difficult to manufacture from easily fabricated two-dimensional (2D) materials, which may also overcome the limitations of 3D printing that does not allow the direct patterning of complex structures comprising large unsupported parts [16]. ...
A folding fabrication method inspired by origami for carbon fiber-reinforced composites to fabricate three-dimensional structures is presented. PMI foams serve as substrates, making it possible to manufacture this kind of origami-inspired composite sandwich materials in a single-step process. Analytical models are proposed to provide upper and lower bounds of the out-of-plane compressive strength of the origami-inspired composite sandwich materials. Finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments are conducted to characterize the compressive behaviors including the deformation history, failure mode, strength, etc., and verify the validity of the analytical models. By incorporating PMI foams, the out-of-plane compressive failure mode of the composite sandwich material at low relative density changes from buckling to wrinkling or crushing, thus greatly increasing the strength. Additionally, the energy absorption capacity is significantly enhanced due to the PMI foams and their interaction with the composite origami core. This work creates a new method to fold composites into lightweight sandwich materials with high strength and high energy absorption, paving the way for their applications in transport, energy and communication.
... Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27]. ...
... Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27].Table 1. Examples of gymnasium building shapes based on the typical plane shape[27]. ...
Gymnasium are typically large-span buildings with abundant solar energy resources due to their extensive roof surface. However, relevant research on this topic has not been thoroughly conducted to investigate the effect of the geometric shape of gymnasium buildings on their solar potential. In this paper, an investigation of the geometric shape effect on the solar potential of gymnasium buildings is presented. A three-dimensional radiation transfer model coupled with historical meteorological data was established to estimate the real-time solar potential of the roof of a gymnasium building. The rooftop solar potential of three typical building foundation shapes and different types of roof shapes that have evolved was systematically analyzed. An annual solar potential cloud map of each gymnasium building is generated. The monthly and annual average solar radiation intensities of the different types of roof shapes are investigated. Compared to the optimal tilt angle, the maximum decrease in the average radiation intensity reached −20.42%, while the minimum decline was −8.64% for all types of building shapes. The solar energy potential fluctuated by up to 11% across the various roof shapes, which indicate that shape selection is of vital importance for integrated photovoltaic gymnasium buildings. The results presented in this work are essential for clarifying the effects of the geometric shape of gymnasium buildings on the solar potential of their roofs, which provide an important reference for building design.
... The rational construction approach considering the material and the purpose of the structure could become drivers for digital technologies in the construction industry suitable for specific load bearing elements. This thesis investigates the digital fabrication of thin folded structures to achieve enhanced structural performance and material savings through the folded form [4]. ...
... Hornbeam leaves in the process of opening [1], the previllus ridges in jejunum turkey embryos midway between incubation and hatching [2], the midgut of chicks during morphogenesis and differentiation [3], etc. all show a natural formation of origami in the Miura-ori pattern. Origami has spread into applications in different engineering fields including space deployable structures [4,5], origami robots [6], medicines [7], metamaterials [8,9], architecture and civil engineering [10,11], lightweight structures [12,13], etc. Many origami structures with different types of patterns have been developed based on the traditional Miura-ori [14][15][16], which is formed by folding a single sheet of paper into a three-dimensional zigzag pattern. ...
... Likewise, developability means that a structure can be unfolded into an intact sheet by out-of-plane bending without any in-plane compression and tension. It is well known that the traditional origami structure with Miura-ori-shaped edge is foldable and developable [10,14]. Zhou et al. [48,49] developed the vertex method to design origami structures and mathematically proved that all the Miura-based origami obtained by this method are developable. ...
A methodology for designing cylindrical origami with different patterns and different cross-sectional shapes is presented. Planar and cylindrical origami with curved-crease patterns are designed and proved to be foldable and developable regardless of the type of crease line. Specifically, cylindrical origami structures with arc-Miura pattern and circular cross section, arc pattern and circular cross section, arc-Miura pattern and triangular cross section, arc pattern and triangular cross section are designed. The relationships between the two-dimensional (2D) crease lines in a sheet and three-dimensional (3D) spatial origami structures are derived. Fabrications of cylindrical origami by a folding process are performed to validate the design theory for 2D crease lines. This work paves the way for applications for cylindrical origami in engineering, such as energy absorption.
... Origami patterns have been used in the process of architectural design for many decades. Due to the applicability of paper models in design experiments as well as load-carrying capability of certain folding patterns, origami inspired folding structures have been widely applied to the design of architectural structures (Buri, and Weinand 2008;Šekularac et al, 2012;Tao Shen and Nagai 2017). Recently, advances in computational design fostered extensive research on the application of origami-based structures in architectural design (Buri and Weinand 2008), construction (Tromer and Krupna 2006), energy efficient design (Martinez-Martin and Thrall 2014) and manufacturing (Robeller and Weinand. ...
